ch7,
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-1
Professor Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.School of Business Administration
Gonzaga UniversitySpokane, WA 99223
Chapter 7Chapter 7 Market Segmentation Market Segmentation
and Targetingand Targeting
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-2
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
Define and explain market segmentation, target markets, and product differentiation and positioning.
Understand the criteria used for evaluating the likely success of a segmentation strategy.
Know the role of market segmentation in the development of marketing strategies and programs.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-3
Describe the issues involved in product and brand positioning.
Understand the alternative bases for segmenting consumer and business-to-business markets.
Evaluate alternative approaches for pursuing segmentation strategies.
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-4
OPENING VIGNETTE
WWW.SRIC-BI.COM 1. What does the VALS topology accomplish?2. What does new service does VALS offer?
Two Cases for this chapter (Making Marketing Decisions ):Case 7-1: PRIZM by Claritas: You Are Where You LiveCase 7-2: Marriott International: “Suite Deals”
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-5
Focusing Marketing Strategy and Evaluating Marketing Opportunities
Opportunities to be turned Intomarketing strategies and plans
Develop product marketScreening criteria
Focusing marketingStrategy
S.W.O.TAnalysis
Defining genericmarkets and
product-markets
Targeting and
Segmentation
Positioningand
Differentiation
Company mission,
objectives,resources
Competitoranalysis
Trends in externalenvironment:
Technological,Economic,
Political & LegalCultural & Social
Evaluating Opportunities
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-6
A Marketing Strategy – showing the 4 P’s of aMarketing Mix
PlaceProductPricePromotionC
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-7
Overview of Marketing Strategy Planning Process
PlaceProductPricePromotion C
External Market EnvironmentTechnologies Political and Legal Cultural and Social Economic
Narrowing down to focused strategy with quantitative and qualitative screening criteria
CustomersNeeds and other
SegmentingDimensions
CompanyObjectives
&Resources
CompetitorsCurrent
&Prospective
Segmentation &Positioning
Segmentation &TargetingS.
W.O.T.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-8
StrategyHow to cope with a dynamic environment, capitalizing on opportunities and
handling threats… How to adopt and integrated systems orientation… How to be a market driven organization = STRATEGIC PLANNING
Mission Statement (Marketing Concept Orientation)
Objectives and Goals
Grand Strategy
Marketing Strategy and Tactics
Target Market (Segments, Position)
Marketing Mix
P P P P
Offering to the Market
Impact of Competition
and other Environmental
Items
Feedback of Results
Company-Wide Level
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-9
MASS MARKETSTRATEGY
MULTISEGMENTSTRATEGY
CONCENTRATIONSTRATEGY
Organization’s Single
Marketing Mix
Mass Market
Organization’s Single
Marketing Mix
Seg
men
t
A B C D E
Organization’s Several
Marketing Mixes
A D F
Seg
men
t
Seg
men
t
Seg
men
t
A B C D E F
MARKETING STRATEGY
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-10
Market Segmentation
Market Segmentation: Divides a market into
subsets of prospective customers who behave in the same way, have similar wants, or have similar characteristics that relate to purchase.
Intermarket Segments: Well-defined, similar
clusters of customers across national boundaries.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-11
Target Markets
Targeting:Selecting which segments in a market
are appropriate to focus on and designing the means of reaching them.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-12
Narrowing down target markets
Single target
marketing approach
Multiple target
marketing approach
Combined target
marketing approach
Select target
marketing approach
Allcustomer
needs
Somegenericmarket
Onebroad-
productmarket
Homogenous(narrow)product-markets
Segmenting into possible
target markets Narrowing down to
specific product-market
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-13
Product Differentiation
Product Differentiation: Exists when a firm’s
offerings differ or are perceived to differ from those of competing firms on any attribute, including price.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-14
From Mass Marketing to Mass Customization
Mass Customization: Complex manufactured
products made to order.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-15
Is Market Segmentation Appropriate?
Frequently use approaches for a sustainable marketing strategy (company) Developing brand-line extensions Repositioning the product for additional uses Identifying the needs of a particular segment, or segments Developing marketing strategies for each
When the segmentation strategy is not useful When the overall market is so small that marketing to a portion of
it is not profitable When the brand is dominant in the market and draws its appeal
from all segments
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-16
Value propositions1. Business model
2. Core competencies
competition structure/culture
Strategic intent
Finance M
anagemen
t Process
H/
R Technology
… Strategy
•Positioning on product/market
•Differentiation/choice of competitive advantage
•Competitive postureIndustry characteristics ,
Market growth ,Demand characteristics ,
Barrier of entry , etc.
fulfill
IT Role?N
Consistent
Essentials for a Sustainable Enterprise
Analysis(Porter, SWOT)
Corporate strategy
Business strategy
Functional strategy
Business landscapeInternal/External
future positioning
Positioning
3. Execution
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-17
Criteria for Effective Segmentation
Five Criteria:1. Measurability2. Accessibility3. Substantialness4. Durability5. Differential Responsiveness
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-18
Stages in Developing Market Segmentation Strategies
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-19
Stages in Developing MarketSegmentation Strategies
Exhibit 7-2 Develop a market segmentation strategy
Define overall product marketin whichcompanyoperates
Identifydistinguishingcharacteristicsof segments orbases forsegmentation
Describesegments
Evaluateapproaches forpotential &likely success
Select targetmarket
Determinedesiredpositioning andthen developmarketing mixto achievedesired position
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-20 © 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin—for use only with Basic Marketing
Exhibit 3-2Four Basic Types of Opportunities
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-21
Marketpenetration
Marketdevelopment Diversification
Productdevelopment
Present products New products
Present markets
New markets
Four Basic Types of Opportunities
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-22
Examples of Different Types of Opportunities
• Market Penetration – Arm & Hammer promotes new uses of its baking soda
• Market Development– Marriott Hotels target families for weekend "get-
aways" to rent rooms filled by business travelers during the week
• Product Development– Microsoft develops a new version of its Windows
operating system to appeal to the people who bought an earlier version but now want more features
• Diversification– RJR, the cigarette producer, adds baked goods to its
product line to appeal to new customers
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-23
Bases for Segmentation
Demographics Geographics Psychographics &
Lifestyles Benefit Segmentation Economic
Segmentation International
Segmentation
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-24Behavioral
GeographicsD
emog
raph
ics
Psyc
hogr
aphi
cs
Personality
Lifestyle
Age
Gender
Income
Buying Power
Expenditure patterns
Occupation
Education
Race or nationality
Family life cycle
Social class
DecisionsAmount of usageType of usageBrand loyaltyBenefits sought
Nation/Region State/Region City/Neighborhood
Climate/Terrain Population density Market density
Segmentation Variables
Potential
Consumer
Segments
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-25
Demographic Dimensions
• Important operational dimensions for understanding market segments and developing marketing mixes– Much good data is available
• Important for determining size of consumer target markets – Is the market substantial?
• Seeing demographic trends helps identify opportunities– Shifts in age distribution– Geographic growth/decline
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-26
Map of United States Showing Population by State (all figures in thousands)
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-27
Percent Change in Population by State
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-28
Changes in the U.S. Birthrate, 1935-2005
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-29
Age Distribution
• Average age is increasing• But there is a big teen cycle on the
way• Post World War II "Baby Boomers“
– Still a big, influential group• 50 and older group to grow
dramatically in next decade
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MyGeneration ad
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Population Distribution (and Percent Growth Rate) by Age Groups for Different 10-Year Periods)
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-32
Median Family Income Over Time (in 1999 dollars)
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-33
Percent of Total Income Going to DifferentIncome Groups in 1999
4.3
9.9
15.6
23
47.2
0 20 40 60
Lowest 20%
Middle
Top 20%
Each Group's Percent of Total Income
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-34
Income Distribution
• Growth in real income has slowed down• Middle income groups in U.S. enjoy real
choices– U.S. distribution like Canada, Western
Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand• Higher income groups still have much of the
spending power– Top 20% income group has over 47 percent
of total income!– Bottom 20% income group has only about
4 percent!
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-35
Types of Income
• DISPOSABLE INCOME–Income that is left after taxes
• DISCRETIONARY INCOME–What is left of disposable income
after paying for "necessities"
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-36
Age Age of childrenIn the household
Marital status
FAMILY LIFE CYCLEFACTORS
Family cycle factors
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-37
Middle-agedivorcedwithoutchildren
Middle-agemarriedwithoutchildren
Middle-agemarried
withchildren
Middle-agedivorced
withchildren
Middle-agedivorcedwithout
dependentchildren
Middle-agedivorcedwithoutchildren
Youngmarried
withchildren *
Youngmarriedwithout
children *
Youngsingle *
Middle-agemarriedwithout
dependentchildren
OlderMarried *
OlderUnmarried *
Youngdivorcedwithout
children *
Usual flow Recycled flow * Tradition family flow
Stages in Modern Family Life Cycles
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-38
Psychological (intra-personal) Variables
• Motivation• Perception• Learning• Attitudes and beliefs• Personality• Lifestyle (psychographics)
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-39
Possible Needs Motivating a Person to Some Action
Types of Needs Examples of Specific Needs
Hunger Thirst Activity Sleep Physiological needs Sex Rest Preservation Warmth
Aggression Curiosity Dominance Imitation Psychological needs Independence Love Nurturing Order Fulfillment Competition Relaxing Power Pride Self-Expression Tenderness Desire for… Acceptance Achievement Acquisition Affection Affiliation Appreciation Beauty Companionship Comfort Leisure Esteem Fame Happiness Knowledge Prestige Pleasure Recognition Respect Status Variety
Fear Pain Harm Depression Freedom from Ridicule Loss Sadness Anxiety
Discomfort Pressure Stress Illness
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-40
CONSUMERLIFESTYLES
Interests Opinions
Activities
PSYCHOGRAPHICS
Psychographics
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-41
Lifestyle Dimensions (and some related demographic dimensions)
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-42
Six Betty Crocker pictures, 1936-2000
(The original Betty, 1936)(1965)
(1972)
(Betty Crocker 2000)
(1980)
(1986)
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-43 © 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin—for use only with Basic Marketing
Social (intra-personal) Influenceson Consumers
• Family• Reference groups• Social class• Culture and subculture
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-44 © 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin—for use only with Basic Marketing
Characteristics and Attitudes of Middle and Lower Classes
• Middle classes–Plan and save for the
future–Analyze alternatives–Understand how the
world works–Feel they have
opportunities–Willing to take risks–Confident about
decision making–Want long-run quality
or value
• Lower classes– Live for the present– "Feel" what is "best"– Have simplistic ideas
about how things work– Feel controlled by the
world– "Play it safe"– Want help with decision
making– Want short-run
satisfaction
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-45
Exhibit 7-5 A two stage segmentation example
Combining Bases of MarketSegmentation
Stage 1Initial
segmentation
Stage 2Supplemental
segmentation descriptorsManagerialdecisions
Usage: Heavyvs. Light
Demographics: Income & Education
LifestylesAdvertising Content
(conservative, youthful,appeals, & messages)
Media Selection(magazines &TV programs)
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-46
MASS MARKETSTRATEGY
MULTISEGMENTSTRATEGY
CONCENTRATIONSTRATEGY
Organization’s Single
Marketing Mix
Mass Market
Organization’s Single
Marketing Mix
Seg
men
t
A B C D E
Organization’s Several
Marketing Mixes
A D F
Seg
men
t
Seg
men
t
Seg
men
t
A B C D E F
MARKETING STRATEGY
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PORTER’S FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL
THE FIRMTRADITIONAL COMPETITORS
NEW MARKET ENTRANTS
SUPPLIERS
SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS & SERVICES
CUSTOMERS
ThreatsThreats
Bargaining power
N
Internal Forces1.customer focus2.communication3.core competencies4.complexity5.quality
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Porter’s Generic Strategy Framework – 3 Strategies for achieving Competitive Advantage
Competitive Mechanism
Overall Cost Leadership
Focus
DifferentiationIndustrywide (Broad Target)
Particular Segment only
(Narrow Target)C
ompe
titiv
e S
cope
Lower CostPosition
Uniqueness Perceived by
Customer
N
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Segmentation Strategies
Undifferentiated Strategy
Differentiated Strategy
Concentrated Strategy
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-50
Countersegmentation Strategy
Countersegmentation: An alternative strategy to traditional segmentation
approaches. Combines market segments Consumers accept lower price over variety
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Factors Influencing Segmentation Strategy
Size and type of the market Competitive factors Product-related factors:
1. Stage in the product life cycle.2. Degree to which the product may be varied
or modified. Firm’s size and financial position
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Estimating Segment Potentials
1. Set time period of interest.2. Define product level.3. Specify segment characteristics or bases.4. Identify geographic market boundaries. 5. Make assumptions about the marketing
environment.6. Make assumptions about company’s own
marketing efforts and programs (controllable factors).
7. Make estimates of market potential, industry sales, and company sales.
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Firm and Market Potentials and Forecasts
Industry LevelFirm Level
Best Possible Results Expected Results for Given Strategy
Market Potential Market ForecastSales Potential Sales Forecast
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Developing Forecasts
Qualitative Procedures:
Survey of Buyers’ Intentions
Expert Opinion
Composite of Salesforce Estimates
Quantitative Methods: Trend Analysis
Market Tests
Statistical Demand Analysis
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill & Dr. Chen7-55
Targeting Market Segments
To select target segments, the firm must consider: The segment’s potential sales volume and
profits.
Competition currently selling to the segments.
The firm’s abilities and objectives.
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Cost Leadership
Business Strategies and its Competitive Advantage
Cost Focus
Differentiation
Differentiation Focus
Industrywide
(Broad Target)
Particular Segment
only (Narrow Target)
Com
petit
ive
Sco
pe
Competitive Mechanism
Lower CostPosition
Uniqueness Perceived by
Customer
Industrial economy Knowledge-based economy
Inno
vatio
n
Alli
ance
Gro
wth
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Positioning
Repositioning:When a firm wants to shift consumer
opinions about an existing brand.
Positioning:Designing a marketing program, including
the product mix, that is consistent with how the company wants its products or
services to be perceived.
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Perceptual Maps Perceptual Maps:
Spatial representations of consumer perceptions of products or brands, are often used to evaluate brand positions in a market.
• Diet Pepsi
• Pepsi Cola
• RC Cola
• Dr Pepper
• Diet Sprite
• Diet 7-Up
• 7-Up• Sprite
• Orange Crush
• Coke Classic
Conservative Expressive
High price
Low price
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Genericmarket
definition
Product-market
definition
Customer(user) needs
Customertypes
Geographicalarea
Product type(good and/or service)
Relationship between Generic and Product-Market Definitions
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Micromarketing
Micromarketing:Combines Census and
Demographic data to identify clusters of households
that share similar consumption patterns.
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Micromarketing Enhances the effectiveness of marketing efforts
by: Identifying potential markets for direct selling through
mail and telemarketing campaigns.
Profiling customers by matching them to demographic and lifestyle clusters.
Learning which areas offer the greatest potential in site selection for new stores or offices.
Tailoring advertising themes and planning media.
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Market Segmentation and Ethics
Advertising to Children Harmful Products Privacy Issues Product Proliferation