ch. 4 the human population and the environment age structure birth rate death rate demographic...
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Ch. 4 The Human Population and the Environment
• Age structure• Birth rate• Death rate• Demographic transition• Growth rate• Human carrying capacity• Life expectancy• Logistic carrying capacity• Logistic growth curve• Maximum lifetime• Population• Population dynamics• Species• Zero population growth
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Age Structure Diagrams
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Growth Rate
• Births – deaths = r Total population
20,000 births – 15, 000 deaths = .01(x100) = 1.0%
500, 000 people
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Average crude birth rate Average crude death rate
World
All developedcountries
All developingcountries
Developingcountries
(w/o China)
21
9
11
10
24
8
27
9
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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Human carrying capacity
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Carrying capacity
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Carrying capacity of Earth
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How to determine human carrying capacity of Earth
• 1. extrapolate from past growth – logistic growth curve
• 2. packing problem approach• Deep ecology
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Life expectancy
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Demographic Transition Model
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Demographic Transition• Preindustrial stage: little population growth.
Living conditions are harsh. High birth and high death rate.
• Transitional stage: start of industrialization, higher food production, health care. Population booms
• Industrial stage: industry, medical care, etc now well established. Population growth slows. Most developed countries in this stage.
• Postindustrial stage: birth rate declines, population stable, then slowly decreases.
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A Closer Look 4.1 – Growth of Human Population
• Stage 1 – Hunters and Gatherers• Stage 2 – Preindustrial, Agriculture• Stage 3 – The Machine Age• Stage 4 – The Modern Era
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Logistic Growth Curve
• Assumes: a constant environment a constant carrying capacity a homogenous population- Fig. 4.4 – inflection point- Used to forecast human population growth
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Population and Technology• T = P x I or I = PAT• Total Impact = Population x Average Environmental Impact
per person• The average rich-nation citizen used 7.4 kilowatts (kW) of
energy in 1990—a continuous flow of energy equivalent to that powering 74 100-watt lightbulbs. The average citizen of a poor nation, by contrast, used only 1 kW. There were 1.2 billion people in the rich nations, so their total environmental impact, as measured by energy use, was 1.2 billion x 7.4 kW, or 8.9 terawatts (TW)—8.9 trillion watts. Some 4.1 billion people lived in poor nations in 1990, hence their total impact (at 1 kW a head) was 4.1 TW
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Limiting Factors
• Categories – short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term
• Dispersal of certain pollutants, such as toxic metals, into water and fisheries - ?
• Soil erosion - ?• Disruption of food distribution in a country
caused by drought for instance -?
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Zero Population Growth
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/population-campaign.html