CH 9 CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE

BYZANTIUM AND ORTHODOX EUROPE

“TWO ROMES” EAST AND WEST

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ALLOWS ROMAN IDEAS TO STAY ALIVEIT BECOME MORE GREEK THAN LATIN OVER TIME

BYZANTIUM WAS MORE THAN ‘PART’ OF ROMEIT LATER SURPASSED ROME IN THE 4TH CENTURYIT’S UNIQUE CULTURAL IDENTITY SPREADGREATLY INFLUENCED RUSSIA

PROBLEMS,… INVASIONS

BECAUSE OF IT’S SEPARATION, THEY SURVIVED THE NOMADIC INVASIONS THAT TORE WESTERN ROME APARTEASTERN EMPERORS RULED FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN TO NORTH AFRICA

DEVELOPED A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT THAT EMPHASIZED BEAUROCRACY OVER MILITARY POWERTHE CULTURE SHIFTED TO GREEK- AWAY FROM ROMAN IDEAS

JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA

EMPEROR JUSTINIAN

MARRIED TO THEODORA, HIS PARTNER IN RULINGTRIED TO REVIVE A UNIFIED ROMAN EMPIREREBUILT CONSTANTINOPLEALSO BUILT HAGIA SOPHIA

LAW- RESPONSIBLE FOR JUSTINIAN CODE- COLLECTION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE EMPIRERECONQUERED LOST TERRITORIES IN ITALY AND NORTH AFRICA

HIS VICTORIES WERE SHORT LIVED- SOON FELL APARTIN 540 A PANDEMIC STRUCK- THE PLAGUETHIS DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR FOR CENTURIES, DEVASTATING EUROPE

AFTER THE PLAGUE

JUSTINIAN AND HIS WIFE SURVIVED, HE WITHDREW TO HIS PALACETHE DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR IN THE 14TH CENTURY IN EUROPE

IT WAS RECORDED THAT FOR A WHILE UP TO 10,000 A DAY DIEDTHERE WERE SO MANY BODIES NO ONE COULD BURY THE DEADTOTAL DEATH TOLL? ~100 MILLION *PANATI PAGES 222-226

AFTER JUSTINIAN

MOSTLY TRIED TO HOLD ONTO THE EASTERN PARTSISLAM WAS PRESSURING THEM AT EVERY TURNCONSTANTINOPLE WAS ATTACKED OVER AND OVER

CONSTANIOPLE UNDER SEIGEFOR MANY YEARS MUSLIM ARMIES TRIED TO TAKE THE CITYSTRONG DEFENSES ALLOWED THE TO HOLD OUTTHEY ALSO USED TECHNOLOGY- ‘GREEK FIRE’FROM 700’S TILL 1453 THEY HELD OFF INVADERS

CONSTANT WAR LED TO HIGHER TAXES, WEAKENING SMALL FARMERSOTHERS ALSO FOUGHT BYZANTINE CONTROL- BULGARS BROKE AWAYTHEY TOOK THE TITLE “TSAR”- CEASAR…CZAR…TSAR…BY 1014 THEY WERE DEFEATED

BYZANTINE POLITICS AND SOCIETY

VERY ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT- SIMILAR TO CHINAEMPEROR WAS THE HEAD OF STATE AND OF THE CHURCHAS IN CHINA- LARGE BUREAUCRACY

ARISTOCRATS HAD MOST OF THE POWER, BUT THERE WAS ROOM TO ADVANCE IN SOCIETYGOVENORS WERE APPPOINTED FROM CONSTANIOPLELOTS OF GOVT SPIES MILITARY SERVICE WAS HEREDITARY- FAIRLY SUCESSFUL

CONSTANTINOPLE

THE CAPITAL WAS THE CENTER OF EVERYTHING, THIS MADE OTHER CITIES IN THE EMPIRE WEAKCONSTANTINOPLE REGULATED ALL TRADE, IF IT FALLS SO DOES TRADE

A TRADE HUB

CONSTANTINOPLE LINKED ASIA, THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTHERN EUROPE IN A TRADING NETWORKLUXURY GOODS SOUGHT MERCHANTS GREW WEALTHY, BUT HAD LITTLE POWER

THE GREAT SPLIT- EAST/WEST

CHRISTANITY SPLITS

BEFORE THIS THERE HAD BEEN ONLY ONE DOMINANT CHRISTIAN CHURCHAS THE EMPIRE GREW APART SO DID CHRISTIANITY

TWO GROUPS- CATHOLICS AND THE ORTHODOX CHURCHSEVERAL ISSUES DIVIDED THEM:THE SUPREMACY OF THE POPE IN ROMEDIFFERING RITUALS USED IN WORSHIP SERVICESTHE USE OF RELIGIOUS ICONS

CHARLEMAGNE BEING CROWNED “ROMAN EMPEROR”WHETHER PRIESTS COULD MARRY THEY COULD NOT IN THE WEST, COULD IN THE EASTFINALLY THE POPE EXCOMMUNICATED THE EASTERN CHURCH- HE WAS IGNORED IN THE EAST

SOME SAY IT WAS THE REAL END OF THE “ROMAN” EMPIREAFTER THIS EACH AREA THEY WOULD MOVE FATHER AND FARTHER APART IN IDEAS AND VALUESBOTH STILL RECOGNIZED THE OTHER AS FELLOW CHRISTIANS

THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

AFTER THE SPLIT THE EMPIRE WENT INTO A LONG SLIDEMORE INVASIONS - THE SELJUK TURKSTHIS LED TO THE CALL FOR HELP THAT BECAME THE CRUSADES

EVEN AFTER THE SPLIT, ROME STILL RECOGNIZD CONSTANTINOPLE AS A CHRISTIAN CITYTHE DEFEAT AT MANZIKERT SPELLED DOOM FOR THE EMPIRETHE NEED FOR HELP SHIFTED POWER BACK TO THE WEST

THE CRUSADES

THERE WERE MANY, MANY CRUSADESFIRST WAS THE MOST SUCESSFULTHE GOAL WAS TO LIBERATE THE HOLY LAND

THE FIRST CRUSADE WAS THE MOST SUCESSFULCRUSADERS ARE SUPPOSED TO DEFEND CHRISTIANITY, RETAKE THE HOLY LAND4TH CRUSADE STOPS IN CONSTANINOPLE- WRECKS THE CITY, NEVER GETS ANY FARTHER

BYZANTINE EMPIRE BY 1400

THE FINAL FALL

1453 MEHMED II CAPTURES CONSTANTINOPLEBY 1461 THE EMPIRE IS UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL FOR GOOD

MEHMED II

CONSTANTINE XI THE LAST EMPEROR

THE FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ENDED CHRISTAIN DOMINANCE IN THE AREATHEY HAD MAINTAINED TRADE NETWORKS, AND CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN LEARNINGNOW THE OTTOMANS WOULD BE SUPREME IN THE AREA

NOT THESE OTTOMANS…

THESE OTTOMANS

THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION TO EASTERN EUROPE

MISSIONARIES BROUGHT THE NEW CHRISTAN FAITH TRADE BROUGHT IDEAS ABOUT SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT, INVENTIONS ETC…

THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET

NAMED AFTER TWO MONKS, CYRIL AND METHODUSDONE SO THAT THEY COULD HELP PEOPLE READ THE BIBLE IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

CYRIL AND METHODIUS

THE BORDER AREAS WERE STILL UNDER LOOSE CONTROL BY LOCAL PRINCESJEWS WHO WERE FLEEING WESTERN EUROPE SETTLED IN MANY AREAS, BECAME ACTIVE IN LOCAL TRADE

KIEVAN RUS’VIKING DESCENDANTS BEGAN TO TAKE CONTROL AROUND THE CITY OF KIEVTHIS WAS A TRADE ROUTEVLADIMIR CONVERTED THE WHOLE COUNTRY TO CHRISTIANITYIT’S SAID HE CHOSE CHRISTIANITY AS IT HAD THE FEWEST RESTRICTIONS ON FOOD AND DRINKING

Grandson of Saint Olga. Christianity had made some progress in Kiev, but Vladimir remained pagan, had seven wives, established temples, and participated in idolatrous rites, possibly involving human sacrifice. Around 987, Byzantine Emperor Basil II (976-1025) sought military aid from Vladimir. The two reached a pact for aid that involved Basil's sister Anne in marriage, and Vladimir becoming a Christian. He was baptized and then ordered the Christian conversion of Kiev and Novgorod.

VLADIMIR

THEY WERE ALSO SAID TO BE AWED BY THE SPLENDOR OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCHESORTHODOX CHURCH LEADERS WERE BROUGH IN, BUT THE KING WAS THE HEAD OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCHYAROSLAV CODIFIED RUSSIAN LAW

YAROSLAV THE WISE

THEY COPIED A LOT FROM BYZANTIUM.THEIR ART FOCUSED ON RELIGIOUS FIGURES, DOMES STRUCTURES ECHOED BYZANTIUMPEASANTS WERE MOSTLY FREE, UNDER LOCAL CONTROL. RUSSIAN ARISTOCRATS (BOYARS )HAD SOME POWERS, THE LOCAL PRINCES HAD THE REST- A BALANCE OF POWER

KIEVAN DECLINE

SUCESSION DISPUTESCONFLICT WITH LOCAL PRINCESBYZANTIUMS FALL CUT OFF TRADE TIESINVASION FROM THE MONGOLS (TATARS)- ITS OK, THE MONGOLS TOOK OVER LOTS OF PLACES AT THIS TIME…

CATHEDRAL OF ST DIMITRI IN KIEV

THE MONGOLSFOR 200 YEARS CONTROLLED MUCH OF PRESENT DAY RUSSIACONQUERED THEM IN THE WINTER- THE ONLY PEOPLE TO EVER DO THATTHIS CUT OFF THE NORTH-SOUTH TRADE AXIS, CUT THEM OFF CULTURALLY AS WELLHAD LITTLE IMPACT ON ORTHODOX RELIGION

GENGHIS

KHAN

THE LOCAL RULERS STILL EXISTED, JUST HAD TO BOW DOWN TO THE MONGOLS, PAY TAXES ETC…WHEN THE MONGOLS WERE KICKED OUT IN 15TH CENTURY, THE LOCAL RULERS, (BOYARS) REEMERGED TO TAKE CONTROL

THE THIRD ROME

RUSSIAN LEADERS REMEMBERED THE GLORIES OF CONSTANTINOPLETHEY FELT THE BURDEN OF CARRYING ON TRADITIONS HAD FALLEN TO RUSSIATHEY CALLED THEMSELVES –

“ THE THIRD ROME”

THE END OF AN ERA

EASTERN EUROPE FELL ON HARD TIMES FOR MANY YEARSWESTERN EUROPE DEVELOPED WITHOUT OUTSIDE INTERFERENCEUNLIKE ROME, OR CHINA, BYZANTINE INFLUENCE DISAPPEARED