Ch. 8 Carbon Chemistry

Outline for 8-2

Carbon Compounds

Structure of HydrocarbonsStructure of Hydrocarbons

Carbon chains can be straight, branched, or ring shaped.

Hydrocarbons with 2 or more carbon atoms form straight chains.

Hydrocarbons with 4 or more carbon atoms form branched arrangements as well as straight chains.

Structural FormulasStructural Formulas

A structural formula shows the kind, number, A structural formula shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Each dash represents a bond. Each dash represents a bond.

Carbon atoms form 4 bonds and Hydrogen Carbon atoms form 4 bonds and Hydrogen atoms form 1.atoms form 1.

There are There are NEVERNEVER any dangling bonds!! any dangling bonds!!

Structure of HydrocarbonsStructure of HydrocarbonsAn isomer is a compound that has the same chemical formula, but different structural formula

Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties

Butane- an isomer that is formed in a straight chain

Isobutane- an isomer that is formed in a branched chain

Double & Triple BondsDouble & Triple Bonds•Two Carbon atoms can from a double Two Carbon atoms can from a double

or triple bond with its self or with or triple bond with its self or with other atomsother atoms

•Carbon and Oxygen could form a Carbon and Oxygen could form a single or double bondsingle or double bond

•A double bond is represented by a A double bond is represented by a double dash (C=C)double dash (C=C)

•A triple bond is represented by a A triple bond is represented by a triple dash triple dash

TeAm B00MbaSt!c

By, hayley, Emma, and timmer remzii

I. Esters

• A. a compound made organic acid and alcohol

• B. smells pleasant and fruitayy

• C. ingredients in medication like aspirin

II. Polymers

• A. very large molecule made of many smaller molecules or monomers

1. organic compounds,alchohols,esters,and organic others

B.Monomers are the smaller molecules that make up polymers

TEAM 6TEAM 6Pg.302 substituted hydrocarbons Pg.302 substituted hydrocarbons

&Compounds containing halogens&Compounds containing halogens

HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS1)1) 1 Carbon and 1 Hydrogen1 Carbon and 1 Hydrogen

2)2) Can form stable bonds with other elements; Can form stable bonds with other elements; Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and HalogensOxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Halogens

3)3) If one atom is substituted for a hydrogen, it’s If one atom is substituted for a hydrogen, it’s a substituted hydrocarbona substituted hydrocarbon

Compounds Containing Compounds Containing HalogensHalogens

1) One or more halogens replace hydrogen 1) One or more halogens replace hydrogen atoms.atoms.

2) One substance, Freon was widely used as a 2) One substance, Freon was widely used as a coolant, but it was banned when it was found coolant, but it was banned when it was found to damage the environment. This is an to damage the environment. This is an example of compounds containing halogens.example of compounds containing halogens.

Substituted hydrocarbonsSubstituted hydrocarbonsI. Substituted Hydrocarbons

A. Contain only Hydrogen and Carbon

B. Form stable compounds with halogen family

C. If Hydrogen is substituted, entirely different compound is made

D. A substituted hydrocarbon is when atoms of other elements replace one or more atom/s.

II. Compounds Containing Halogens

A. In some substituted hydrocarbons, One or more halogen atom replace hydrogen atoms

B. Some can re very hazardous like “Freon”.

Isomers

A. Compounds that have the same chemical formula but

different structural formulas.

B. Each isomer is a different substance with its own

characteristic properties.

• A. In addition to a single bond, carbon can form a double or triple bond.

• B. carbon can also form a single or double bond with oxygen. A triple bond is indicated by a triple dash.

Group India, Emma, Diego, and Rodolfo

Pages 302/303Alcohols and Organic Acids

Alcohols

I. OH can also substitute for hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.A. OH, made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom, is called a hydroxyl group.B. Properties: dissolves well with water, higher boiling points than carbohydrates with a similar number of carbons.

II. Organic Acids

A. An organic acid is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups.

B. A carboxyl group is written as COOH

Saturated Saturated andandUnsaturatedUnsaturatedHydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

I. Two classifications of Hydrocarbons

• A. Saturated hydrocarbons– l. only make single bonds, it has the maximum

# of

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

Team 5

Trevor, Scott, Wesley

Saturated And Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

• 1. Saturated Hydrocarbons• A. Hydrocarbons with double bonds

• B. Hydrocarbons with triple bonds

• 2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons A. Methane, ethane, propane, and butane• B. Ane is saturated C. Ene or Yne are unsaturated

Alcohols and Organic AcidsAlcohols and Organic Acids

Team 7Team 7

Eli Ortiz andEli Ortiz and

Heather DeatonHeather Deaton

I. How acids relate to I. How acids relate to carbon and carbon and Hydrocarbons. (Alcohols)Hydrocarbons. (Alcohols)

A. Substitute for hydrocarbonsA. Substitute for hydrocarbons

B. dissolves well in waterB. dissolves well in water

C. Higher boiling points than C. Higher boiling points than hydrocarbonshydrocarbons

D. some are toxic some are non-D. some are toxic some are non-toxic toxic

II. How acids relate to II. How acids relate to carbons and carbons and hydrocarbons. (organic hydrocarbons. (organic acids)acids)A. taste tart or sourA. taste tart or sour

B. substituted hydrocarbonB. substituted hydrocarbon

C. you can find them in many foodsC. you can find them in many foods

Properties of Organic Properties of Organic CompoundsCompounds• Organic compounds have similar properties in Organic compounds have similar properties in

terms of melting points, boiling points, odor, terms of melting points, boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity, and solubility.electrical conductivity, and solubility.

• They are liquids and gases at room temperature.They are liquids and gases at room temperature.

• DO NOT dissolve in waterDO NOT dissolve in water

• DO NOT conduct electricity.DO NOT conduct electricity.

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds• Organic compounds are compounds that contain Organic compounds are compounds that contain

carbon.carbon.(This term is used because scientists once thought that organic (This term is used because scientists once thought that organic compounds could be produced only by living things.)compounds could be produced only by living things.)

• Plastics, fuels, cleaning solutions, and many Plastics, fuels, cleaning solutions, and many others contain organic compounds.others contain organic compounds.

• Generally, anything made ofGenerally, anything made of

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Quintin, James, and Trevor MQuintin, James, and Trevor M

Group 6 Group 6

Substituted HydrocarbonsSubstituted Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbons are created from only Hydrocarbons are created from only Hydrogen and Carbon. Hydrogen and Carbon.

• If just one atom of another element is If just one atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon a different compound is hydrocarbon a different compound is created. created.

• In a substituted hydrocarbon atoms of In a substituted hydrocarbon atoms of other elements replace one or more other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.

Compounds Containing Compounds Containing HalogensHalogens

• In some substituted hydrocarbons, In some substituted hydrocarbons, one or more halogen atoms replace one or more halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.hydrogen atoms.

FreonFreon

• Freon CCl2F2 was Freon CCl2F2 was widely use as a widely use as a cooling liquid in cooling liquid in refrigerators and refrigerators and air conditioners. air conditioners.

Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

ByShannon

Christina Elizabeth

Skyler

Saturated Hydrocarbons• It has maximum

number of hydrogen atoms on its carbon chain

• Think of each carbon “saturated” or, filled up with hydrogens

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

• Double or triple bonds have fewer hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom than a saturated hydrocarbon.

u u u

Suffixes

• ane= SATURATED-Examples: methane, ethane, propane, and butone

• ene and yne=UNSATURATED

Ethene

• The simplest unsaturated hydrocarbons with 1 double (C2H4)

• Fruits produce ethene gas, helps them ripen

Ethyne

• Simplest hydrocarbon with one triple bond (C2H2)

• Also known as Acetylene which is used in welding

PolymersPolymersandand

EstersEstersBy: JoeyBy: JoeyHunterHunter

SofiSofiKaitlynKaitlyn

EstersEsters

• What is an ester– A compound made by combining a alcohol

and organic acid

• Smell– A pleasant fruity smell

• Banana apple and pineapple

• Uses– Medications

• Local anesthetic (dentists)

PolymersPolymers

• What is a polymer?– A very large molecule made of a chain of

many smaller molecules

• Types– One polymer– Monomers

• Smaller molecule

PolymersPolymers

• Organic compounds– Alcohol, esters, and others can be linked

together to build polymers

• Polymers made by living things– Sheep grow coats of wool– Cotton fibers come from the seed pods of

cotton plants– Silkworms make silk

PolymersPolymers

– Synthetic polymers are made in factories– Plastic items are synthetic polymers– Polyester and nylons are polymers too.

The periodic table of polymers

Group 4 OutlineGroup 4 Outline

By:By:

Jessica ChellsenJessica Chellsen

Zoe BerkowitzZoe Berkowitz

Pacifica BoegePacifica Boege

•What are isomers?What are isomers?

1.1.Compounds that have the same chemical Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are formula but different structural formulas are isomers.isomers.

2.2.Each isomer is a different substance with its Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties. own characteristic properties.

•Different Kinds of isomersDifferent Kinds of isomers

1.1.ButaneButane

a)a)Is a straight chainIs a straight chain

b)b)Has 4 carbon atomsHas 4 carbon atoms

c)c)2. 2. IsobutaneIsobutane

d)d)Branched chainBranched chain

e)e)b) b) Has 4 carbon atomsHas 4 carbon atoms

• Double and Triple BondsDouble and Triple BondsA.A. Single dash means single bondSingle dash means single bond

B.B. In addition to forming a single In addition to forming a single bond, 2 carbon atoms can form a bond, 2 carbon atoms can form a

double or a triple bond.double or a triple bond.

C. C. A carbon atom can also form a A carbon atom can also form a single or double bond with an single or double bond with an

oxygen atom. oxygen atom.