ch08 a.joint

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 8 Joints P A R T A

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Page 1: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Human Anatomy & PhysiologySEVENTH EDITION

Elaine N. Marieb

Katja Hoehn

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by Vince Austin,

Bluegrass Technical

and Community College

C H

A P

T E

R

8Joints

P A R T A

Page 2: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Joints (Articulations)

Weakest parts of the skeleton

Articulation – site where two or more bones meet

Functions of joints

Give the skeleton mobility

Hold the skeleton together

Page 3: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints: Structural

Structural classification focuses on the material

binding bones together and whether or not a joint

cavity is present

The three structural classifications are:

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Page 4: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints: Functional

Functional classification is based on the amount of

movement allowed by the joint

The three functional classes of joints are:

Synarthroses – immovable

Amphiarthroses – slightly movable

Diarthroses – freely movable

Page 5: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrous Structural Joints

The bones are joined by fibrous tissues

There is no joint cavity

Most are immovable

There are three types – sutures, syndesmoses, and

gomphoses

Page 6: Ch08 a.joint

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Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures

Occur between the bones of the skull

Comprised of interlocking junctions completely

filled with connective tissue fibers

Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth

during youth

In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called

synostoses

Page 7: Ch08 a.joint

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Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures

Figure 8.1a

Page 8: Ch08 a.joint

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Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses

Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament

Movement varies from immovable to slightly

variable

Examples include the connection between the tibia

and fibula, and the radius and ulna

Page 9: Ch08 a.joint

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Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses

Figure 8.1b

Page 10: Ch08 a.joint

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Fibrous Structural Joints: Gomphoses

The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth

and its alveolar socket

The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

Page 11: Ch08 a.joint

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Cartilaginous Joints

Articulating bones are united by cartilage

Lack a joint cavity

Two types – synchondroses and symphyses

Page 12: Ch08 a.joint

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Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

All synchondroses are synarthrotic

Examples include:

Epiphyseal plates of children

Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib

and the sternum

Page 13: Ch08 a.joint

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Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Figure 8.2a, b

Page 14: Ch08 a.joint

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Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of

the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of

fibrocartilage

Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and

flexibility

Examples include intervertebral joints and the

pubic symphysis of the pelvis

Page 15: Ch08 a.joint

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Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Figure 8.2c

Page 16: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints

Those joints in which the articulating bones are

separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

All are freely movable diarthroses

Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the

body

Page 17: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints: General Structure

Synovial joints all have the following

Articular cartilage

Joint (synovial) cavity

Articular capsule

Synovial fluid

Reinforcing ligaments

Page 18: Ch08 a.joint

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Synovial Joints: General Structure

Figure 8.3a, b

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8.2.1

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8.2.2

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8.2.3

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures

Bursae – flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial

membranes and containing synovial fluid

Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons,

or bones rub together

Tendon sheath – elongated bursa that wraps

completely around a tendon

Page 23: Ch08 a.joint

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Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures

Figure 8.4

Page 24: Ch08 a.joint

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Synovial Joints: Stability

Stability is determined by:

Articular surfaces – shape determines what

movements are possible

Ligaments – unite bones and prevent excessive or

undesirable motion

Page 25: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints: Stability

Muscle tone is accomplished by:

Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing

factors

Tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle

tone

Page 26: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints: Movement

The two muscle attachments across a joint are:

Origin – attachment to the immovable bone

Insertion – attachment to the movable bone

Described as movement along transverse, frontal,

or sagittal planes

Page 27: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

Nonaxial – slipping movements only

Uniaxial – movement in one plane

Biaxial – movement in two planes

Multiaxial – movement in or around all three

planes

Page 28: Ch08 a.joint

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Gliding Movements

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another

similar surface

Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and

between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae

Page 29: Ch08 a.joint

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Angular Movement

Flexion — bending movement that decreases the

angle of the joint

Extension — reverse of flexion; joint angle is

increased

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion — up and down

movement of the foot

Page 30: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Angular Movement

Abduction — movement away from the midline

Adduction — movement toward the midline

Circumduction — movement describes a cone in

space

Page 31: Ch08 a.joint

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Gliding Movement

Figure 8.5a

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Angular Movement

Figure 8.5b

Page 33: Ch08 a.joint

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Angular Movement

Figure 8.5c, d

Page 34: Ch08 a.joint

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Angular Movement

Figure 8.5e, f

Page 35: Ch08 a.joint

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Rotation

The turning of a bone

around its own long axis

Examples

Between first two

vertebrae

Hip and shoulder joints

Figure 8.5g

Page 36: Ch08 a.joint

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Special Movements

Supination and pronation

Inversion and eversion

Protraction and retraction

Elevation and depression

Opposition

Page 37: Ch08 a.joint

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Special Movements

Figure 8.6a

Page 38: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Special Movements

Figure 8.6b

Page 39: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Special Movements

Figure 8.6c

Page 40: Ch08 a.joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Special Movements

Figure 8.6d

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Special Movements

Figure 8.6e