ch. 33 modern art
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Modern Art Modern Art
Chapter 33Chapter 33
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What were some of the What were some of the Developments in the 20Developments in the 20thth
century?century?
Technology e = mc 2 Technology e = mc 2 Scientific Revolution/ EnlightmentScientific Revolution/ Enlightment Proteins, discoveries, radar televisions, cinemaProteins, discoveries, radar televisions, cinema Atom bombAtom bomb Philosophy, Psychology – JungPhilosophy, Psychology – Jung Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism
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What Wars and major events What Wars and major events Happened in the 20Happened in the 20thth Century ? Century ?
WW I and the Russian Revolution WW I and the Russian Revolution WW 2WW 2 Hitler Hitler VietnamVietnam The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
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Evolution and the avant - Evolution and the avant - GardeGarde
Post Impressionism Post Impressionism and Impression and Impression was happening was happening before the time of before the time of the Fauviststhe Fauvists
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Fauvism – wild beastFauvism – wild beast= Intense color, reflect feelings, used = Intense color, reflect feelings, used
awkward color combos awkward color combos
German, Parisian - German, Parisian - Expressionism of Expressionism of 1910 to Abstract 1910 to Abstract Expressionist in Expressionist in 19401940
Matisse is the leaderMatisse is the leader French Academy French Academy
and the Salonand the Salon Woman w/ a Hat – Woman w/ a Hat –
1905 By Matisse1905 By Matisse
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Matisse - Red Room 1908Matisse - Red Room 1908
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Die Brucke – The BridgeDie Brucke – The Bridge German artists German artists
explored explored expressionist ideasexpressionist ideas
Ludwig Kirchner – Ludwig Kirchner – LeaderLeader
Street, Dresden 1908Street, Dresden 1908 Zombie Like, German Zombie Like, German
City before WW1City before WW1
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Emil Nolde- Emil Nolde- Saint Mary of Egypt -1912Saint Mary of Egypt -1912
Joined Die Brucke Joined Die Brucke 19061906
Religious Figures, Religious Figures, Distortion of form Distortion of form
and colorand color Aggressive brush Aggressive brush
strokesstrokes
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Der Blaue ReiterDer Blaue Reiter
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Cubism early 1900sCubism early 1900s
Picasso – Challenged every mediumPicasso – Challenged every medium Realism to Cubism - ex .CezanneRealism to Cubism - ex .Cezanne Colonial Empires expansion into India Colonial Empires expansion into India
and Africaand Africa Iberian SculpturesIberian Sculptures
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Gertrude Stein – 1906Gertrude Stein – 1906Iberian Sculptures - Iberian Sculptures -
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Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon - Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon - 19071907
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Braque – The Portuguese , Braque – The Portuguese , 19111911
HuesHues Palette Palette ColorsColors Light and shadow?Light and shadow? Clues?Clues? Stenciled lettersStenciled letters ChiaroscuroChiaroscuro
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Delaunay – Champs de Mars - Delaunay – Champs de Mars - 19111911
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Picasso – Still life – 1912 Picasso – Still life – 1912 Synthetic CubismSynthetic Cubism
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Braque – Bottle, Newspaper, Braque – Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe and Glass -1913Pipe and Glass -1913
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Picasso – Maquette for Picasso – Maquette for GuitarGuitar
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Archipenko – Woman Combing Archipenko – Woman Combing her hair - 1915her hair - 1915
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Futurism Futurism
MovementMovement New materialsNew materials War is a cleansing agent of the worldWar is a cleansing agent of the world
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BallaBalla
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BoccioniBoccioniUnique Forms of Continuity in Unique Forms of Continuity in
Space, 1913Space, 1913 Blur of movementBlur of movement
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Severini – Armored Train - Severini – Armored Train - 19151915
Artistically and Artistically and politically captures politically captures the Futurist idealsthe Futurist ideals
WarWar Soldiers shootingSoldiers shooting Omit death and Omit death and
destructiondestruction
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WW I - 1916WW I - 1916
Mass DestructionMass Destruction New technology, more deathNew technology, more death Suicidal attacksSuicidal attacks Trenches – psychological warfareTrenches – psychological warfare
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DADADADA
Gathered artists who thought the war Gathered artists who thought the war was pointlesswas pointless
NY & ZurichNY & Zurich Paris, Berlin and CologneParis, Berlin and Cologne A mind set not a single styleA mind set not a single style -Psychoanalytical style-Psychoanalytical style
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Duchamp and Man Ray Duchamp and Man Ray 1920s1920s
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Surrealists -1930Surrealists -1930
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Duchamp –Fountain 1917Duchamp –Fountain 1917
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Berlin DadaistsBerlin Dadaists
PhotomontagePhotomontage Composition by pasting Composition by pasting
together pieces of paper together pieces of paper Or cubists calling it a Or cubists calling it a
collagecollage Hannah Hoch- absurd Hannah Hoch- absurd
chaotic, contradictorychaotic, contradictory Titled Piece – Titled Piece – Cut with Cut with
the Kitchen Knife Dada the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Cultural Epoch of Germany “ 1919Germany “ 1919
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Kurt Schwitters - Kurt Schwitters -
Liked Cubists Liked Cubists Collage Collage
Worked non –Worked non –objectively objectively
Looked through Looked through trash bins for trash bins for materialsmaterials
Merz 19Merz 19
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Americans and the artsAmericans and the arts
Artists went over to Europe Artists went over to Europe brought back what they brought back what they learned in Europe.(ex. Sarget, learned in Europe.(ex. Sarget, Whistler)Whistler)
The group the “8”The group the “8” Leader Robert Henri, urged Leader Robert Henri, urged
artists to make pictures from artists to make pictures from life, created the rapidly life, created the rapidly changing landscape of NYC.changing landscape of NYC.
8= Ashcan school8= Ashcan school
(ugly)(ugly)
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Armory Show Armory Show
1913 –Large scale 1913 –Large scale 1600 works from American 1600 works from American
and European artistsand European artists Matisse, Picasso, Braque, Matisse, Picasso, Braque,
Duchamp, Kandinksy and Duchamp, Kandinksy and KirchnerKirchner
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Duchamp –Nude Descending a Duchamp –Nude Descending a Staircase -1912 Staircase -1912
NY TIMES describes NY TIMES describes the show as the show as “pathological”“pathological”
““Menace to public Menace to public morality”morality”
“ “ An explosion in a An explosion in a shingle factory”shingle factory”
Monochromatic Monochromatic palette =?palette =?
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Jean Arp – Collage Arranged Jean Arp – Collage Arranged According to the Laws of According to the Laws of
ChanceChance ChanceChance Tired of collages Tired of collages Dropping the paperDropping the paper
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Photography & Alfred Steigiltz Photography & Alfred Steigiltz 1907 1907
Gallery 291Gallery 291 Straight un-Straight un-
manipulated manipulated photographsphotographs
Environmental Environmental photographsphotographs
The Steerage The Steerage
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Weston -Weston -
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Man Ray – La Cadeau DadaMan Ray – La Cadeau Dada
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Marsden Hartley – Portrait of a Marsden Hartley – Portrait of a German OfficerGerman Officer
Followed CubismFollowed Cubism Array of German Array of German
military itemsmilitary items Relationship to his Relationship to his
friend a German friend a German officerofficer
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Aaron Douglas – Noah’s ArkAaron Douglas – Noah’s Ark
Used flat planesUsed flat planes MonochromaticMonochromatic Depict African Depict African
AmericansAmericans
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Precisionism 1915-1930Precisionism 1915-1930
American’s loved the artwork from American’s loved the artwork from the Armory Showthe Armory Show
Avante Garde ArtAvante Garde Art
This group did not exhibit togetherThis group did not exhibit together Very individualizedVery individualized
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Demuth – My Egypt -1927Demuth – My Egypt -1927
Reduced subjects Reduced subjects to simple shapesto simple shapes
Mixed up planesMixed up planes Like a Egyptian Like a Egyptian
PyramidPyramid
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O ‘ Keefe – NY Night- 1929O ‘ Keefe – NY Night- 1929
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O’Keefe – moved from a small town O’Keefe – moved from a small town to NYC in 1918to NYC in 1918
NYC is complex she thoughtNYC is complex she thought Steiglitz was her supporter and Steiglitz was her supporter and
HusbandHusband She reduced forms She reduced forms Used basic colors, abstractUsed basic colors, abstract
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Europe and WW IEurope and WW INew Sachickeit – OrNew Sachickeit – Or
New Objectivity New Objectivity Grew out of Vets from WW IGrew out of Vets from WW I To portray a present clean eyed To portray a present clean eyed
direct and honest image of the war direct and honest image of the war and its effectsand its effects
Used experiences in his own life in Used experiences in his own life in his workhis work
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George Grosz George Grosz
Anti war – Anti war – associated w/ Dada associated w/ Dada in Berlin in Berlin
Harsh and BitterHarsh and Bitter Depicted German Depicted German
Military as Military as heartless and Bitter heartless and Bitter
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Beckmann –Night 1918-Beckmann –Night 1918-19191919
He Rationalized war at first over He Rationalized war at first over time mass destruction time mass destruction
Work them soon reflected the Work them soon reflected the horrors of war and societyhorrors of war and society
Horrifying commenting on the Horrifying commenting on the status of a societystatus of a society
3 invaders3 invaders Images savageness = paint Images savageness = paint
strokesstrokes Woman Raped, son being Woman Raped, son being
capturedcaptured
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Otto Dix – The War 1929-Otto Dix – The War 1929-19391939
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Kollwitz – Woman and Dead Kollwitz – Woman and Dead ChildChild
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Barlach – War Monument Barlach – War Monument
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Surrealism - Surrealism -
Power of the UnconsciousPower of the Unconscious offspring of Dadaoffspring of Dada Godfather – Andre BretonGodfather – Andre Breton FreudFreud Automatism – psychic Automatism – psychic
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De ChiricoDe ChiricoMelancholy and Mystery of a Street – 1914Melancholy and Mystery of a Street – 1914
EnvironmentEnvironment EmptyEmpty Nietzsche Nietzsche
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Ernst – Two Children Are Ernst – Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale - Threatened by a Nightingale -
19241924 A window into a A window into a
real scenereal scene Followed rules of Followed rules of
linear and aerial linear and aerial perspectiveperspective
Struggle of words Struggle of words and imagesand images
FrottageFrottage
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Dali – The Persistence of Dali – The Persistence of Memory 1931Memory 1931
Amphorus ShapeAmphorus Shape Controlled brush Controlled brush
strokesstrokes RealisticRealistic Distorted Distorted
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Magritte – The Treachery of Magritte – The Treachery of Images -1928Images -1928
ShocksShocks Does it make Does it make
sense?sense?
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Oppenheim Oppenheim
Fur Lined Cup -Fur Lined Cup -19361936
Inspired by a Inspired by a conversation with conversation with PicassoPicasso
Surrealism flair Surrealism flair
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Frida Kahlo – The Two Frida’s- Frida Kahlo – The Two Frida’s- 19391939
Psychic & Psych. Psychic & Psych. issues she dealt issues she dealt withwith
Distanced herself Distanced herself from the Surrealist from the Surrealist GroupGroup
Husband – Diego Husband – Diego Riveria Riveria
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Miro – Painting -1933Miro – Painting -1933
Automatism Automatism (the creation of art (the creation of art
w/o creative w/o creative control)control)
Hallucination, Hallucination, fantasyfantasy
Amoebic Amoebic Organisms Organisms
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Constructivism or Constructivism or SuprematismSuprematism
Russians – had a long history of Russians – had a long history of cultural contact and interaction with cultural contact and interaction with the westthe west
Russians exposed to Fauvism, Russians exposed to Fauvism, Cubism and FuturismCubism and Futurism
Pure feeling in art – Pure feeling in art – “ He feels, does “ He feels, does not touch”not touch”
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Malevich – Suprematism Malevich – Suprematism Composition : Airplane FlyingComposition : Airplane Flying
Pure language, Pure language, shape and colorshape and color
Welcomed the Welcomed the Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution
-wipe out past -wipe out past traditions and traditions and begin with new begin with new cultureculture
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Naum Gabo – The Naum Gabo – The ConstructivistConstructivist
Called himself a Called himself a Constructivist Constructivist because he built because he built his sculptures, his sculptures, piece by piecepiece by piece
Motion in workMotion in work Relationship of Relationship of
Mass & SpaceMass & Space
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Monument to the 3Monument to the 3rdrd International – 1919 - TalinInternational – 1919 - Talin
Honored Russian Honored Russian RevolutionRevolution
Glass, rotating Glass, rotating chamberschambers
News center for News center for Russian PeopleRussian People
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All These artists believed they All These artists believed they couldcould
create a Technological Utopiacreate a Technological Utopia
1. Communist Party said art must be 1. Communist Party said art must be functionalfunctional
Propagandistic for the peoplePropagandistic for the people Non conforming artists got sent to Non conforming artists got sent to
campcamp
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De Stijl Founded by Mondrian De Stijl Founded by Mondrian & Theo van Doesberg& Theo van Doesberg
Holland - More Utopian ViewsHolland - More Utopian Views Birth of a new age during WW IBirth of a new age during WW I Artists reduced vocab to simple Artists reduced vocab to simple
geometric shapesgeometric shapes Goal is obj. in natureGoal is obj. in nature Used to create harmonious Used to create harmonious
compositioncomposition
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Mondrian –De StijlMondrian –De Stijl
Vitality –lifeVitality –life Tranquility – peacefulTranquility – peaceful Equilibrium Equilibrium Completes rhythm = Completes rhythm =
balance, each one is balance, each one is different different
No reference to nature No reference to nature Controlling Controlling Style = modern art Style = modern art
during the time 1930during the time 1930
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Rietveld –Schroder House Rietveld –Schroder House
Cabinet maker made Cabinet maker made & De Stijl Furnishings & De Stijl Furnishings throughout his careerthroughout his career
New arch is anti cubicNew arch is anti cubic Open planOpen plan Free floating wallsFree floating walls Used primary colors Used primary colors
and flat planes like a and flat planes like a Mondrian PtgMondrian Ptg
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The BauhausThe Bauhaus
Gropius – vision of total archGropius – vision of total arch UtopianUtopian His goal was to train artists, architects and His goal was to train artists, architects and
designers. To accept and anticipate 20designers. To accept and anticipate 20thth century century needs.needs.
Needed to produce Graduates who would could Needed to produce Graduates who would could design for the 20design for the 20thth century century
Promoted unity of art, arch and designPromoted unity of art, arch and design No boundariesNo boundaries Hired most innovative & avant-garde thinkers to Hired most innovative & avant-garde thinkers to
teach at the Bauhausteach at the Bauhaus
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GOAL = CLEAN DESIGN & High TechGOAL = CLEAN DESIGN & High Tech Did not like Ornamental & Historic Did not like Ornamental & Historic
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Moholy – Nagy – From the Moholy – Nagy – From the Radio Tower Berlin Radio Tower Berlin
Art should be all Art should be all encompassingencompassing
Produced ptgs, Produced ptgs, photos, special effects photos, special effects for art and filmfor art and film
Vertical aerial Vertical aerial viewpoint presents the viewpoint presents the viewer w/new formal viewer w/new formal patterns and visual patterns and visual perspectives –more perspectives –more common with flightcommon with flight
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Josef AlbersJosef Albers
Worked in Bauhaus Worked in Bauhaus glass & furniture glass & furniture shops.shops.
Hard Edge PtrHard Edge Ptr Varies hue and Varies hue and
colorcolor Obsessed with Obsessed with
colorcolor
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Gropius –Shop BlockGropius –Shop Block
Bauhaus moved, Bauhaus moved, Hostility from German Hostility from German GovernmentGovernment
- positive attitude to the - positive attitude to the living environment of living environment of vehicles and machinesvehicles and machines
Simplicity in complexity, Simplicity in complexity, economy in the use of economy in the use of space, materials, time space, materials, time and moneyand money
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Gunta Stolzl-Gunta Stolzl-
Emphasis on Emphasis on geometric patternsgeometric patterns
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Mies van Der Rohe – Model for Mies van Der Rohe – Model for Glass Skyscraper - 1922Glass Skyscraper - 1922
Mies van der Rohe Mies van der Rohe took over took over leadership of leadership of BauhausBauhaus
““LESS is More”LESS is More” Bold use of glassBold use of glass SkeletonSkeleton
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Degenerate Art Degenerate Art
Public Ridicule & Public Ridicule & Political persecutionPolitical persecution
1919thth Century art was Century art was ideal in Aryan Artideal in Aryan Art
16,000 artworks 16,000 artworks were considered were considered degeneratedegenerate
Ex. Otto Dix, Franz Ex. Otto Dix, Franz Marc, Piet MondrianMarc, Piet Mondrian
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International StyleInternational Style
Walter Gropius and Mies van der Walter Gropius and Mies van der RoheRohe
Puritians of style Puritians of style Le Corbusier- influential arch. Modern Le Corbusier- influential arch. Modern
livingliving
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Le Corbusier – Domino House Le Corbusier – Domino House Project-1914Project-1914
Domino House Domino House Project structure Project structure
Sun, space, Sun, space, vegetarian, vegetarian, insulationinsulation
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Art Deco – 1920-1930sArt Deco – 1920-1930s
Popular tastePopular taste Deco sought to upgradeDeco sought to upgrade Everything was deco – utensils, Everything was deco – utensils,
fashion , Jewelry, etcfashion , Jewelry, etc
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Chrysler Building – William van Chrysler Building – William van Alen -1928Alen -1928
Elongated Elongated symmetricalsymmetrical
Hard patternsHard patterns Simple formsSimple forms Jazz air flair Jazz air flair
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Natural Architecture -Frank Natural Architecture -Frank Lloyd WrightLloyd Wright
Cross Axial planCross Axial plan Continuity in mindContinuity in mind No posts no columnsNo posts no columns Clean cut shapesClean cut shapes Japanese Aztec Japanese Aztec Designed every Designed every
detaildetail CantileveredCantilevered ““belongs to the hill”belongs to the hill”
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Organic SculptureOrganic Sculpture
Brancusi – Natural Brancusi – Natural or Organicor Organic
Bird in Space, 1928Bird in Space, 1928 Like the egg, the Like the egg, the
pebblepebble Reduced to smooth Reduced to smooth
surfacessurfaces
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Henry MooreHenry Moore
Every material Every material works differentlyworks differently
Material works and Material works and play play
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Calder Calder
Kinetic ArtKinetic Art Miro InfluencedMiro Influenced
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Art as a Political Statement-Art as a Political Statement-Picasso – Guernica 1937Picasso – Guernica 1937
Nazi Bombing – air raid Nazi Bombing – air raid
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Lange – Migrant Mother -Lange – Migrant Mother -19351935
SadnessSadness DepressionDepression Treasury Relief art Treasury Relief art
Project & WPAProject & WPA
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Hopper – Nighthawks - 1942Hopper – Nighthawks - 1942
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Lawrence – Migration of the Lawrence – Migration of the Negro – NO. 49Negro – NO. 49
Harlem, NYHarlem, NY African and art and African and art and
historyhistory Exodus of blk labor Exodus of blk labor
from Southern U.S.from Southern U.S. Disillusioned with their Disillusioned with their
lives in the south, lives in the south, Black culture moved Black culture moved from the Southfrom the South
Experiences of Experiences of migrating peoplemigrating people
Dining area -CubistDining area -Cubist
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--Regionalism- Regionalism- Grant Wood – American Gothic 1930Grant Wood – American Gothic 1930
Turned attention to Turned attention to rural life instead of rural life instead of citycity
Focus on American Focus on American subjectssubjects
Neat houseNeat house American StrengthAmerican Strength Rejection of avant Rejection of avant
garde stylegarde style
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Thomas Hart BentonThomas Hart Benton
Missouri – rural Missouri – rural scenesscenes
HistoryHistory Complex Complex
compositionscompositions FluidityFluidity
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Diego Rivera – Ancient Mexico Diego Rivera – Ancient Mexico History of Mexico FrescosHistory of Mexico Frescos
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Modern to Post ModernModern to Post Modern
WWII Global DevastionWWII Global Devastion 1945 Hiroshima & Nagaski Nuclear WAR!!!1945 Hiroshima & Nagaski Nuclear WAR!!! Disruption and Upheaval – British left IndiaDisruption and Upheaval – British left India Us emerged relatively unscathed from WWIIUs emerged relatively unscathed from WWII Civil rights struggles on University CampusesCivil rights struggles on University Campuses Vietnam War – Rebellion of young AmericansVietnam War – Rebellion of young Americans Sexual revolution Sexual revolution
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Francis BaconFrancis Bacon
Existentialism Existentialism Art world shifts- Paris to NYArt world shifts- Paris to NY
American Clement Greenberg American Clement Greenberg says to embrace abstractionsays to embrace abstraction
Promote avante gardePromote avante garde 35mil dead in Europe35mil dead in Europe Bacon- Reflection of war Bacon- Reflection of war
butchery butchery Based photos on war Nazi Based photos on war Nazi
LeadersLeaders Umbrella- Neville Umbrella- Neville
Chamberlain – Brit Prime Chamberlain – Brit Prime Minister Minister
Remake ViolenceRemake Violence
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Dubuffet Dubuffet
encrusted tortured encrusted tortured worldworld
Used Impasto – thick Used Impasto – thick pigment, plaster, pigment, plaster, glue, sand asphalt glue, sand asphalt and scribblingand scribbling
Art of children, Art of children, mentally ill are the mentally ill are the most genuinemost genuine
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Giacometti – Men Pointing -Giacometti – Men Pointing -19471947
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Gestural Abstraction & Gestural Abstraction & Chromatic AbstractionChromatic Abstraction
Relied on the Relied on the expressiveness expressiveness of energetic of energetic applied pigment.applied pigment.
Chromatic Chromatic abstraction – abstraction – focused on colors focused on colors
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Pollock – Number 1- 1950 Pollock – Number 1- 1950
Action PtgAction Ptg Abstract Abstract
ExpressionismExpressionism NY School 1940sNY School 1940s Rhythmic patterns Rhythmic patterns
splatterssplatters Jack the “Dripper”Jack the “Dripper”
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Willem De Koonig – Woman I - Willem De Koonig – Woman I - 19501950
Gestural brush Gestural brush strokesstrokes
Slashing linesSlashing lines Female models – Female models –
advertising advertising billboardsbillboards
What is Beauty?What is Beauty? Agitated patches of Agitated patches of
colorcolor
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Rothko-No.14 1960Rothko-No.14 1960
2 or 3 rectangles of 2 or 3 rectangles of pure colorpure color
Color doorway to Color doorway to another realityanother reality
Formal elements Formal elements no figuresno figures
Raises emotionsRaises emotions
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David Smith – Cubi XIX-1964David Smith – Cubi XIX-1964
1930 David saw 1930 David saw Picasso’s Picasso’s sculpturessculptures
Created monolith Created monolith sculpturessculptures
Only outdoorsOnly outdoors Homage to CubismHomage to Cubism
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Post Painterly AbstractionPost Painterly Abstraction
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Minimal Art = Minimal Art =
Ptrs emphasized flatnessPtrs emphasized flatness Sculptors focus on 3-d as the unique Sculptors focus on 3-d as the unique
characteristic and limitationscharacteristic and limitations 1960s1960s Clean simple bareClean simple bare Technique – machine madeTechnique – machine made Meaning? – You are the judge Meaning? – You are the judge
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Minimal ArtMinimal ArtTony – Die - 1962Tony – Die - 1962
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Donald JuddDonald Judd
19691969 Abstract, absolute Abstract, absolute
minimumminimum
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Maya Lin - Vietnam War Maya Lin - Vietnam War Memorial 1981-1983Memorial 1981-1983
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Nevelson – Sky Cathedral - Nevelson – Sky Cathedral - 19571957
Dada and Dada and Surrealism Surrealism influenceinfluence
Readymade Readymade objectsobjects
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Bourgeois – Cumul IBourgeois – Cumul I
Heads protrudingHeads protruding More personalMore personal BareBare
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Pop Art -1950s StartPop Art -1950s Start
Taken from Modern Consumer Mass Taken from Modern Consumer Mass Culture Culture
Advertising, comic books and moviesAdvertising, comic books and movies
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Richard Hamilton –Richard Hamilton – Just What is it that Just What is it that Makes Today’s Homes so Different, So Makes Today’s Homes so Different, So
Appealing? -1956Appealing? -1956
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Pop Art – Jasper Johns -Pop Art – Jasper Johns -
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Lichtenstein – Hopeless - Lichtenstein – Hopeless - 1963 1963
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WarholWarhol
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Warhol - Warhol -
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WarholWarhol
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Superrealism Superrealism Flack - MarilynFlack - Marilyn
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Chuck Close Chuck Close
SuperrealismSuperrealism Post modernismPost modernism 19671967
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Christo - Christo -
Aware of spaceAware of space
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Frank Lloyd Wright – Frank Lloyd Wright – Guggenheim Museum -1959Guggenheim Museum -1959