ch 5 euk microbes
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The EukaryotesThe EukaryotesWhat makes a eukaryote?What makes a eukaryote?
Why are theseWhy are theseinfestations/infections important?infestations/infections important?
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FungiFungi
Algae Algae
ProtozoaProtozoaHelminthsHelminths
Arthropods Arthropods
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FungiFungi
Mycology is the study of fungi.Mycology is the study of fungi.
Fungal infections are increasingFungal infections are increasing
Are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Are aerobic or facultatively anaerobicChemoheterotrophs.Chemoheterotrophs.
Decomposers that are parasites of plants.Decomposers that are parasites of plants.
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Fungi CharacteristicsFungi Characteristics
Thallus consists of filaments called hyphae, aThallus consists of filaments called hyphae, amass of hyphae is mycelium.mass of hyphae is mycelium.
Yeasts are unicellular fungi.Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
Some yeast can change morphology are moldSome yeast can change morphology are moldlike at 25¶Clike at 25¶C
Classified according to the sexual structure thatClassified according to the sexual structure thatis formed.is formed.
Grow in acidic, low moisture aerobicGrow in acidic, low moisture aerobicenvironments.environments.
Can metabolize complex carbs.Can metabolize complex carbs.
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YeastsYeastsUnicellular fungiUnicellular fungi Fission yeasts divide symmetricallyFission yeasts divide symmetrically
Budding yeasts divide asymmetricallyBudding yeasts divide asymmetrically
Figure 12.3
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DimorphismDimorphism PathogenicPathogenic
dimorphicdimorphic
fungi arefungi are
yeastlike atyeastlike at
3737°°C andC andmoldlike atmoldlike at
2525°°CC
Figure 12.4
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7Figure 12.2
MoldsMolds
The fungalThe fungal thallusthallus consists of consists of hyphaehyphae; a; a
mass of hyphae is amass of hyphae is a myceliummycelium..
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8Figure 12.1
Vegetative GrowthVegetative Growth
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9Figure 12.5a
Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Conidia or conidiosporesConidia or conidiospores
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10Figure 12.5b
Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Arthroconidia Arthroconidia
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11Figure 12.5c
Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
BlastoconidiaBlastoconidia
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12Figure 12.5d
Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
ChlamydoconidiaChlamydoconidia
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13Figure 12.5e
Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
SporangiosporesSporangiospores
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
Three phases:Three phases:
PlasmogamyPlasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+): Haploid donor cell nucleus (+)
penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (± ±))
KaryogamyKaryogamy: + and: + and ± ± nuclei fusenuclei fuse
MeiosisMeiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid: Diploid nucleus produces haploid
nuclei (sexual spores)nuclei (sexual spores)
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15Figure 12.6
Sexual SporesSexual Spores
ZygosporeZygospore: Fusion of haploid cells: Fusion of haploid cells
produces one zygosporeproduces one zygospore
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16Figure 12.7
Sexual SporesSexual Spores
AscosporeAscospore: Formed in a sac (ascus).: Formed in a sac (ascus).
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17Figure 12.8
Sexual SporesSexual Spores
BasidiosporeBasidiospore: Formed externally on a: Formed externally on a
pedestal (basidium)pedestal (basidium)
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Some Fungal DiseasesSome Fungal Diseases
Systemic mycoses are infections withinSystemic mycoses are infections within
the body may affect many organ systems.the body may affect many organ systems.
Subcutaneous under skin.Subcutaneous under skin.Cutaenous is in skin nails and hair ect.Cutaenous is in skin nails and hair ect.
Superficial mycoses on only exterior parts.Superficial mycoses on only exterior parts.
Opportunistic: aspergillosis caused byOpportunistic: aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus Aspergillus, Candidiasis, Candidiasis CandidaCandida
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Economic Effects of Fungi.Economic Effects of Fungi.
Many are used for production of food andMany are used for production of food and
beverages.beverages.
Biological control of pests.Biological control of pests.Mold spoilage of fruits grains andMold spoilage of fruits grains and
vegetables.vegetables.
Diseases in plants.Diseases in plants. Infections in fuel lines fungal mats.Infections in fuel lines fungal mats.
Degradation of cellulose materials.Degradation of cellulose materials.
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Treatments of Fungal InfectionsTreatments of Fungal Infections
Amphotericin B destroys membrane used Amphotericin B destroys membrane used
on Systemic fungal infections.on Systemic fungal infections.
Griseofulvin (inhibit mitotic microtubules)Griseofulvin (inhibit mitotic microtubules)on many skin fungi.on many skin fungi.
Tolnaftate (Athletes foot)Tolnaftate (Athletes foot)
Can you think of any others?Can you think of any others?
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LichensLichens
Mutualistic combination of alga andMutualistic combination of alga and
fungus.fungus.
One is photosynthetic, on is the holdfastOne is photosynthetic, on is the holdfastabsorber.absorber.
Colonize habitats that are unsuitable for Colonize habitats that are unsuitable for
either the alga or the fungus alone.either the alga or the fungus alone.
Used for pigments and air qualityUsed for pigments and air quality
indicators.indicators.
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Algae Algae
Unicellular filamentous are Multicellular.Unicellular filamentous are Multicellular.
Most algae live in aquatic environments.Most algae live in aquatic environments.
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Eukaryotic photoautotrophs.Eukaryotic photoautotrophs.
Thallus or body is stipe, holdfast andThallus or body is stipe, holdfast and
blades.blades.Reproduce sexually and asexually byReproduce sexually and asexually by
fragmentation.fragmentation.
Most reproduce sexually.
Most reproduce sexually.
Photoautrophs that produce oxygen.Photoautrophs that produce oxygen.
Classified by structure and pigments.Classified by structure and pigments.
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Characterized by color Characterized by color
Brown algae (kelp)Brown algae (kelp)
Red algae grow at deeper levels.Red algae grow at deeper levels.
Green algae similar to plants.Green algae similar to plants.Diatoms unicellular produce neurotoxins.Diatoms unicellular produce neurotoxins.
Dinoflagellates also cause neurotoxins.Dinoflagellates also cause neurotoxins.
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Role in NatureRole in Nature
Primary producers in aquatic food chains.Primary producers in aquatic food chains.
Produce most of molecular oxygenProduce most of molecular oxygen
Much of our petroleum is fossil remains of Much of our petroleum is fossil remains of plankton.plankton.
Many unicellular algae are symbionts inMany unicellular algae are symbionts in
animals.animals.
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ProtozoaProtozoa
Are unicellular eukaryotic Are unicellular eukaryotic
Chemoheterotrophs.Chemoheterotrophs.
Found in soil, water and as normalF
ound in soil, water and as normalmicrobiotamicrobiota
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Some that cause disease.Some that cause disease.
Archaezoa lack mitochondria and have Archaezoa lack mitochondria and have
flagella.flagella. T richomonasT richomonas andand GiardiaGiardia
Microsporidia lack mitochondria and
Microsporidia lack mitochondria andmicrotubules cause diarrhea in AIDSmicrotubules cause diarrhea in AIDS
patientspatients
Rhizopodia are amoeba, includeRhizopodia are amoeba, include
E ntamoebaE ntamoeba andand Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba
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More DiseaseMore Disease
Apicomplexa can penetrate host tissue Apicomplexa can penetrate host tissue
includeinclude P lasmodiumP lasmodium andand CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium
Ciliophora move by means of ciliaCiliophora move by means of ciliaBalantidium coli Balantidium coli is a human parasiticis a human parasitic
ciliateciliate
Euglenozoa move by means of flagellaEuglenozoa move by means of flagella
and lack sexual reproduction includeand lack sexual reproduction include
T rypanosomaT rypanosoma
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ProtozoaProtozoa
Kingdom Protist
Nutritional Type Chemoheterotroph
Multicellularity None
Cellular Arrangement Unicellular
Food Acquisition
Method
Absorptive; ingestive
Characteristic
Features
Motility; some form
cysts
Embryo Formation None
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Characteristics of ProtozoaCharacteristics of Protozoa
Vegetative form is aVegetative form is a trophozoitetrophozoite
Asexual reproduction is by fission, Asexual reproduction is by fission,
budding, or budding, or schizogonyschizogony Sexual reproduction bySexual reproduction by conjugationconjugation
Some produceSome produce cystscysts
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Medically Important Phyla of Medically Important Phyla of
ProtozoaProtozoa Archaezoa Archaezoa
MicrosporaMicrospora
Amoebozoa Amoebozoa Apicomplexa Apicomplexa
CiliophoraCiliophora
EuglenozoaEuglenozoa
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38Figure 12.16b
Archaezoa Archaezoa
No mitochondriaNo mitochondria
Multiple flagellaMultiple flagella
Giardia lambliaGiardia lamblia T richomonasT richomonas
vaginalisvaginalis (no(no
cyst stage)cyst stage)
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39Figure 12.16c, d
Archaezoa Archaezoa
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MicrosporaMicrospora
No mitochondriaNo mitochondria
NonmotileNonmotile
Intracellular parasitesIntracellular parasitesN osemaN osema
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41Figure 12.17a
Amoebozoa Amoebozoa
Move byMove by
pseudopodspseudopods
E ntamoeba
E ntamoeba
Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba
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Apicomplexa Apicomplexa
NonmotileNonmotile
Intracellular parasitesIntracellular parasites
Complex life cyclesComplex life cycles P lasmodiumP lasmodium
BabesiaBabesia
CryptosporidiumCryptosporidiumCyclosporaCyclospora
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3
67
8
Figure 12.18
The Life Cycle of The Life Cycle of P lasmodiumP lasmodium
vivax vivax
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44Clinical Focus, p. 355
CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium
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45Clinical Focus, p. 355
CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium
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46Figure 12.19
CiliatesCiliates
Move by ciliaMove by cilia
ComplexComplex
cellscells BalantidiumBalantidium
coli coli is theis the
only humanonly human
parasiteparasite
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47Figure 12.20
EuglenozoaEuglenozoa
Move by flagellaMove by flagella
EuglenoidsEuglenoids
PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs
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48Figure 23.22
EuglenozoaEuglenozoa
Move by flagellaMove by flagellaHemoflagellatesHemoflagellates
T rypanosomaT rypanosoma
spp.spp.
Sleeping sicknessSleeping sickness
Chagas¶ diseaseChagas¶ disease
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EuglenozoaEuglenozoaMove by flagellaMove by flagella
PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs EuglenoidsEuglenoids
ChemoheterotrophsChemoheterotrophs
N aegleriaN aegleria Flagellated and amoeboid forms, meningoencephalitisFlagellated and amoeboid forms, meningoencephalitis
T rypanosomaT rypanosoma Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectorsUndulating membrane, transmitted by vectors
LeishmaniaLeishmania Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form inFlagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form invertebrate hostvertebrate host
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Slime MoldsSlime Molds
Not obvious pathogens.Not obvious pathogens.
Cellular slime molds resemble amoebasCellular slime molds resemble amoebas
and ingest bacteria by phagocytosis.and ingest bacteria by phagocytosis. Plasmodial slime molds consist of Plasmodial slime molds consist of
multinucleated mass of protoplasm thatmultinucleated mass of protoplasm that
engulfs organic debris and bacteria as itengulfs organic debris and bacteria as it
moves.moves.
All can produce large fruiting bodies. All can produce large fruiting bodies.
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HelminthsHelminths
Parasitic flatworms belong to the PhylumParasitic flatworms belong to the Phylum
Platyhelminthes.Platyhelminthes.
Parasitic roundworms belong to theParasitic roundworms belong to thePhylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda
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Characteristics of HelminthsCharacteristics of Helminths
Are Multicellular animals, few are Are Multicellular animals, few are
parasites.parasites.
Parasites have modified life cyclesParasites have modified life cycles Only the adult is found in the definitive host.Only the adult is found in the definitive host.
Larval stage requires an intermediate host.Larval stage requires an intermediate host.
Can be monoecious or dioeciousCan be monoecious or dioecious
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PlatyhelminthsPlatyhelminths
Flatworms, lack a digestive system obtainFlatworms, lack a digestive system obtain
food by absorption across the outer food by absorption across the outer
surface.surface.
Flukes and trematodes have suckers thatFlukes and trematodes have suckers that
help them attach and feed on host tissue.help them attach and feed on host tissue.
Cestode or tapeworm consists of scolexCestode or tapeworm consists of scolex
and proglottids.and proglottids.
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HumansHumans
Definitive host for beef tapeworm (cattle areDefinitive host for beef tapeworm (cattle are
intermediate)intermediate)
Human definitive and intermediate host for Human definitive and intermediate host for
pork tapeworm.pork tapeworm.
Intermediate for Intermediate for E chinococcus granulosusE chinococcus granulosus thethe
definitive hosts are dogs, wolves and foxes.definitive hosts are dogs, wolves and foxes.
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CestodesCestodes
Figure 12.27
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NematodesNematodes
Roundworms have a complete digestiveRoundworms have a complete digestive
system.system.
Infect humans with their eggs areInfect humans with their eggs are
E nterobius vermicularisE nterobius vermicularis pinworm andpinworm and
Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides
T richinella spiralisT richinella spiralis
N ecator americanusN ecator americanus (hookworm)(hookworm)
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Arthropods Arthropods
Jointed legged animals, including ticks andJointed legged animals, including ticks and
insects belong to the Phylum Arthropodainsects belong to the Phylum Arthropoda
Ones that carry disease are called vectorsOnes that carry disease are called vectors
Can eliminate disease be eliminatingCan eliminate disease be eliminating
vectors.vectors.
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Antiprotozoan Drugs Antiprotozoan Drugs
Chloroquine inhibits DNA synthesis, MalariaChloroquine inhibits DNA synthesis, Malaria
Metronidazole, damages DNA, Entamoeba,Metronidazole, damages DNA, Entamoeba,
TrichomonasTrichomonas
Antihelminthic Drugs Antihelminthic Drugs
Niclosamide, prevents ATP generation inNiclosamide, prevents ATP generation in
mitochondria, Tapeworm infections.mitochondria, Tapeworm infections.