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ElectronicsTRANSCRIPT
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Basic Circuit Example
(Load)
All Circuits Require: 1. Voltage Source2. A Load (or it would be a short circuit)3. A Conductive Path
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Basic Circuit Schematic
All Circuits Require: 1. Voltage Source2. A Load (or it would be a short circuit)3. A Conductive Path
(Load)
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Metric Prefixes
Metric prefixes are symbols that represent the powers of ten used in Engineering notation
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Electrical Units
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Voltage and Current Flow in a Circuit
No Voltage Applied
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Electrons flow from negative to positive when a voltage is applied across a conductive material.
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Voltage Applied
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Illustration of 1 A of current (1C/s) in a material
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Resulting Electron Current Flow (1 Ampere)
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
A (CM) = d2
American Wire Gage (AWG):Gage Number Up -> Wire Size Down
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Wire Gage Measurement
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House Wiring and AmperageWire Use Rated Ampacity Wire Gauge
Low-voltage Lighting and Lamp Cords
10 Amps 18 Gauge
Extension Cords 13 Amps 16 Gauge
Light Fixtures, Lamps, Lighting Runs
15 Amps 14 Gauge
Receptacles, 110-volt Air Conditioners, Sump
Pumps, Kitchen Appliances
20 Amps 12 Gauge
Electric Clothes Dryers, 220-volt Window Air Conditioners, Built-in Ovens, Electric Water
Heaters
30 Amps 10 Gauge
Cook Tops 45 Amps 8 Gauge
Electric Furnaces, Large Electric Heaters
60 Amps 6 Gauge
Electric Furnaces, Large Electric Water
Heaters, Sub Panels
80 Amps 4 Gauge
Service Panels, Sub Panels
100 Amps 2 Gauge
Service Entrance 150 Amps 1/0 Gauge
Service Entrance 200 Amps 2/0 Gauge
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Printed Circuit Board (PCB)Foil Traces as Conductors
Components are mounted on Opposite Side
Empty Board Showing Traces and Connection Pads Populated Board Showing
Traces and Soldered Connections
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ground is not Always Earth Ground
CommonEarth
Ground is Always a Common 0 Volt Reference
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A simple circuit with ground connections
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ground is a common path for current to return to the Voltage Supply is considered to have 0V potentialMost Voltage Measurements are made Referenced to Ground
(Electron Flow)
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Sizes of common batteries
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Battery Voltage Sources
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Battery Voltage Sources
Creates Voltage From Chemical ReactionNo Voltage Source has Unlimited Current Capability
Voltages Add or Subtract Depending Upon Polarity Voltage Stays the Same, but Increased Current Capability
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
AC Power Supply Voltage Source
Creates DC Voltage From Raw AC Outlet Voltage
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Generator/Alternator Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Rotating Magnetic FieldsRequiring a Great Amount of Force/Torque
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Solar Cell Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Exposure to Light
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Fuel Cell Voltage Source
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Electronic power supplies. (Copyright Tektronix, Inc. Reproduced by permission.)
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Workbench Voltage/Current Power Supplies
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Example of a voltmeter connection to measure voltage in a simple circuit
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Measuring Voltage
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Example of an ammeter connection to measure current in a simple circuit
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Measuring Current
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Resistance/resistor symbol
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Basic Resistor Symbol
Resistors
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Two common types of individual fixed resistors with axial leads
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Low Watt Axial Lead Resistors
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Chip resistor and resistor networks
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Low Watt ResistorsSize of Resistor is Based Upon Wattage Rating
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Two types of fixed resistors (not to scale)
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Low Watt Resistor Construction
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The power rating of a resistor is directly related to its surface area and its material
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Relative sizes of metal-film resistors with standard power ratings of 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, and 1W
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Typical resistors with high power ratings.
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Typical wirewound power resistors
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Higher Watt Resistors
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Common types of power resistors
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Higher Watt Resistors
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Construction views of typical film resistors
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Resistor Construction
High Watt LowWatt
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Resistor Color Codes
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
12K Ohms
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Resistor color codes
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Answers on Next Slide
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
100 Ohms 5.6M Ohms27K Ohms
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Example of three-digit labeling for a resistor
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Other Labeling Method
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Example of using an ohmmeter to measure resistance
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Measuring Resistance
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Potentiometer and rheostat symbols and basic construction of one type of potentiometer
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Variable Resistors/Potentiometers/POT
Have Moveable Wiper to Vary ResistanceCan be used as Voltage or Current Dividers
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Examples of (a) linear and (b) tapered potentiometers
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Type Used in Volume ControlsMost Common Type
More Change at Low VolumeLess Change at High Volume
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Typical potentiometers and two construction views
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Potentiometer ExamplesSmaller POTS are called Trimmers
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Symbols for resistive devices with sensitivities to temperature and light
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Both Usually have Negative Coefficients
Temperature UpResistance Down
Light Level UpResistance Down
Special Purpose Resistors
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Common Thermistor Use
Modern Thermostats use them to Sense Room Temperature
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Special Purpose Resistors
Strain GageAttached to a surface Resistance changes when stretched or bent
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Illustration of closed and open circuits using an SPST switch for control
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Simple On/Off SwitchOpen or Closes the Circuit
Switches
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An example of an SPDT switch controlling two lamps
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Switching Between two Circuits
Switches
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Switch symbols
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Types of Common Switches
Single PoleSingle Throw
Single PoleDouble Throw
Double PoleSingle Throw
Double PoleDouble Throw
Normally-OpenPush Button
Normally-ClosedPush Button
Basic On/Off Switch Switch BetweenTwo Circuits
On/Off Two Circuits
Doorbell Car Open-DoorBeeper
Multi-FunctionControl SwitchOne Source,Two Circuits
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
SPDT Controlling Two Circuits
Single PoleDouble Throw
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Double PoleSingle Throw
Single PoleDouble Throw
Single PoleDouble Throw
Single PoleRotary
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Rotary Switch Controlling Four Circuits
Single PoleRotaryMulti-FunctionControl Switch
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Good Rotary Switch Application
Multi-FunctionControl Switch
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Typical mechanical switches
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Construction view of a typical toggle switch
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
SPDT
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Why we Have Circuit Protection
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Typical fuses and circuit breakers and their symbols
Circuit ProtectionWire Fast BlowWire Fast BlowWire Fast BlowChemical Slow Blow
Automotive
Household Circuit Breaker
Industrial Fuses
Once a fuse is blown, It cannot be reusedOnce a Circuit Breaker is Tripped, It can be Reset
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Household Circuit Breakers220V Line Voltage
Tripped
Breaker PanelThe more current, the more the electromagnet becomes magnetizedAt the specified breaker current, there is enough magnetic force to pull the breaker contact openBreaker is Reset by pushing the switch to Off and then back to On
Neutral
Earth Ground at Bottom of Panel
Set
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Household Breaker Panels
Heat from Overloaded Circuits Interleaved Bus Bars
220V Line Voltage Neutral
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Bad Connections and Arc Hazard
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GFCI receptacleTrips Much Faster Than Circuit
Breaker or Fuse
Compares current between Hot and Neutral and if not equal, Trips (Opens) the circuit
HotNeutral
Ground
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FIGURE 2-53 Shock hazard in terms of three basic current path groups.
Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Shock Hazard
Current Kills:You dont want it to pass through your heart-First and Last Example
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Review of Symbols
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Thomas L. FloydElectronics Fundamentals, 6eElectric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
DC Power SupplyFunction Generator
Digital Multimeter - DMM Oscilloscope OScope
Common Electronic Test Equipment