Chapter 6Chapter 6Social

interaction & Social Processes

By : numkwan By : numkwan wongpatumwongpatum

TopicTopic Nature & Approaches to Social

Interaction 3 situations for social interaction 2 Approaches to Social Interaction THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL

PROCESSES

Social Social interaction & interaction &

Social Social ProcessesProcesses

Nature & Approaches to Social Interaction

When 2 or more persons, group meet, there will be a mutual awareness & response between them, both verbal & non-verbal.

Exchange of messages is carried on through the medium of language.

LanguageLanguage is a is a system of verbal system of verbal and non-verbal and non-verbal written symbols written symbols

with with standardized standardized

meaningmeaning..

Non-verbal Non-verbal language language involves the use involves the use of written of written symbolssymbols. .

Verbal languageVerbal language - -involves the use involves the use of words or of words or sound symbols sound symbols for things, for things, objects, or objects, or ideas.ideas.

Social interactionSocial interaction refers to the mutual refers to the mutual inter stimulation & inter stimulation & response between 2 or response between 2 or more persons and more persons and groups through groups through symbols, language, symbols, language, gestures, & gestures, & expression of ideas, expression of ideas, (PANOPIO, 1997)(PANOPIO, 1997)

3 situations for social interaction

PersoPersontonto

persopersonn

PersoPersonn

to-to-groupgroup

Group-to-groupGroup-to-group

2 Approaches to Social

Interactiona.a.Symbolic Symbolic

interactioninteractionb.b. Functionalist Functionalist

viewview

Symbolic interactionSymbolic interaction refers to refers to the communication of thoughts the communication of thoughts & feelings between individuals & feelings between individuals

that occurs by means of symbol.that occurs by means of symbol.

Specific Approaches under Symbolic Interaction

1.1. Definition of the Situation Definition of the Situation (W.I Thomas)(W.I Thomas)

-refers to the sociological -refers to the sociological perspective that views the perspective that views the meaning people attribute to a meaning people attribute to a social setting. This process is social setting. This process is called “negotiated called “negotiated interaction”interaction”

2. 2. Dramaturgy (Erving Goffman)Dramaturgy (Erving Goffman) -views social interaction as a -views social interaction as a

resembling a theatrical resembling a theatrical performance in which people performance in which people “stage” their behavior in such “stage” their behavior in such a way as to elicit the a way as to elicit the responses they desire from responses they desire from other peopleother people. .

3. 3. Ethno Methodology Ethno Methodology (Harold Garfinkel)(Harold Garfinkel)

-studies the -studies the procedures people procedures people use to make sense of use to make sense of their everyday lives & their everyday lives & experiencesexperiences

4. 4. Social Exchange (Blau Social Exchange (Blau & Homans)& Homans)-portrays interaction as -portrays interaction as a more or less a more or less straightforward & straightforward & rationally calculated rationally calculated series of mutually series of mutually beneficial transactions. beneficial transactions.

b. Functionalist view-human interactions involves little more than people acting out roles (parent, child, worker) based on social script, much as theatrical actors take their lines from a play.

THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL PROCESSES

1.1. THE NATURE OF SOCIAL THE NATURE OF SOCIAL PROCESSPROCESS

Social ProcessSocial Process – refers to the – refers to the recurrent and patterned recurrent and patterned interactions or responses of interactions or responses of individuals to one another which individuals to one another which have attained stability. have attained stability.

2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL PROCESSPROCESS

a.a. Based on FormationBased on Formation1. Universal or basic 1. Universal or basic processesprocesses2. Derived social processes2. Derived social processes

b.b. Based on unity or oppositionBased on unity or opposition1. Conjunctive social 1. Conjunctive social processesprocesses2. Disjunctive social 2. Disjunctive social processesprocesses

BASED ON FORMATIONBASED ON FORMATION

1.1.Basic or universal Basic or universal social processessocial processes – – refers to refers to patterned and patterned and recurrent responses recurrent responses observable in all observable in all human societies.human societies.

Three Universal Social Processes

a. Cooperation- involves two or

more persons joining their intelligence, efforts, talents and resources together to attain a goal which can be shared. (e.g. business partnership).

Type of Cooperation

1. Informal cooperation

- characterized as spontaneous and involves mutual give and take.

22.Formal .Formal cooperation cooperation

characterizecharacterized as a d as a deliberate deliberate contractual contractual nature and nature and prescribes prescribes the the reciprocal reciprocal rights and rights and obligations obligations of members.of members.

3.Symbolic cooperation – a situation where two or

more person live together Harmoniously and are supportive and interdependent resulting in mutual interest.

Functions of Cooperation

- It makes for social cohesion and integration among the members of a group.

- It contributes to social stability and order

- It fosters consensus and compromise in various social issues.

b.b. CompetitionCompetition- it is a form of - it is a form of impersonalized struggle or impersonalized struggle or opposition to secure a opposition to secure a reward or goal which reward or goal which cannot be shared. It is a cannot be shared. It is a form of disjoint action form of disjoint action between opposing between opposing individuals or group aimed individuals or group aimed to excel, surpass or outdo to excel, surpass or outdo the opponent in order to the opponent in order to achieve the goal. (e.g. achieve the goal. (e.g. sportsfest; rivalry)sportsfest; rivalry)

Type of Competition1. Personal

competition involves direct face-

to-face contact between opposing

parties.

1. Impersonal competition – involves a struggle between persons or groups not directly aware of each other.

Functions of Competition

- Competing individuals or groups try to outdo each other and thereby innovate ways to do so.

* Competition can be a driving * Competition can be a driving force to persons to develop force to persons to develop their potentials to the fullest their potentials to the fullest and attain maximum efficiency and attain maximum efficiency and effectiveness.and effectiveness.

* Competition can develop * Competition can develop productivity, creativity and productivity, creativity and ingenuity.ingenuity.

*Competition of members of a *Competition of members of a society for certain goals and society for certain goals and the competition for scarce the competition for scarce resources lead to variation or resources lead to variation or differentiation.differentiation.

c.Conflict- is a form of highly

personalized and emotionalized struggle or opposition between individuals or groups to attain scarce goals or values.( e.g. group riots, violent strikes, war or revolution)

- it may involve physical violence or non-violence.

Functions of Conflict- Conflict may help

establish unity and cohesion. Within a group which has been threatened by hostile and antagonistic feelings among the members.

- Internal conflict becomes Internal conflict becomes a stabilizing and a stabilizing and integrating mechanism in integrating mechanism in certain instances.certain instances.

- Conflict provides an outlet Conflict provides an outlet for the expression of for the expression of suppressed emotions and suppressed emotions and frustrations.frustrations.

- Competition and conflict Competition and conflict promote social change.promote social change.

2. Derived social processes- refers to secondary

social processes that arise out of the basic social processes.

a. Acculturation – it is a social process

where group blends in and takes on some characteristics of another culture. Also called cultural borrowing/ imitation. (e.g. Christianization of Filipinos)

c. Amalgamation– refers to some kind of biological fusion through intermarriage of persons coming from different ethnic groups .(e.g. intermarriage of Filipino and Chinese)

b. Assimilation – it involves some kind of interpenetration or fusion of cultural elements whereby persons or groups accept the cultural traits, attitudes, beliefs and sentiments of another through direct, friendly and continuous contacts. (e.g. Filipino immigrants to American way of life)

d. Differentiation – refers to the creation of

interest resulting in individuals or groups needing or wanting different things or services rather than the same thing. It refers to specialization or division of labor. (e.g. adjacent stores selling different goods)

e. Accommodation – refers to the social

process whereby competing or conflicting individuals or groups trash out difficulties in order to minimize or stop the conflict.

1. Domination – a process that involves

a dominant-subordinate relationship where the stronger party imposes its will upon the weaker party. It involves power relations. (e.g. hold-upper and a hold-up victim)

Types of Accommodation

2. Truce or Pact – is an agreement to cease hostilities or fighting for a certain period of time. (e.g. peace negotiations)

3. Compromise – is a process of settling differences where opposing parties withdraw their demands to adjust their relationship. It involves a give-and-take relationship, the mutual giving of concessions.

Types of Accommodation

4. Mediation – is a form of settling disputes where a neutral third party intervenes and gives suggestions or recommendations to warning nations or parties to stop their hostilities.

5. Conciliation – is an accommodative processes where the third or neutral party can be anybody to settle disputes and who may or may not give recommendations to settle the conflict.

6. Arbitration – it is an accommodative

social process where the neutral third party has legal authority to decide on the conflict. The decision is followed by opposing parties. (e.g. judge or labor arbiter)

7. Toleration – is a form of

accommodation without formal agreement. It is a result of the “live and let live ”policy where conflicting individuals or groups put up with others without trying to modify the behavior of the others.

BASED ON UNITY OR OPPOSITIONBASED ON UNITY OR OPPOSITION1.1. Conjunctive Social ProcessesConjunctive Social Processes

- - they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which lead to unity, organization, cooperation and harmony. These include cooperation, acculturation, assimilation, differentiation, amalgamation and accommodation.

2.2. Disjunctive Social ProcessesDisjunctive Social Processes- - they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which lead to disunity, disorganization, division, and disharmony. These include competition and conflict.