ch 500 lecture 12 historical 1600 - 1878 lecture 12: historical developments 1500 – 1878 dr. ann...
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CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Lecture 12: Historical Developments 1500 – 1878Dr. Ann T. Orlando
13 April 2010
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Introduction
Review Global Missionary Activities Political Developments in Europe
England France Germany HRE Italy
19th C European Revolutions
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Review: Situation Early 16th C Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern
Mediterranean Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims France and England in uneasy truce France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France Strong National Rulers
Francois I of France Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands) Henry VIII in England
Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy; reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds
Age of Spanish and Portuguese discovery and exploration
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
European Voyages of Discovery Driven by economics,
Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks
In 16th C Spain and Portugal leading European ‘super powers’ Most other Western European countries preoccupied with
wars and Reformation Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal
and Spain English defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588, ends Spanish
dominance No educated person in Europe thought the earth
was flat (see ST Ia Q1 a1)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Portuguese Voyages of Discovery Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)
Encourages exploration of West Africa Significantly improves navigation instruments
Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487 Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially
Congo and Angola Early 16th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan
China Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe 1519 -
1522
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Spanish Voyages of Discovery Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492
to Caribbean Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert
‘Indians’ Cortez conquers Mexico, 1519-1521 Pizarro conquers Peru 1532 By 1600 Spanish had
Established footholds in much of North America (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida)
Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and South America
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Role of Papacy
Recall Pope Alexander VI and Line of Demarcation, but he also Declared that Indians have souls Granted Kings of Spain and Portugal extensive rights in Church
affairs in newly discovered lands Strongly encourage them to include missionaries in earliest
voyages Pope Paul III in 1537 Affirmed the right of Indians to liberty and
property Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645 Pope Gregory XIV encouraged ordination of native sons in 1576; even
if illegitimate Pope Gregory XV established Congregation of Faith in 1622 to
encourage missions, especially process of enculturation as Spanish and Portuguese power waned
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Church Missions: Orient
Jesuits followed the Portuguese; early leader was St. Francis Xavier Strong oriental governments meant Europeans established trading
centers Missionaries confronted with ancient and strong religions Question for Church: how much native culture and religious view point
to incorporate into Christianity Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610 encouraged adoption of much of Chinese
culture Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Development of Missions in Western Hemisphere As ‘easy money’ quickly removed from Latin
America, conquistadors start to oppress Indians Required cheap labor for farms and mines Developed the encomienda system that forced Indian
households to render service to individuals One step away from slavery
In 1511 Dominican Antonio Montesinos protested against this practice Result was that the Spanish government issued a law in
1512 that described Indians as free men, not slaves To further protect the Indians, missionaries started
to settle Indians around churches
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Important Saints and Church Leaders in Spanish America Bartolome de las Casa (1474–1566)
Dominican Fought for just treatment of Indians in
Caribbean and Mexico Apparition of Mary to Juan Diego at
Guadalupe Mexico, 1531 St. Peter Claver (1580–1654) Jesuit in
Columbia; ministry to slaves from Africa St. Rose of Lima (1586-1617) and St.
Martin de Porres (1579-1639) in Peru Blessed Junipero Serra (1713-1784)
Franciscan, established California missions
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Development of Uniquely Latin Style of Catholicism Early missionaries
recognized the importance of elaborate ceremonies to Aztecs Developed liturgy with very
colorful ceremonies Incorporated Indian artistic
styles into Church decorations Example: Cusco Cathedral
in Peru, painting of Last Supper
By 1600 estimated to be 7,000,000 Indians who were calling themselves Catholic Christians
agro.biodiver.se/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/cuy.jpg
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Late 16th C Spanish and Portuguese Missions
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Political Developments in Europe (1500 – 1850) England: Tudors, Revolution, Restoration with
broader democracy, American Revolution, King as head of State
France: Strong Kings, Revolution, Napoleon, Restoration, Revolution, Democracy, sometimes King as head of State
Germany: Separate Duchies, Revolution, Strong National Leader (Bismarck), King as head of State
Italy: Separate states; Revolution; National Unity with Democracy, end of Papal States, King as Head of State
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
England 16th C
Henry VIII reigned 1509-1547 1531 declares himself head of Church
Mary I (Bloody Mary, Tudor), daughter of Henry and Catherine; Making her cousin of Emperor Charles V Returns England to Catholicism as official religion Marries prince Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V) ‘Bloody Mary’ because she executes prominent Anglicans
accused of treason Dies 1558
Elizabeth reigns, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn Reigns 1558-1603 Return to Anglicanism
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
English Rulers 17th – 19th C Charles I reign 1625-1649
King during English Civil War between English aristocracy (Anglicans) and Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell
Charles I executed 1649 Cromwell and Puritans rule 1649-1660 Restoration of monarchy, Charles II 1660-1688
Persecution of Puritans George III reigns 1760-1820
American Revolution Queen Victoria 1837-1901
During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy
By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Philosophical Giant: John Locke (1632 – 1704) Epistemology: how do we know?
Through our senses and more specifically our experiences At birth mind is a blank slate Simple ideas come from senses, mind builds more complex ideas from
simple ones But experience can be communal; does not have to be personal
Political Science Man born with God-given rights of life, liberty and possessions (broadly
defined) Second Treatise on Government profoundly influential Letter on Toleration Strongly believed in natural law as basis for human laws
Theology; deeply religious, believed that revelation was ‘real’ Above human reason (revelation) Contrary to reason According to reason
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
18th C American and French Political Philosophy Based on Locke Puritan sermons in 18th C America
frequently referred to “the great Mr. Locke” Early colonial Constitution of Carolinas
written by Locke Voltaire considered Locke one of the most
important men of the previous generation One of Thomas Jefferson’s three heroes
(the other two being Bacon and Newton) John Adams thought John Locke one of
most important men who ever lived
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
American Revolution:New Political Structures American Revolution (1776-1781), based on
philosophy of John Locke (1632-1704) Champion of individual rights Religious toleration
Not clear (still isn’t) what is relation between religion and politics in America Most States had an official religion; see for instance John
Adams’ Constitution of Massachusetts First Amendment to U.S. Constitution says only that
Congress will not establish a religion; Thomas Jefferson extends this to separation of Church and
State (1803)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
American Election of 1800 Choice over:
Adams vs. Jefferson: Role of Religion in Society and Duties vs Rights
Category Adams Jefferson
Belief in God Yes; God active in men’s lives.
Maybe; but even so, God not active in men’s lives.
Natural Law Basis of government. Natural rights more important.
Human nature and reason Fundamentally flawed. Human nature and reason are perfectible; humanity is always making progress.
Rule of majority Majority rule should be tempered by constitutional protections of minorities.
Majority should rule as directly as possible.
Role of constitution Fundamental bedrock of civil government that should be enduring; order in society is very important.
Should be rewritten every generation; an occasional revolution is a good thing.
Role of religion in civil society
Very important for moral leadership; all religions should be tolerated although the State may favor one.
Religion is detrimental to civil society; should be completely separated from politics.
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
France 17th, 18th C
Francois I reigns 1515-1547 Henry IV reigns 1584-1610
Edict of Nantes, 1598, granting toleration to Protestants Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715
Becomes King at age 5; real power was Cardinal Richelieu Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne Encouraged Gallicanism
Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with throne
Louis XVI reigns 1774-1792 Paris center of France Initially encourages Enlightenment ideas Supports American Revolution Economic depression, leading to Revolution Executed during Revolution
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
French Revolution (1789-1799):Extreme Enlightenment Impetus comes from group of 18th C French philosophers: philosophes
(Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Turgot, Condorcet) Philosophes embraced John Locke and science; encouraged by American
Revolution Franklin, Paine, Jefferson and Adams in France; But…Adams writes against Turgot and Condorcet and notion of progress
without sense of duty, In Defense of Constitutions While…Jefferson supports the philosophes and the Terror
‘Reason’ used as a weapon against ‘throne and altar’ Voltaire’s ‘Smile of Reason’ turns into glare of tyranny Individual rights and toleration get replaced by suspicion of ‘enemy of
people’ and a new ‘religion’; Active persecution of Church
New religion of reason Notre Dame turned into a temple to reason Name of months changed (Charlemagne!) ‘Superstition’ outlawed
French Revolution deeply shakes Catholicism; memory still does
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
French Enlightenment: Extreme Violence 1792 - 1794 Instrument of terror: guillotine
People like Voltaire and Locke who argued for more humane methods of execution
Dr. Joseph Guillotin proposed a machine for this purpose to French Assembly in 1789
‘Scientific’ design to be effective and merciful First the aristocracy: Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette,
executed along with their children Next clergy and religious who refused to ‘convert’ to religion of
reason Then those who disagree with ruling elite (Jacobins execute
Girondins) Robespierre takes control of Committee for Public Safety
Finally the ruling elite themselves France degenerates into chaos; pulled out of chaos by Napoleon
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
France 19th Century
Napoleon manages to conquer much of Europe: from Spain to Egypt to Russia Gains control 1799 Restores Catholicism (sort of) Sells Louisiana to United States (Jefferson) 1803 Crowns himself emperor in front of Pope 1804 Finally defeated at Waterloo by English 1814
France after Napoleon Brief restoration of monarchy Revolution 1848 French Republics Powerful group of Catholics in France want strong Papacy
to help rebuild French unity and culture (Ultamontane)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Napoleon’s Conquestswww.euroheritage.net/napoleonicempire.jpg
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Holy Roman Empire
Recall that when Charles V resigns,1555, empire split in two Austria (including Hungary, southern Catholic German States) under Ferdinand I Spain and Low Countries under Philip II (husband of Mary Tudor)
Wars between Catholic and German parts of Germany; Thirty Years was between France and Germany
As a result of Treaty of Westphalia, 1648, ending 30 years War Affirmation of Treaty of Augsburg Germany and Central Europe divided into 200 independent pieces
For next 100 years many wars over territory and succession Prussia becomes dominant force among Lutheran German States Frederick the Great reign 1740-1786
Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany
After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815, Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states
Revolution of 1848 Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859
King as figure head
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Italy
In 16th C Italy composed of powerful city-States Papal States Florence, Naples, Venice Charles V invades Italy in 1527 and establishes rulers in Naples
and northern Italy allied with HRE 17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north)
and Spain (south), except for Papal States 19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political
turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification
King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861 Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Papacy 16th and 17th C
Paul III, pope 1543-1549 Concerned about reform of Church Approved Jesuits Called Council of Trent
Popes 17th and 18th C faced with rising ‘national’ Catholicism Gallicanism (France) Febronianism (Germany) Josephism (HRE)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Papacy in 18th and 19th C
Tension between national interests and universal Church interests leads to suppression of Jesuit order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV
After Napoleon, Catholic countries view papacy as politically stabilizing force; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States
Papacy becomes increasingly ‘conservative’ in reaction to liberal European political and social turmoil during 18th and 19th C Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) tries to ban railroads from
papal states
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Pope Pius IX, 1846-1878
Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848
Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats)
Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought
Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church Convenes Vatican I in 1869 Loses Papal States in 1870 Beatified along with Pope John XXIII in 2000
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Readings
Vidmar (pp 241-289) Sepulveda and de las Casas Francis Xavier Letters John Locke Letter of Toleration or Second
Treatise on Government Jefferson Letter to Danbury Baptists Civil Constitution of Clergy and St. Just McManners Ch 9 (pp 301-340)