Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Human Anatomy & PhysiologySEVENTH EDITION

Elaine N. MariebKatja Hoehn

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College

C H

A P

T E

R

3Cells: The Living Units

P A R T C

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Golgi Apparatus

Stacked and flattened membranous sacs

Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins

Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus

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Golgi Apparatus

Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus to the trans face

Secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell

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Golgi Apparatus

Figure 3.20a

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Role of the Golgi Apparatus

Figure 3.21

Secretion by exocytosisExtracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Vesicle incorporatedinto plasma membrane

Coatomercoat

Lysosomes containing acidhydrolase enzymes

PhagosomeProteins in cisterna

Membrane

Vesicle

Pathway 3

Pathway 2

Secretory vesicles

Proteins

Pathway 1

Golgi apparatus

CisternaRough ER

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Role of the Golgi Apparatus

Figure 3.21

Secretion by exocytosisExtracellular fluid

Proteins in cisterna

Membrane

Vesicle

Secretory vesicles

Proteins

Pathway 1

Golgi apparatus

CisternaRough ER

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Role of the Golgi Apparatus

Figure 3.21

Secretion by exocytosisExtracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Vesicle incorporatedinto plasma membrane

Coatomercoat

Proteins in cisterna

Membrane

Vesicle

Pathway 2Golgi apparatus

CisternaRough ER

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Role of the Golgi Apparatus

Figure 3.21

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Lysosomes containing acidhydrolase enzymes

PhagosomeProteins in cisterna

Membrane

Vesicle

Pathway 3

Secretory vesicles

Golgi apparatus

CisternaRough ER

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Role of the Golgi Apparatus

Figure 3.21

Secretion by exocytosisExtracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Vesicle incorporatedinto plasma membrane

Coatomercoat

Lysosomes containing acidhydrolase enzymes

PhagosomeProteins in cisterna

Membrane

Vesicle

Pathway 3

Pathway 2

Secretory vesicles

Proteins

Pathway 1

Golgi apparatus

CisternaRough ER

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lysosomes

Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins

Degrade nonfunctional organelles

Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone

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Lysosomes

Breakdown nonuseful tissue

Breakdown bone to release Ca2+

Secretory lysosomes are found in white blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes

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Endomembrane System

System of organelles that function to:

Produce, store, and export biological molecules

Degrade potentially harmful substances

System includes:

Nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane

PLAYPLAY Endomembrane System

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Endomembrane System

Figure 3.23

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Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases

Detoxify harmful or toxic substances

Neutralize dangerous free radicals

Free radicals – highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (i.e., O2

–)

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Cytoskeleton

The “skeleton” of the cell

Dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol

Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

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Cytoskeleton

Figure 3.24a-b

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Cytoskeleton

Figure 3.24c

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Microtubules

Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin

Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles

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Microfilaments

Dynamic strands of the protein actin

Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

Braces and strengthens the cell surface

Attach to CAMs and function in endocytosis and exocytosis

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Intermediate Filaments

Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength

Resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes

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Motor Molecules

Protein complexes that function in motility

Powered by ATP

Attach to receptors on organelles

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Motor Molecules

Figure 3.25a

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Motor Molecules

Figure 3.25b

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Centrioles

Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus

Pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules

Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

Form the bases of cilia and flagella

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Centrioles

Figure 3.26a, b

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Cilia

Whip-like, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells

Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces

PLAYPLAY Cilia and Flagella

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Cilia

Figure 3.27a

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Cilia

Figure 3.27b

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Cilia

Figure 3.27c

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Nucleus

Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets

Gene-containing control center of the cell

Contains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins

Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized

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Nucleus

Figure 3.28a

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Nuclear Envelope

Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores

Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes

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Nuclear Envelope

Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes

Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus

Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus

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Nucleoli

Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus

Site of ribosome production

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Chromatin

Threadlike strands of DNA and histones

Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes

Form condensed, barlike bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide

Figure 3.29

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Cell Cycle

Interphase

Growth (G1), synthesis (S), growth (G2)

Mitotic phase

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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Interphase

G1 (gap 1) – metabolic activity and vigorous growth

G0 – cells that permanently cease dividing

S (synthetic) – DNA replication

G2 (gap 2) – preparation for division

PLAYPLAY Late Interphase