CH. 8CH. 8CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS:CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS:

1980 & BEYOND1980 & BEYOND

POPULAR CULTUREPOPULAR CULTURE‘THE 80s’‘THE 80s’

Teen Music Fashion

‘Boomers’ = Yuppies

X = Born after Boomers 1965-76Y = Born 1970-90 (Techies)

Gen X & YSee p. 243

Fig. 8-4

Treaties with the Native PeoplesTreaties with the Native Peoples Settlement of the westSettlement of the west would not be possible without would not be possible without

treaties and treaties and 1896 Indian Act 1896 Indian Act (See next slide).(See next slide).

Treaty conditionsTreaty conditions were often ignored. were often ignored.Unkept promisesUnkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies, =>Farm equipment, supplies,

farming techniques.farming techniques.Reserve landReserve land often small & poor land. often small & poor land.Gov’t dependencyGov’t dependency increased. increased.

Between 1874-1877,Between 1874-1877, 7 treaties7 treaties signed. signed.

Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’ dream needed land.

ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND

Where is

B.C.????

1876 Indian Act1876 Indian Act 1876 = Indian Act1876 = Indian Act

Natives to live on Natives to live on reservesreserves..Children to attend Children to attend residential schoolsresidential schools..Propaganda Video vs. Reality VideoPropaganda Video vs. Reality Video

MissionariesMissionaries sent to encourage treaties. sent to encourage treaties.

2008 Harper gave Federal Apology

Right to Vote1960

ABORIGINAL CHANGES1969 White Paper

Ab. Rights & Veto Indian Act

Encouraged Aboriginals

To leave reserves

Viewed as an attack

White Paper abandoned for

Red Paper – Self Gov’t,

Good enough for war……

THE FIGHT FOR THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTSABORIGINAL RIGHTS

The Legacy of Residential SchoolsThe Legacy of Residential Schools– 1970-2008 = apologies (Church & Gov’t)1970-2008 = apologies (Church & Gov’t)

Self governmentSelf government– 1982 = 1982 = Assembly of First NationsAssembly of First Nations

Land ClaimsLand Claims– Royal Proclamation of 1763Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding?? – How binding??

NunavutNunavut– 1999 Inuit = political control. 1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever)(largest treaty ever)

The Royal Commission (1991)The Royal Commission (1991)– ResultsResults – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter, – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter,

50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!!50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!!

OAKA CRISISMohawks fought

to protect land city councilpassed for a golf course

1960s & 70s QUEBEC1960s & 70s QUEBEC60s & 70s = BIRTH OF SEPARATISM

1960s Quebec felt Fr. Injustices?? (English, Schools, $, Politicians, etc. )

Many pushed for a separate Fr. State. FLQ gained support

Support Grew / Antics????

1970 – OCTOBER CRISISKidnapped Brt. Diplomat J. Cross Demands – Free FLQ prisoners (No)

- Read FLQ Manifesto (Yes) Kidnapped Labour Min. P. LaporteTrudeau imposed WMA (Controversy???) Locked down Montreal – Arrested FLQ members

“Just Watch Me” - TrudeauLaporte found murdered in trunk.60 days later Cross released after passage to Cuba.Most arrests were released without charge

1960 - LESAGE - LiberalQUEBEC NATIONALISM

‘Time for a change’No corruption / Yes to merit

Quiet RevolutionModernize – economy, pol.,

ed., & culture. (Church decline)

PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ) – 1967 LEVESQUE – Quebec & Can. should divorce. Separatist

BOURASSA - 1970BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang.

Forced many Eng. out of prov.

LEVESQUE – 1976 BILL 101 Fr. Lang., ed., signs Eng felt 101= oppression

TrudeauImposed WMA

Bombed Mailboxes

Laporte Murdered

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENTPOLITICS AND GOVERNMENTTHE PRIME MINISTERS

DIEFENBAKER

P.C. / 1957-63

PEARSON

Liberal / 1963-68

TRUDEAU

Lib. 1968-79;80-84

Unhyphenated Canadianism

Nationalism / Brt. Ties

Human Rights –> Can. Bill

of Rights

Women in Cabinet.

Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote

French felt excluded

Appealed To: young, urban,

central Canada

Severed ties with Brt.

Fr / Eng compromise

Modernize CanadaNo Capital Punishment / Pro Divorce

Canadian Flag – 1965

Social Welfare – UI, Fam. Allowance, CPP, Medical Care Act (Tommy Douglas)

Promoted Bilingual Canada (Bi & Bi Commission)

The Person: French, young,

hip, witty, Vette, celebrity,

‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’

Beliefs: Federalist, freedoms,

gov’t foster economy,

Official Lang. Act

Can.= Bilingual Country

‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’

AGAINST SEPARATION - fought FLQ

- October Crisis (Cross & Laporte)

- War Measures Act

CONSTITUTION & DISCORDCONSTITUTION & DISCORD THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTYTHE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY

– The Deal The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade, – Sovereignty with Free Trade, common currency, common tariffs.common currency, common tariffs.- Quebec voted NO.- Quebec voted NO.

PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTIONPATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION– Trudeau wanted to change the Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act BNA Act to give Can. Control.to give Can. Control.– The The Amending Formula Amending Formula was difficult.was difficult.

» ProblemsProblems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto, - Provincial powers, Quebec veto, Western Prov.Western Prov.

» ChangeChange = = 7 of 10 7 of 10 provinces that = provinces that = 50 %50 % of population. of population. Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mastQuebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast

» The Notwithstanding Clause The Notwithstanding Clause – – allowed for Prov. Actsallowed for Prov. Acts to stand even though against the Charter. to stand even though against the Charter.

TRUDEAU STEPS DOWNTRUDEAU STEPS DOWN– TurnerTurner took over Liberals but lost election took over Liberals but lost election

to to Mulroney Mulroney (Conservative).(Conservative).

MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION (Continued next page)

Trudeau patriates constitutionWithout Quebec’s approval

MULRONEY & THE MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION

WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM-Mulroney wanted to make things right.-Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations.-Problem – Other prov. wanted more power. (Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased) Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) -

MEECH LAKE ACCORD-Mulroney propsed:

- Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’- Power to provinces – constitutional veto

- Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’-Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’-Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died

-Results – Quebec humiliated -Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%)

CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD-Like Meech Lake but with:

- Aboriginal self-gov’t.- Reformed Senate

- equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west- Canadians voted NO

- English felt too much power to Quebec.- French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too power in Quebecs north.

1995 REFERENDUM-49.4% Of Quebec voted to split.

-Canada was shocked!!!- PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that separation would come with a price. -Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’ would be needed for separation.-by 2000, separation seems to have declined.

Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned. - Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose

to Harper (Conservative).

PM Mulroney

1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES INFLATIONINFLATION

– Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC)OPEC)» 1973 = 1973 = Israeli / Arab war Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal)(Can & US sided with Isreal)» Oil embargo Oil embargo = 400% increase.= 400% increase.» The price on all goods rose.The price on all goods rose.

Workers wanted higher wages Workers wanted higher wages – inflation – inflation up.up. Dual income families Dual income families became the norm.became the norm.

REGIONALISMREGIONALISM– REGIONAL DISPARITYREGIONAL DISPARITY

» Resource provinces hit hardest / Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’» Trudeau tried to help with Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentmentssocial programs - resentments

– WESTERN ALIENATIONWESTERN ALIENATION» The west felt The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured eastTrudeau’s policies favoured east..

Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t they wanted to increase to world levels.they wanted to increase to world levels. Nat. Energy Program (NEP) Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues.to help oil issues.

EXPANDING HORIZONSEXPANDING HORIZONS– Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade.Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade.

» Limited success.Limited success. ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962

Air, water, soil, pollution

Pesticides – DDT

Business was slow to get on board

NEW ECONOMIC IDEASNEW ECONOMIC IDEAS 1980s1980s1980 = Recession

(oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates)

The 1950-60s ‘savers’ = spenders (credit cards/consumerism)

DEBT CRISISHigh unemployment = no taxes

Gov’t assistance neededPublic services cut

Provincial Transfer Payments CutDeficit Budgets = More Debt

PM MULRONEY Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes

Stimulate Economy / Cut ServicesUse American $$$$

Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influence

FREE TRADE AGREEMENTPros – More US $

- Open US markets- Attract US firms

Cons - Lose US branch plants-Can. Business can’t

compete with US- Canadian independence?

Deal - 1999 = Free Trade- Protect Can. Culture??- Fair competition??

1992 = NAFTA

FTA was expanded to MexicoCheap labour controversy?

COLD WAR TIMELINECOLD WAR TIMELINE19451945

WW II ENDS / UN FORMEDWW II ENDS / UN FORMED

GOUZENKO AFFAIRGOUZENKO AFFAIR

19491949NATO FORMEDNATO FORMED

1950-531950-53KOREAN WARKOREAN WAR

19551955WARSAW PACT FORMEDWARSAW PACT FORMED

19561956SUEZ CANAL CRISISSUEZ CANAL CRISIS

19571957 NORAD AGREEMENTNORAD AGREEMENT

1962CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

1963CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES

1966US TROOPS IN VIETNAM

1973US OUT OF VIETNAM

1983STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN

JET

1989BERLIN WALL FALLS

1991USSR COLLAPSES

(Diefenbaker)

(Pearson)

(Trudeau)

(Mulroney)

(St. Laurent)

(King)

(’93 Chretien)(‘06 Harper)

A MORE INDEPENDENT A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICYINTERNATIONAL POLICY

World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & Presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, &

Trudeau/Nixon). .

THE ISSUESNUCLEAR WEAPONS

Much of Canada was against US nukes Appreciated the American defence & feared Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS- Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator.- US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure.- Cuba got nuke help from Soviets.- The world on brink of war.- A last minute deal reached.

-No nukes for Cuban safety.- US imposed sanctions on Cuba & expected Can. to follow.Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US relations.

THE VIETNAM WAR-Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided.-US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops

-USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive -TV outraged Americans & war = controversial.- US angry with lack of Canadian support.

-‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada - Canadian gov’t = neutral to war- Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign

TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY-Recognized Communist gov’t of China.-Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnershipNote – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions

OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped),

1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)

PEACEKEEPINGPEACEKEEPINGThe US was now the only superpower left. The US was now the only superpower left.

Good or Bad??? Good or Bad??? 1990 - THE PERSIAN GULF WARSaddam Hussein & Iraq invaded Kuwait

The UN sent in forces led by US.(First time since Korea the UN attacked the aggressor)

Canada also involvedDid UN/US move too fast? Sanctions?

BUSH = “A New World Order” / UN Police

1991 - DISGRACE IN SOMALIACanada sent in as peacekeeper during civil war. - Much more aggressive stance.Canadians arrested, beat, killed,

teenage boy.Canada’s peace role questioned.

CIVIL WAR IN YUGOSLAVIAPost WW II = Communist TitoAfter his death internal conflict.Serbian president Milosevic = trouble - 1989.UN (Canada) forces sent to keep the peace.NATO = controversial airstrikes against Serbia.

1998 – Serbs ignored peace & moved into KosovoAlbanian Muslims were persecuted,

murdered, displaced.NATO attacked!!!

Canada took part – Controversy???NATO - ?????

Involvement in domestic affairs???

2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings.(Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House)Bush = War on Terrorism.

2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTANUS & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban.UN later approved.2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling.

2003 - THE IRAQ WARUS went after weapons of mass destruction.Many nations (Canada) not convinced &

did not go. US was upset!!!No weapons found!!!! OIL???

2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US???(Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)

- 1994 - - 1994 - RAWANDARAWANDA

Hutus vs Tutsis

When prominent Hutu was killed theHutus overthrew Tutsi gov’t & the slaughter/ genocide of the Tutsis began.

General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian) was brought in to lead UN forces.He pleaded for men & $ but the world Just sat back & watched.

Did the world really know????

What is the cartoonist suggesting about What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?

NEW ERA OF NEW ERA OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIONINTERNATIONAL ACTION