challenge in ior from heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs
TRANSCRIPT
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Challenge in IOR from heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs of deep offshore Pre-Salt fields in
Brazil
Santiago Drexler
IOR Norway 2019March 20th, 2019
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» LRAP history
» The EOR scenario in offshore Brazil
» Overview of research projects
Outline
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» Two projects funded by BG Group were approved by ANP in 2013:– Developing Experimental Enhanced Oil Recovery Capabilities in Brazil (Infrastructure)– Understanding Brazilian Pre-Salt Reservoirs: A BG Fellowship Training Programme (HR
training)
» Cooperation with Heriot-Watt University, UK– Expertise developed in the past 20 years of R&D
» Shell acquired BG Group in 2016» One RD&I project funded by Petrobras at the end of 2016: SCAL» Two RD&I projects funded by Shell were approved by ANP in 2017:
– WAGEX & CFC
How LRAP (EOR Lab) began...
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Where are we?
CENPES (Petrobras)
CENPES-II (Petrobras)
Enhanced Oil Recovery LabLRAP/COPPE/UFRJ
Technology Centre/UFRJ
Ilha do FundãoUFRJ Campus
UFRJ Centre of Technology
UFRJ Technology Park
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Interdisciplinary Group of Fluid Dynamics - NIDF
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Why EOR is important in Brazil?6
During the last years, Brazil’s Oil and Gas Industry has beenpreparing for dramatic changes.
Campos Basin Post-Salt
Source: ANP, “A Retormada do setor de Petróleo e Gás”. Presented at the XII SPETRO, UFRJ, Oct. 2017
Santos and ES Basins Post-Salt Northeast Offshore
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Why EOR is important in Brazil?7
Brazilian Pre-Salt reservoirs are gigantic assets which are game-changers for the Brazilian Oil and Gas Industry.
Thou
sand
boe
/d
Offshore Pre-Salt
Offshore Post-Salt
Offshore Total
Source: ANP, “A Retormada do setor de Petróleo e Gás”. Presented at the XII SPETRO, UFRJ, Oct. 2017
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Industry Challenges
» Recovery Factor in Brazil is still very low – 21%.
» Carbonate Pre-Salt reservoirs represent a significant part of the overall portfolio in Brazil – over 50% production from the Pre-Salt in 2018.
» Complex rock-fluids interactions. Need for research!
» Existent reservoir models still not able to represent the Pre-Salt scenario.
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High production potential: 30.000 STB/day per well (average)
High quality, but very complex, reservoirs Very large structures Light oil Average daily pre salt production in Jan 2019:
1.84 million BOE/day (54.9% of total production)
The Pre-Salt Scenario
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The Pre-Salt Scenario10
Challenges Heterogeneous carbonate rocks. High-salinity brines. Ultra-deep waters. Salt layer of over 2 km. Over 20% CO2 in produced gas.
Sources:Pizarro, J. O. D. S. et al. SPE 155665-MS.Costa Fraga, C. T. et al. SPE 21-8084 WPC.
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ANP: “It is necessary to properly allocate RD&I resources to foster exploration and production in Brazil”
1% of additional recovery leads to:
USD 11 billion in Royalties
2.2 Bboe increase in reserves
USD 18 billions in new investments
Libra Field: increase of 1% in the RF over the worst recovery estimative
→ Increase of USD 5.3 billion in the consortium gross income
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Overview of some research projects
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Initial wettability13
Wettability of pure minerals
Calcite is the only mineral with wettability shift through aging
T = 60 °C ; P = 1000 psi ; Fields B and D
7265
119
7766
145
65 61
111
64 61
167
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Quartz Dolomite Calcite
Con
tact
Ang
le (°
)
Field B 1-15 Field B 1-30 Field D 1-15 Field D 1-30
Calcite
Coquina Quartz
Dolomite
1-30 Field B
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Initial wettability14
Shorter aging times for shifting on outcrops. After 30 days all rocks
strongly oil-wet.
144
133127
170
160
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Indiana Limestone Coquinas D rock
Con
tact
Ang
le (°
)
15 days aging 30 days aging
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Core flood tests – CO2 flooding15
Additional 25% oil
recovery by carbonated
brine injection
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Core sample16
Before the test:
After the test:
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Micro-CT images: wormhole17
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Tracer test18
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Nor
mal
ized
Con
cent
ratio
n of
NaI
-C
/Co
Injected Pore Volume - PV
C/Co x PV
IL_Test#0
ILAfter the test
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Evaluation of a Proposed Workflow for Digital Petrophysics Involving Experimental Data and 3D Digital
Models Using PNM and FEM Numerical Simulations19
Interpore 2018 – 10th International Conference on PorousMedia
Objective: Develop a well-defined workflow involving Basicand digital petrophysics for Brazilian pre-salt reservoir rocksevaluation, using experimental data, geological information,3D modelling, and numerical simulation;
Use of different techniques: permeameter/porosimeter, SEM-EDS and XRD measurements, μCT with different pixel sizes,centrifuge method for two-phase fluid flow, and numericalsimulation;
Colaboration with Universiteit Utrecht.
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Primary drainage – An experimental and computational study withBrazilian pre-salt analogue carbonate rocks
Objective: Evaluate primary drainage simulations based onPNM and comparison with measurements from centrifugemethod;
We generated calibrated Pore Network Models (PNM) fromBrazilian pre-salt analogue carbonate rocks μCT images, usingexperimental techniques such as NMR, DRX, SEM/EDS andDSA to evaluate the pore and rock structures, rock-fluid andfluid-fluid interactions for two-phase flow modelling;
Colaboration with Universiteit Utrecht.
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Representative elementary volume in a region of interest of a heterogeneous carbonate rock using X-ray computed microtomography and numerical simulation
Brazilian Journal of Geophysics(DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v36i4.1975)
Objective: This study analyzes the representative elementary volume (REV) in aregion of interest (ROI) of a highly heterogeneous carbonate rock sample;
Porosity and absolute permeability are estimated in different subvolumes of thesample based on digital petrophysics;
All necessary steps for reconstruction and segmentation of the complex poresystem of the sample, as well as numerical simulations of fluid flow, are presentedand discussed;
The results are promising for reservoir evaluation because the workflow can beapplied for any type of highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoir rocks.
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THANK YOU!This research was carried out in association with the R&D project registered as
ANP20163-2, “Análise Experimental da Recuperação de Petróleo para os Carbonatos do Pré-Sal do Brasil através de Injeção Alternada de CO2 e Água” (UFRJ/Shell Brasil/ANP) – sponsored by Shell Brasil under the ANP R&D levy as
“Compromisso de Investimentos com Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento”.
Acknowledgements
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Prof. Paulo Couto: [email protected] Dr. Santiago Drexler: [email protected] Eng. William Godoy: [email protected] Eng. Thaís Silveira: [email protected]
Contacts Information