Ch. 9 Test Review

Answers

Tariffs

• taxes on imported goods

Cabinet

• The President’s appointed group of experts. Used to help him/her make decisions. George Washington created the first cabinet, which set a precedent.

Federalists

• Political party that believe in a strong national government.

• Loose interpretation of the constitution. • Early leaders were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams• Had a fear of mob rule• Favored a national bank• Wanted an economy based on manufacturing and

shipping• Supported by lawyers, merchants, manufacturers, and

clergy (members of the church)

Democratic-Republicans

• Political party that believe in a limited national government.

• Strict interpretation of the constitution. • Early leaders were Thomas Jefferson and James

Madison.• Fear of rule by one person or a powerful few• Opposed the national bank• Wanted an economy based on farming• Supported by farmers and trades people

Excessive

• Going beyond what is necessary.

Precedent

• A precedent is a decision someone makes on how to handle an issue that then becomes a “rule” on how others will follow later in dealing with similar situations.

Whiskey Rebellion

• 1791 Congress applied a tax on whiskey.• Farmers refused to pay the tax • They needed whiskey to trade for goods• Grain was MUCH harder to transport than

whiskey was• Washington called out the state militia to put

down the rebellion which they did with no problem.

• The Whiskey Rebellion was important because it confirmed the authority of the federal government over the people of the US

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Washington wanted the US to follow a foreign policy based on the principle of non-involvement in European affairs (avoid entangling alliances).

• Trade was fine, but he wanted us to not get involved with anything happening across the ocean or we might get pulled into their problems.

• Warned against creating political parties. • Warned against taxing the American people

too heavily.

The Elastic Clause

• Also called the ‘Necessary & Proper’ Clause.• “To make all laws which shall be necessary and

proper for carrying into execution the forgoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.”

• Listed in Article I section 18 of the Constitution (where the powers of Congress are specifically listed)

• This is what gave Federalists the idea that government had more powers than just those listed in the Constitution.

Federal Judiciary Act of 1789

• Signed into law by Washington• Act set up the Supreme Court to have 6

members, 5 Justices and 1 Chief Justice (this would later be changed to 9 total).

• Also gave the Supreme Court the right to issue certain rulings outside of their jurisdiction which will later be declared unconstitutional.

Jay Treaty

• Britain agreed to leave forts near the Great Lakes.

• Revolutionary debts were forgiven.

• Britain’s colonies in the West Indies were NOT opened to trade with America.

National Bank

• Hamilton wanted to create an official bank of the United States.• He believed that having a bank to issue currency and make

loans to businesses would strengthen the United States.• Other people, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison,

opposed the bank because they feared the national government would gain too much power.

• They also didn’t believe that the government had the power to create a bank at all.

• Washington heard both sides but eventually decided to go with Hamilton and allow the creation on the bank.

• Disagreements over Alexander Hamilton’s financial program and wanting to create a national bank split Congress into factions.

George Washington

• Our Nation’s first president.

– Elected and Inaugurated in 1789 after the Constitution was ratified and went into effect.

– The only president to ever get 100% of the electoral vote (and he did it twice!)

– Refused, at first, to let Congress pay him because he was wealthy and saw himself as a servant of the people so he shouldn’t be paid!

Alexander Hamilton

• A member of the Continental Congress & Constitutional Convention.

• Co-Authored the Federalist papers, wanted a strong federal government.

• Thought the way to pay for our Revolutionary War debts was to raise money through Tariffs (taxes on imported goods).– Tariffs would raise money for the government, encourage

American industry, & encourage Americans to buy more American-made goods!

• Thought the US should be urban (full of cities and manufacturing).

• Hamilton’s financial plan for the United States had 3 parts: – 1) create the national bank– 2) paying off war debts (by using revenue from tariffs)– 3) raising money for the government!

Andrew Jackson

• Thomas Jefferson = 1st Secretary of State

– Wanted the expansion of state’s rights (fought for the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution).

– Liked the idea that the federal government would be weak compared to the states.

– Wanted the US to be more rural and full of farmers.

– Would become part of the Democratic-Republican Party.