ch02 notes

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8/19/2015 1 Atom Diameter 10 10 m = 0.1 nm Nucleus Diameter 10 14 m = 0.01 pm Proton Mass 1.673x10 24 g Proton Charge 1.602 x 10 19 C Neutron Mass 1.675x10 24 g Electron Mass 9.109x10 28 g Electron Charge 1.602x10 19 C Size of the atom Periodic Table 14C Avogadro’s Number Number of atoms required to create a mass in grams numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu = 6.022x10 23 A mole (or grammole) is the amount of a substance that has Avogadro's number of atoms One gram Mole of Carbon 12 grams of Carbon (0.42 Oz) 6.022 x 10 23 Carbon atoms

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Notes for IUPUI ME 344

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Page 1: Ch02 Notes

8/19/2015

1

Atom Diameter 10‐10 m  = 0.1 nm

Nucleus Diameter 10‐14 m  = 0.01 pm

Proton Mass 1.673x10‐24 g

Proton Charge 1.602 x 10‐19 C

Neutron Mass 1.675x10‐24 g

Electron Mass 9.109x10‐28 g

Electron Charge ‐1.602x10‐19 C

Size of the atom

Periodic Table

14C

Avogadro’s Number

Number of atoms required to create a mass in grams numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu

= 6.022x1023

A mole (or gram‐mole) is the amount of a substance that has Avogadro's number of atoms

One gramMole ofCarbon 

12 grams of Carbon (0.42 Oz)

6.022 x 1023

Carbon atoms

Page 2: Ch02 Notes

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2

Steel Example Problem

Stainless Steel Recipe

Element Weight Percent Atomic Percent

Nickle 7%

Chromium 17%

Silicon 1%

Sulfur 0.03%

Manganese 2%

Carbon 0.15%

Phosphorous 0.045%

Iron 72.775%

Total

Model 1,000,000 atoms = how many grams of stainless steel?

Approximately = 1 gram

Page 3: Ch02 Notes

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3

ME 34400 Lecture 2Electron Energy

Niel Bohr’s Model Energy during transition

Page 4: Ch02 Notes

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Quantum Physics

Quantum Physics

Schrodinger Wave

Schrodinger Wave Equation 4 Quantum Numbers describe an electron orbital defined by wave equations

n = principle quantum number

L  = Subsidiary quantum number

mL = Magnetic quantum number

ms = Electron spin 

Page 5: Ch02 Notes

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Orbital Shapes Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers

n l ml           # Orbitals  Name      #  electrons1 0 0 1 1s 22 0 0 1 2s 2

1 ‐1, 0, +1 3 2p 63 0 0 1 3s 2

1 ‐1, 0, +1 3 3p 62 ‐2, ‐1, 0, +1, +2 5 3d 10

4 0 0 1 4s 21 ‐1, 0, +1 3 4p 62 ‐2, ‐1, 0, +1, +2 5 4d 103 ‐3, ‐2, ‐1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7 4f 14

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Page 6: Ch02 Notes

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Electron Structure and Chemical Activity (Cont..)

• Electronegative elements accept electrons and become anions. [groups 6A & 7A]

• Some elements behave as both electronegative and electropositive. [group 4A to 7A]

Chart of Electronegativity

Remember, ranges from: 0 – 4.1

Bonds

• Ionic

• Covalent

• Metallic

Permanent Dipole Bonds

Fluctuating Dipole Bonds

Ionic Force for Ion Pair

• Nucleus of one ion attracts electron of another ion.

• The electron clouds of ion repulse each other when they are sufficiently close.

Force versus separationDistance for a pair of oppositely charged ions

Figure 2.11

Page 7: Ch02 Notes

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Ionic Force Sizes of atoms and ions

Figure 2.6

Bonding Energy Lattice Energy

Page 8: Ch02 Notes

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8

Covalent Bonds

Metallic Bonds

Na Mg

Permanent Dipoles

SymmetricalArrangement Of 4 C‐H bonds

CH4

No Dipolemoment

CH3ClAsymmetricalTetrahedralarrangement

CreatesDipole

Page 9: Ch02 Notes

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9

Why does methane (CH4) melt at ‐183 C and water (H20) melt at 0 C?