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TRANSCRIPT
Chapter3
SettlingtheNorthernColonies
1619–1700
I.TheProtestantReformationProducesPuritanism
• 1517:MartinLutherbegantheProtestantReformation.
• JohnCalvin’suseofLuther’sideashadaprofoundeffectonthethoughtandcharacterofAmerica.
• Calvinismbecamethedominanttheologicalcredo.
• 1536:CalvinpublishedInstitutesoftheChristianReligion.
I.TheProtestantReformationProducesPuritanism(cont.)
• MajordoctrinesofCalvinismarepredestination—theelectaredestinedforeternalblissandothersforeternaltorment—andconversion—thereceiptofGod’sfreegift.
• 1530s:KingHenryVIIIbrokewiththeCatholicChurch.
• Puritans:EnglishreligiousreformerswhowantedtopurifyEnglishChristianity.
I.TheProtestantReformationProducesPuritanism(cont.)
• ControversyoverchurchmembershipledtotheSeparatistsbreakingfromtheChurchofEngland.
• KingJamesI(r.1603–1625)threatenedtoharassthebothersomeSeparatistsoutofEngland.
II.ThePilgrimsEndTheirPilgrimageatPlymouth
• 1608:FirstSeparatistsfledtoHolland,butovertimetheybecamedistressedbythe“Dutchification”oftheirchildren.
• 1620:SomeSeparatists(knownasPilgrims)sailedontheMayflowertoPlymouthBay.
• TheirMayflowerCompactwasanagreementtoformagovernmentandsubmittothewillofthemajorityundersomeregulations.
• Smallsettlementsurviveddifficultearlyyears.
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III.TheBayColonyBibleCommonwealth
• 1629:CharlesIdismissedParliamentandpersecutedPuritans.
• 1630:PuritansfoundedMassachusettsBayColony.
• 1630s:70,000refugeesleftEnglandduringtheGreatMigration(seeMaps3.1;3.2).
Map 3.1a p45
Map 3.1b p45
III.TheBayColonyBibleCommonwealth(cont.)
• LikeWilliamBradfordinPlymouth,JohnWinthrophelpedcolonysurviveandprosper.
• Winthropbelievedhehada“calling”fromGodtoleadthenewreligiousexperiment.
• TheMassachusettsBayColonybecamethebiggestandmostinfluentialcolony.
• ThefirstcolonistsbelievedtheyhadacovenantwithGodtobuildaholysocietyasamodelforallhumankind.
IV.BuildingtheBayColony
• Franchisewasextendedtoall“freemen”—adultmaleswhobelongedtoPuritancongregations.
• Unchurchedmenremainedvoteless.• TheBayColonywasnotademocracy.• Nonbelieversandbelieverspaidtaxesforthegovernment-supportedchurch.
IV.BuildingtheBayColony
(cont.)
• JohnCottonwasaprominentleaderintheMassachusetts“BibleCommonwealth.”
• YetPuritanswereaworldlylot.• The“Protestantethic”involvedseriouscommitmenttoworkandworldlypursuits.
• Theyenjoyedsimplepleasuresbutpassedlawstorepresssomehumaninstincts.
• LifetothePuritanswasseriousbusiness.
V.TroubleintheBibleCommonwealth
• Quakers,whofloutedtheauthorityofthePuritanclergy,werepersecuted.
• AnneHutchinson’santinomianismcarriedtoextremesthedoctrineofpredestination.
• 1638:Shewasbroughttotrial,thenbanished.• SheleftforRhodeIslandandthenmovedtoNewYork,wheresheandherfamilywerekilledbyIndians.
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V.TroubleintheBibleCommonwealth(cont.)
• RogerWilliamswasanextremeSeparatist.• HechallengedclergymentomakeaclearbreakwiththeChurchofEngland;
• HechallengedthelegalityoftheBayColony’scharter;
• Hechallengedthecivilauthoritytoregulatereligiousbehavior.
• 1635:Hewastriedbytheauthorities.
VI.TheRhodeIsland“Sewer”
• 1636:Williams,withtheaidofIndians,fledtoRhodeIsland.
• HebuiltaBaptistchurchinProvidence.• Heestablishedcompletefreedomofreligion,evenforJewsandCatholics.
• Hedemandednooaths.• HeshelteredabusedQuakers.• RhodeIslandbecamethemostliberalcolony.
VI.TheRhodeIsland“Sewer”(cont.)
• RhodeIslanders:– Exercisedsimplemanhoodsuffrage.– Achievedremarkablefreedomofopportunity.
• RhodeIsland,plantedbydissentersandexiles,becamestronglyindividualisticandstubbornlyindependent.
VII.NewEnglandSpreadsOut
• ThefertileConnecticutRiverareaattractedasprinklingofDutchandEnglishsettlers.
• 1635:Hartfordwasfounded.• 1639:Connecticut’sFundamentalOrderswasamodernconstitutionthatestablishedaregimedemocraticallycontrolledbythe“substantial”citizens.
• 1638:NewHavenwasfoundedbyPuritans.
Map 3.2 p48
VII.NewEnglandSpreadsOut(cont.)
• 1677:MainewasabsorbedbyMassachusetts.• 1641:NewHampshirewasabsorbedbytheBayColony.
• 1679:KingCharlesIIseparatedNewHampshirefromMassachusettsandmadeitaroyalcolony.
VIII.PuritansVersusIndians• BeforePilgrimsarrivedin1620,anepidemickilledover75%ofthenativepeople.
• WampanoagIndiansbefriendedthesettlers.• 1621:WampanoagchieftainMassasoitsignedatreatywiththePlymouthPilgrims.
• 1621:ThefirstThanksgivingwascelebrated.• Expandingsettlementincreasedtensions.• 1637:HostilitiesbetweenIndiansandwhitesexplodedinthebrutalPequotWar.
VIII.PuritansVersusIndians(cont.)
• Fourdecadesofuneasypeacefollowed.• AfewPuritan“prayingtowns”wereestablishedtoChristianizeremainingIndians.
• 1675:Massasoit’ssonMetacom(KingPhilip)forgedintertribalalliancetoresistsettlers.
• 1675–1676:KingPhilip’sWarslowedEnglishsettlementforatime,butoverallinflictedalastingdefeatonIndiansinNewEngland.
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IX.SeedsofColonialUnityandIndependence
• 1643:FourcoloniesformedNewEnglandConfederation.
• Itsprimaryaimwasdefenseagainstfoes.• Eachcolonyhadtwovotes.• TheconfederationwasessentiallyanexclusivePuritanclub.
• ItsmembersweretheBayColony,Plymouth,NewHaven,andscatteredvalleycolonies.
IX.SeedsofColonialUnityand Independence(cont.)
• Itwasamilestonetowardcolonialunity.• DistractedbytheEnglishCivilWar,Englandexercisedbenignneglectinthecolonies.
• Asaresult,colonistsdevelopedhabitsofrelativeindependence.
• 1660:KingCharlesIIwasrestoredandwantedtoimposeamuchmoreactivemanagementofthecolonies.
Table 3.1 p50
IX.SeedsofColonialUnityandIndependence(cont.)
• MassachusettsresistedCharles’sefforts.• 1662:CharlesgaveConnecticutasea-to-seacharterthatlegalizedsquattersettlements.
• 1663:HegrantedtheoutcastsinRhodeIslandanewchartersanctioningreligioustolerance.
• 1684:LondonauthoritiesrevokedtheBayColony’scharter.
X.AndrosPromotestheFirstAmericanRevolution
• 1686:RoyalauthoritycreatedtheDominionofNewEngland(seeMap3.3).
• ItembracedNewEngland,andtwoyearslaterNewYorkandEastandWestJersey.
• NavigationLawsattemptedtolinkEngland’soverseaspossessionsmoretightlytotheEnglishcrown.
• SirEdmundAndrosheadedtheDominion.
X.AndrosPromotestheFirst AmericanRevolution(cont.)
• Hegeneratedhostilitybyhisactionsagainstself-governmentaswellassmuggling.
• 1688–1689:TheGloriousRevolutionoverthrewCatholicJamesII;enthronedProtestantrulersWilliamIIIandMaryII.
• ItalsocausedthecollapseoftheDominion.• Androsfled,butMassachusettswasstillmadeintoaroyalcolonyin1691.
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Map 3.3 p51
X.AndrosPromotestheFirst AmericanRevolution(cont.)
• Manycoloniesstruckagainstroyalauthority,includingNewYorkandMaryland.
• Inresponse,thenewmonarchsbeganaperiodof“salutaryneglect”inenforcingthehatedNavigationActs.
• ResiduesremainedofCharlesII’sefforttoasserttightercolonialadministrativecontrol.
• ManyEnglishofficialsweresenttocolonies.
XI.OldNetherlandersatNewNetherland
• 16thcentury:NetherlandsrebelledagainstCatholicSpain.
• 17thcentury:Dutchgoldenage.• Dutchexpandedtheircommercialandnavalpowertobecomealeadingcolonialpower.
• DutchEastIndiaCompanybecamepowerful.• 1609:HenryHudsonventuredintoDelawareBay,NewYorkBay,andtheHudsonRiver.
XI.OldNetherlandersatNewNetherland(cont.)
• 1623–1624:NewNetherlandwasfoundedintheHudsonRiverareabytheDutchWestIndiaCompany(seeMap3.4).
• TheypurchasedManhattanIslandfromtheIndians.
• NewAmsterdam—laterNewYorkCity—wasacompanytown.
• ItwasrunbyandfortheDutchcompany.
Map 3.4 p52
XI.OldNetherlandersatNewNetherland(cont.)
• Theinvestorshadnoenthusiasmfordemocraticpractices.
• Alocalbodywithlimitedlawmakingpowerwaseventuallyestablished.
• Thecolonydevelopedastrongaristocracyaspatroonships(feudalestates)werebuilt.
• NewAmsterdamattractedacosmopolitanpopulation.
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XII.FrictionwithEnglishandSwedishNeighbors
• TheDutchcompany-colonywasbesetbyproblems,especiallywiththeIndians.
• SettlersonManhattanIslanderectedawall,fromwhichWallStreetderiveditsname.
• PeoplefromConnecticutalsoejectedtheHollanders.
XII.FrictionwithEnglishandSwedishNeighbors(cont.)
• 1638–1655:SwedestrespassedonDutchclaimsbyplanningNewSwedenontheDelawareRiver(seeMap3.4).
• 1655:ResentingtheSwedes,theDutchdispatchedasmallmilitaryexpedition.
• PeterStuyvesantsuccessfullyabsorbedNewSwedenintoNewNetherland.
XIII.DutchResiduesinNewYork
• 1664:EnglandseizedNewNetherlandfromtheDutch.
• CharlesIIhadgrantedhisbrother,theDukeofYork,theformerNewAmsterdamarea.
• PeterStuyvesantwasforcedtosurrender.• NewAmsterdamwasrenamedNewYork.• EnglandgainedasplendidharborandthestatelyHudsonRiver.
XIII.DutchResiduesinNewYork(cont.)
• TheEnglishbannernowwavedoverastretchofterritoryfromMainetotheCarolinas.
• NewYorkretainedanautocraticspirit.• TheLivingstonandDeLanceyfamilieswieldeddisproportionatepower.
• ThislordlyatmospherediscouragedmanyEuropeanimmigrantsfromcoming.
XIII.DutchResiduesinNewYork(cont.)
• Dutchinfluence:– Placenames– Gambrel-roofedarchitecture– Socialcustomsandfolkways(e.g.,Eastereggs,SantaClaus)
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XIV.Penn’sHolyExperimentinPennsylvania
• Quakers,EnglishdissentersknownastheReligiousSocietyofFriends:– refusedtopaytaxesfortheestablishedChurchofEngland.
– builtsimplemeetinghouses.– congregatedwithoutapaidclergy.– “spokeup”inmeetingswhenmoved.– kepttheirbroad-brimmedhatsoninthepresenceof“betters.”
XIV.Penn’sHolyExperimentin Pennsylvania(cont.)
• Quakers(cont.):– Addressedeachotherwithsimple“thee”sand“thou”s.
– Tooknooaths.
• Theywerepeopleofdeepconviction:– Abhorredstrifeandwarfare– Refusedmilitaryservice– Advocatedpassiveresistance
XIV.Penn’sHolyExperimentin Pennsylvania(cont.)
• Quakersweresimple,devoted,democraticpeople,contendingforreligiousandcivicfreedom.
• 1660:WilliamPennwasattractedtotheQuakerfaithandsufferedmuchpersecution.
• Penn’sthoughtsturnedtotheNewWorld.• Hewantedtoexperimentwithliberalideasingovernmentandtomakemoney.
XIV.Penn’sHolyExperimentinPennsylvania(cont.)
• 1681:Hesecuredlandfromtheking.• ThekingcalledthelandPennsylvania(“Penn’sWoodland”).
• Pennsylvaniawasthebest-advertisedcolony.• Hisliberallandpolicyalsoattractedmanyimmigrants.
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XV.QuakerPennsylvaniaandItsNeighbors
• 1681:Pennlaunchedhiscolony:– Dutch,Swedish,English,andWelsh“squatters”werealreadythere.
– Philadelphiawascarefullyplanned.– HeboughtlandfromtheIndiansandChiefTammany.
– HetreatedtheIndiansfairly.• Pennsylvaniaseemed,forabrieftime,thelandofamicableIndian-whiterelations.
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XV.QuakerPennsylvaniaandItsNeighbors(cont.)
• Quakertoleranceofnon-QuakerimmigrantseventuallyunderminedPenn’sIndianpolicy.
• Penn’sproprietaryregimewasunusuallyliberalandthusattractedmanyimmigrants:– Representativeassemblyelectedbylandowners– Notax-supportedstatechurch– Freedomofworship– Restricteduseofdeathpenalty
XV.QuakerPennsylvaniaandItsNeighbors(cont.)
• “Bluelaws”prohibited“ungodlyrevelers,”stageplays,playingcards,dice,games,andexcessivehilarity.
• TheQuakerswereshrewdbusinesspeople.• By1700thecolonysurpassedallothercoloniesbutVirginiaandMassachusettsinpopulationandwealth.
• Pennspentonlyfouryearsinthecolony.
XV.QuakerPennsylvaniaandItsNeighbors(cont.)
• Hisenduringmonumentwasanobleexperienceandanewcommonwealth.
• 1664:NewJerseywasstartedbytwonobleswhoreceivedlandfromtheDukeofYork.
• 1674:TheQuakersboughtWestNewJersey.• LaterEastNewJerseywasacquired.• 1703Delawarewasgrantedanassembly.
XV.QuakerPennsylvaniaandItsNeighbors(cont.)
• Notedfeaturesofthecolony:– Noprovisionforamilitarydefense– Norestrictionsonimmigration– Strongdislikeofslavery– Someprogresstowardsocialreform– Containedmanydifferentethnicgroups– Affordedeconomicopportunity,civilliberty,andreligiousfreedom
XVI.TheMiddleWayintheMiddleColonies
• CommonfeaturesofNewYork,NewJersey,Delaware,andPennsylvania:– Theyhadextensivefertilesoil.– Theybecamethe“breadcolonies”becauseofgrainexports.
– RiversliketheSusquehanna,theDelaware,andtheHudsontappedtheinteriorfurtrade.
– IndustrystimulatedcommerceandthegrowthofseaportslikeNewYorkandPhiladelphia.
XVI.TheMiddleWayintheMiddleColonies(cont.)
• ThemiddlecoloniesweremidwaybetweenNewEnglandandthesouthernplantations:– Landholdingwasintermediateinsize.– LocalgovernmentwasbetweenpersonalizedtownmeetingsofNewEnglandanddiffusedcountygovernmentoftheSouth.
– TheyhadfewerindustriesthanNewEngland,butmorethantheSouth.
XVI.TheMiddleWayintheMiddleColonies(cont.)
• Distinctionsoftheirown:– Amoreethnicallymixedpopulation– Anunusualdegreeofreligioustolerationanddemocraticcontrol
– Desirablelandthatwaseasiertoacquire– Considerableeconomicandsocialdemocracy
• AllAmericancoloniesflourishedunderBritain’scontinuinghands-offpolicies.
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