Ch 9 – Mandate of Heaven / DYNASTIC CHINA

TermsMANDATE OF HEAVEN – Right to rule

from higher power/heavenDYNASTIES – Ruling families, power

transfers through bloodlineIDEOLOGY – Political philosophyBARBARIANS – Uncivilized people.

Chinese thought all foreigners were these…

KOWTOW – Kneeling and putting forehead to the ground three times. Sign of utmost respect andobedience.

Kow Tow

Dynastic RuleBCE = “Before Common Era” (Before

the year 0)A Unified China under one family’s rule1500 BCE – 1911 CEApprox. 3500 continuous yrs.

First Dynasties1994 BCE—1523 BCE

◦MYTHICAL XIA – may not have really existed

First Dynasties1523 BCE—1028 BCE

◦ SHANG◦ Dominated by warrior aristocracy led to loose rule

by Shang leaders

First Dynasties 1028 BCE—256 BCE

ZHOU Loose rule Mandate of Heaven

Leader was divinely chosen Leader would keep ruling if he looked out for the best interests of

his people Evidence of Iron Working Warring States / factions led to Zhou’s demise

QIN DYNASTY FIRST TO UNIFY Chinese

state◦ United northern plain

with the Yangtze River valley

◦ Office of Emperor set up

Chinese language enforced

Short-lived, widespread rebellions

STARTED GREAT WALL◦ Protection from

“barbarians” to the north

Statue of first emperor at his burial site.

Terra Cotta Army of the Qin

“Funerary Art” / 8,000 Soldiers to watch over tomb of first emperor of China. Discovered in 1974.

HAN DYNASTY Expanded China’s empire to west (to secure Silk

Road), south (Indochina), and north (Manchuria) Chinese made steel and cast-iron tools

OTHERS (but NOT all) TANG (618 CE – 907)

◦ Expanded west increasing contact with India, Central Asia and west gaining access to Indian Ocean

◦ Increased size of ships and compass led to more trade

OTHERS (but NOT all)

SONG (960 CE – 1279)◦Technology explodes

Small compass Gunpowder Movable type (prior to 1000 C.E.)

◦Mathematics Fractions

MONGOL INVADERSGenghis Khan

◦ Early 13th ◦ Ruled much of Asian

continentDon’t enforce culture on

ChineseGrandson Kublai Khan

started next Chinese dynasty in 1271.

Mongol Empire at peak

YUAN Dynasty1279 – 1368 CEStarted by Kublai

◦ Allowed Chinese to keep their own culture

Significant decline in population due to◦ Famine, bubonic

plague, migration to South

MING DYN. 1368 – 1644 CE Majority of Great Wall built by Ming Imposed strict limits on foreign influence Porcelain became major export

Ming Dynasty tombs near Beijing

QING DYN.1644 – 1911LAST DYNASTYPrior to period, China was very

self-sufficient .◦ Led China to be isolated

Prevent foreign influence

Panadas?

Pandas and ChinaA 2007 report shows 239 pandas living in captivity

inside China and another 27 outside the country. Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000. Some reports also show that the number of pandas in the wild is on the rise. However, the IUCN does not believe there is enough certainty yet to reclassify the species from Endangered to Vulnerable.

While the dragon has often served as China's national emblem, internationally the panda appears at least as commonly. As such, it is becoming widely used within China in international contexts, for example the five Fuwa mascots of the Beijing Olympics.

Dragons

What’s with the dragon? Chinese dragons are legendary creatures in

Chinese mythology and folklore. In Chinese art, dragons are typically portrayed as long, scaled, serpentine creatures with four legs. In yin and yang terminology, a dragon is yang and complements a yin fenghuang ("Chinese phoenix").

Chinese dragons traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck. With this, the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength.

In Chinese daily language, excellent and outstanding people are compared to the dragon while incapable people with no achievements are compared with other, disesteemed creatures, such as the worm. A number of Chinese proverbs and idioms feature references to the dragon, for example: "Hoping one's son will become a dragon" (望子成龍 , i.e. be as a dragon).

DYNASTIC CYCLEStrong Weak Strong Weak

◦Famine, Chaos, Warfare, Rebellion, Plague, Invaders

Change in authority

QING DYN.Lost Opium Wars in 1840s and

1860s to France and Britain ◦ Forced China to give Hong Kong

to Britain◦ Opened China up to trade with

Europe

◦ On your vocabulary sheet write:◦ Middle Kingdom = Chinese

belief that they are the center of the world

QING DYN. Sino-Japanese War

◦ War between Japan and China Fought in 1894 over Korea

Peninsula Japan was victorious

Taiwan given to Japan European powers including

Russia, Britain, France, Germany and Japan wanted to divide China up

◦ U.S. persuaded countries to follow Open-Door Policy China should be open for trade to

all countries

QING DYN. Many in China upset with foreign

influence in China Chinese citizens attacked

foreigners killing hundreds in 1901 Becomes known as the Boxer

Rebellion European, U.S., and Japanese

militaries sent to China to put rebellions down

QING DYN. Civil wars and uprising brings 2,000

years of dynastic rule to an END.

DYNASTIC CYCLEStrong Weak Strong Weak

◦Famine, Chaos, Warfare, Rebellion, Plague, Invaders

Change in authority

Political cartoonsIdentify the primary topic of the cartoon. Who are the main characters in the cartoon? How are these characters portrayed by the

cartoonist? What are these objects symbolizing? Provide definitions to main concepts use in

the cartoon. Identify anything else the cartoonist uses in

the political cartoon? What is the cartoonist trying to symbolize by

using these things?

Chinese InventionCompassPaperGunpowde

rPrintingSilk

End of Dynastic RuleEmpress Cixi, last real ruler –

“Dowager Empress” – dies in 1908

Widespread uprisingPeople wanted PROGRESS -

modernization and more of a say in government

Needed technology1911 – ENDS w/ final uprising

from the people

End of Dynastic RuleEmpress Cixi, last real

ruler – “Dowager Empress” – dies in 1908

Widespread uprisingPeople wanted

PROGRESS -modernization and more of a say in government

Needed technology1911 – ENDS w/ final

uprising from the people

China after the dynastiesPower became

decentralized◦ Power going to

many different places Military leaders and

their armies from different regions held power.

Armies fought each other causing instability throughout 1920s.