ch10 political geographies
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 9 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta
Political Geographies
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Geopolitics• Federal State• Unitary State• North/South divide• East/West divide
• Decolonization• State• Nation• Nation-state• Nationalism
Member states of League of Nations – precursor to
United Nations – after WWI
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Political Geography• Boundaries – land use change• Frontiers uninhabited• Territories – do not have• Same rights as bigger • Federal units like States
Figure 9.3 Boundary between urban and rural land uses
Figure 9.2 Disputed territories in Georgia south of the Caucasus Mts.:Georgia is a “state” while North Ossetia is a territory that is part of the Russian “state”.
Global Governance• Transnational
political integration:• Supranational
organization-European Union result ofMarshall Plan - Post WWII to rebuild Europe following war with Hitler.
Human rights-The Geneva Convention established standards of human rights in connection with research – again result of Hitler’s abuse of European populations.
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Figure 9.1 The changing map of EuropeBefore, afterSoviet UnionTook over Baltic StatesAfter fall of USSR – 1991MAP OF EUROPE - 2011
Political Geography
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Geopolitics and the World Order• Nationalism• Federal state• Unitary state
• Nation-state– State-”recognized”– Nation-”culture”
• Sovereignty-self-ruling• Citizenship-part of “state”
Figure 9.8 English Defense League, “Nationalism vs. Islamic culture of Immigrants
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Figure 9.7 Nested hierarchy of French “de jure” territories:
Region – largest like a “State”• Department• Arrondissement• Canton• Commune
Political Geography
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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
• Imperialism• Colonialism
Figure 9.12 European colonies in Africa, 1496–1912
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Political Geography, (cont'd)Figure 9.4 Boundary between the U.S. and Mexico
Apply your knowledge: Using Google Earth or aerial photographs, compare and contrast the international boundaries between the U.S. and Canada and between the U.S. and Mexico. How do they differ? How are they similar? Why do these differences and similarities exist?
States of South & East Asia, Indonesia & Micronesia, Australia & New Zealand
Figure 9.9 Independent states of the former U.S.S.R.-Soviet Union - 1991
East-West divide between non-Communist & Communist States – Russia since 1917
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Politics of Geography
• Self-determination – nation asserts “self-rule” as new nation-state
• Regionalism – identification of people with a certain region
• Sectionalism• Separatist
movements –• Chechnya wantsto separatefrom Russian rule.
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The Heartland Theory – Mackinder believed whoever controls central Eurasia will hold world power
Figure 9.21 The heartland
Ethnicities of Eastern
Europe
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Figure 9.10 Kosovo War, 1998-1999Serbian warAgainst Albanians,& ethnic Croatians
Bosnian War – resulted in split of Serbia & Croatia into separate “states” after several years of very violent war & war crimes against ethnic Croatians. 1991-1995 Bosnian Serbs perpetrated “ethnic cleansing” against Bosnian Muslim women in rape camps. Alarming scope of human rights abuses against Muslim women.
Eastern Europe – Bosnian Serbian war vs. ethnic Croatians
Afghanistan & Pakistan
in South west Asia
Tribal Territories of Pakistan
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Figure 9.6 Borders btwn.Egypt and Libya and Sudan
Figure 9.5 The Berlin Wall – “relic” now erased, Germany is a unified “state” previously divided into Eastern Germany & Western Germany post - WWII
Political Geography
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Ongoing Israel-Palestineconflict
• Some examples of stateless nations: the Cherokee Nation, the Palestinians, the Kurdish ethnic minority of Iraq & Turkey, no current territorial borders
Nation
Kurdish Region Must a nation be a
place?
Is a Nation a State?
Colonialism/Imperialism• Imperialism-is the
extension of power over political & economic life of other territories.
• Ex.: Belgium in the African Congo
• Colonialism -• European powers
Belgian, Italian, French, German, & Portuguese all colonized African lands for trade routes & natural resources.
British in Middle East
IraqIran
Turkey
• North/South divide persists today:
• Northern colonizers of the U.S., Japan, Europe, Russia dominate southern decolonized states in Asia, Africa, Indonesia, Caribbean, & the Americas.
African Independence
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Figure 9.13 Colonization in South America and the Caribbean, 1496–1667
Portuguese – Eastern coast of Brazil
Spanish – western coast of South American continent
French colonies – French Guyana, northeast coast of continent
Dutch colonies – northeast coast of continents
Colonization of Caribbean & South America
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Figure 9.18 Independent South America
South AmericanIndependentStates
Geographical Systems of Representation,
Figure 9.34 U.S. geographical basis of representation
End of Chapter 9
A federal state is one that brings together a number of different political communities with a common government for common purposes.