chair of business, economics and entrepreneurship education · chair of business, economics and...

University of RostockFaculty of Economic and Social SciencesChair of Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship Education

Prof. Dr. Andreas Diettrich, Dipl.-Hdl. Martin French, B.A. Philipp Rose

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SwedenKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso The number of gainfully employed persons aged 16–74 is expected to increase by

more than half a million people, amounting to roughly 5.04 million in 2035.o Employment growth is anticipated in high-skilled occupations (i.e. ICT). o While skills shortages are increasing in some areas, Sweden is experiencing under-

utilisation of skills at the same time. There is also still a gap concerning efficient strategies for labour market integration of migrants.

o The educational level of the adult population has increased significantly in the past 15 years. This development reflects a steady focus on educational attainment.

o Sweden has a strong focus on increasing the technical skill supply – primarilythrough an improvement of the Yrkeshögskolan – a post secondary form ofvocational education that combines theoretical and practical studies in closecooperation with employers and industry.

• Inhabitants [n] 9,644,864• GDP/Inhabitants [EUR] 44,400• Invest Education/GDP [%]* 6.8• Unemployment [%] 8• Youth Unemployment [%] 23• Early Leavers Educ./Train. [%] 7

• VET Rate [%] * 49• Tertiary Educ. Attainm. [%] 50• Participation LLL [%] 29• Entrepreneurial Comp. [%] * 39• Learning Mobility (da Vinci) [%] * 0.6• Learning Mobility (Erasmus) [%] * 2.3

FinlandKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso Finland is battling recession and the continuing weak economic outlook.o The population, labour force and the number of employed are set to decline in the

2020s. There is a restructuring going on from industries to services, especially nursing and new technologies.

o Although Finland has done well in international qualification comparisons, changing skills demands combined with structural changes mark a substantial challenge for the education system overall.

o There is a high inability of the government to steer individual educational choices to undervalued sectors and a lack of entrepreneurial culture.

o For identifying the medium and long term development of labour demand and the demand for skills in Finland the scheme VATTAGE was implemented, which is a dynamic, applied general equilibrium model of the Finnish economy, to forecast structural changes in the Finnish economy (incl. Youth Guarantee Schemes).


• VET Rate [%]* 70• Tertiary Educ. Attainm. [%] 45• Participation LLL [%] 25• Entrepreneurial Comp. [%] * 33• Learning Mobility (da Vinci) [%] *0.7• Learning Mobility (Erasmus) [%] * 2.2

LatviaKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso According to the national forecasts more jobs will be created in Latvia, mostly in

commercial services, trade and manufacturing sectors.o Youth unemployment continues to be a considerable problem in Latvia.o It is anticipated that demand for labour will increase in occupations requiring high

level qualifications, such as senior professionals and managers – and for skilled workers and craftsmen with medium level qualifications both in the medium (2020) and longer (2030) term.

o In the medium term it is anticipated that there will be supply shortages in the segment of workers with medium and higher level vocational education and an oversupply of specialists who have higher education in humanities and social sciences.

o Two main policy documents address the need for changing the Latvian economic structure – National Industrial Policy (NIP) and Smart Specialisation Strategy.


• VET Rate [%]* 39• Tertiary Educ. Attainm. [%] 40• Participation LLL [%] 6• Entrepreneurial Comp. [%]* 48• Learning Mobility (da Vinci) [%]* 2.1• Learning Mobility (Erasmus) [%]* 0.9

LithuaniaKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso Anticipated future national employment growth is small compared to EU level

trends.o Between 2004 and 2013, net migration remained negative and national official

statistics registered around 430,000 people leaving Lithuania; a significant loss of human capital in a population of three million.

o The Lithuanian labour market is characterised by a highly educated workforce. Nevertheless significant skills challenges exist, i.e. entrepreneurial thinking.

o There are high levels of skills mismatches within the national labour market, particularly for young graduates.

o Lithuania is one of four pilots in the EU Youth Guarantee Schemes: This newapproach ensures that all young people under 25 years get a job, apprenticeship, traineeship or continued education within four month after becoming unemployed.


• VET Rate [%]* 29• Tertiary Educ. Attainm. [%] 53• Participation LLL [%] 5• Entrepreneurial Comp. [%]* 35• Learning Mobility (da Vinci) [%]* 3.9• Learning Mobility (Erasmus) [%]* 1,1

PolandKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso Whilst up to 2020 employment is expected to decrease in the industry and

agriculture sectors, new jobs are expected to be created in the service sector.o Growth is anticipated in high-skilled occupations, such as professionals, technicians

and associate professionals, as well as managerial roles.o Every third employer in Poland reports a skills shortage. Reported skills shortages

are highest in the manufacturing, industrial, mining, construction and transport sectors.

o In upcoming the focus of educational initiatives will be to develop the transversal skills of all students. The New Competency Development Programme aims at strengthening students’ entrepreneurship, vocational, analytical and soft skills.

o 2015 has been announced as the Year of Vocational Schools with the aim to improve the quality and increase the public perception of VET.



GermanyKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso In the short run, Germany’s employment is forecasted to continue to increase.o Growth sectors include healthcare, scientific and technical services and other

business services.o Despite demographic change, Germany’s employment is forecasted to decrease

only slightly in the long run due to immigration.o Skills shortages exist in the electrical industry, mechanical and plant engineering

sector, and the health and care sector.o Well-established and highly recognized upper secondary vocational programmes

(German Dual System) leads to low (youth) unemployment rates. o Since a few years the policy approach Youth Employment Agency (YEA) aims to

connect the wide spread of responsibilities, ressources and services concerningemployment strategies for young people and to establish corporate contact points.



EstoniaKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso Employment grew primarily in services, which increased the dominance of the tertiary

sector compared to other sectors.o Emigration and working abroad are severely affecting the labour market as the

population overall is declining.o There is a growing demand for high-skilled labour in Estonia – while the local labour

market and education system will face difficulties to meet the expected demand, the issue of attracting foreign talents has become more important (Estonian Entrepreneurship Growth Strategy 2014-2020).

o In 2012 a coordination system of the surveillance and forecasting of the labour market and the development of skills (OSKA System) was proposed.

o e-Estonia is a term commonly used to describe Estonia’s emergence as one of the most advanced e-societies in the world – influencing education and labour market.


• VET Rate [%]* 34• Tertiary Educ. Attainm. [%] 47• Participation LLL [%] 12• Entrepreneurial Comp. [%]* 40• Learning Mobility (da Vinci) [%]* 3.5• Learning Mobility (Erasmus) [%] * 1.6

Trends and Innovations in Education and Labour Market Policyin the Baltic Sea RegionAnalytical Highlights of Current European Policy Papers (September 2015)

EU28Key Indicators

All data are based on the year 2014, except it is marked with *. In that case the indicators are based on data from 2013.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Early Leavers from Education and Training:The indicator is definedas the percentageof the population aged18-24with atmostlowersecondaryeducationandwhowerenot in furthereducationortrainingduringthe last fourweeksprecedingthesurvey.VocationalEducationandTrainingRate:Thenumberdisplays theshareof ISCED3students invocational educationandtraining.Tertiary Education Attainment: The indicator is defined as the percentage of the population aged 30-34 who have successfullycompletedtertiarystudies (e.g.university,highertechnical institutionetc.).Participation LifeLongLearning: Lifelong learning refers topersons aged25-64who stated that they receivededucationor trainingin thefourweeksprecedingthesurvey.EntrepreneurialCompetences:Shareofadults (aged18-64)feelingcapable tostartabusiness.Learning Mobility (da Vinci): Share of students with higher education and education-related study or training (including workplacements)abroad,representingaminimumof15ECTScreditsor lastingaminimumof threemonths.Learning Mobility (Erasmus): The indicator is defined as the percentage of 18-34 year-olds with an initial vocational education andtraining (IVET) anda IVET-related studyor trainingperiod (includingworkplacements) abroad lasting aminimum of twoweeksor lessif documentedbyEuropass.



DenmarkKey Indicators

Analytical Highlightso A shortage of higher and vocationally educated persons is expected for 2020.o Denmark has one of the lowest levels of youth unemployment in Europe. o 20% of employed persons think that they need more education and training to

perform better in their current job.o The Danish labour market is often described with the term Flexicurity which is a

compound of flexibility (rules for hiring and firing), security (unemployment benefit at a relatively high level) and active labour market policy (effective system to offer guidance, a job or education to all unemployed – Employability Coaching).

o Several reforms in process aim to help reduce dropout among VET students, by providing increased flexibility to access higher education.

o A new policy agreement, Improving Vocational Education and Training (2014), aims to provide a more attractive supply of VET programmes.


• VET Rate [%]* 46• Tertiary Educ. Attainm. [%] 44• Participation LLL [%] 32• Entrepreneurial Comp. [%]* n.a.• Learning Mobility (da Vinci) [%]* 0.9• Learning Mobility (Erasmus) [%] * 2.4

chair of business, economics and entrepreneurship education · chair of business, economics and...

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