challenges 21 century in environmental aspects
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Challenges 21 Century In Environmental AspectsTRANSCRIPT
Challenges in 21Challenges in 21stst Century Agriculture Century Agriculture
in Indiain India(Environmental Aspect)(Environmental Aspect)
Dr. R. C. TiwariDr. R. C. Tiwari(Former Prof. & Head)(Former Prof. & Head)
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Department of Soil Science and Agricultural ChemistryChemistry
Institute of Agricultural SciencesInstitute of Agricultural SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityBanaras Hindu University
Varanasi-221005Varanasi-221005
Presented by: Dr. R.C.Tiwari/ Mr. Ankit Kumar
SoilAir
WaterAnimal
Vegetation
SocialEconomical
PoliticalHuman Society
World of Natural resources World of development
Inherited Created
Man is creature of two worlds. One which has been inherited and the other which the man has created. The world created by him has been exploiting the natural world.
SCENARIO OF DEVELOPMENTSCENARIO OF DEVELOPMENT
One in every seven persons on this planet lives in India
16 Percent of the world’s population is in India
Only 2.4 percent of world’s land is in India
There are 1652 mother tongues 33 spoken languages. 100000 each
Land : Geographical area - 329 mha
Agricultural area - 143 mha
Degraded soils - 85 mha
Cattle population : 406 m heads (largest in world) on only 13 mha pasture land.
27 percent population in urban area. 30 percent of urban population in slums. Total cities towns - 3245 Sewage system in only - 21 cities
AGRICULTURE
TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL X
Low production
MODERN CHEMICAL MECHANICALX
Production more than potential
INTEGRATIONOF
TECHNOLOGIES
ECOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL
CHEMICAL MECHANICAL
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURESUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
To achieve
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Inter Generational Equity (Economic Justice/ Productivity – Long term profitability Benign Environment)
NUTRIONAL SECURITY
LAND AND WATER SHORTAGE
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL
BIODIVERSITY EROSION
GLOBAL COMPETETION
AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY AND POWER
PROBLEMS & CHALLENGES PROBLEMS & CHALLENGES OF OF
2121STST CENTURY CENTURY
POSITION OF INDIA IN WORLD AGRICULTURE IN 1999POSITION OF INDIA IN WORLD AGRICULTURE IN 1999
Item Item World World (Mt)(Mt)
India India (Mt)(Mt)
India’s India’s rankrank
Next toNext to
Wheat 584 71 Second China
Paddy 596 131 Second China. USA
Total 264 230 Third China
Total pulses 59 16 First
Groundnut 33 7 Second China
Rapeseed 43 6 Third Canada, China
Sugarcane 12.75 282 Second Brazil
Tea 287 0.7 First
Jute and allied fibers
3.3 2.1 First
Cotton (lint in bales)
18.2 2.1 Third China, USA
Vegetables 629 59 Second China
Fruits 445 39 Second China
Potatoes 294 23 Third China, Russian
Federation
Onion 44 5 Second China
CountCountry ry
PaddyPaddy CountrCountryy
WheatWheat
Egypt 8.77 UK 7.08
Spain 7.84 France 6.63
USA 7.20 Egypt 6.36
Japan 6.66 China 3.83
China 6.36 Italy 2.82
Italy 5.57 Syria 2.82
Indonesia
4.25 Romania 2.80
Vietnam
4.26 USA 2.71
India 2.96 India 2.74
World 3.91 World 2.72
YIELD (t haYIELD (t ha-1-1) OF PADDY AND WHEAT IN SELECTED ) OF PADDY AND WHEAT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF WORLD IN 2001COUNTRIES OF WORLD IN 2001
GRAIN PRODUCTION
1951 50 million tonnes
2003 182 million tonnes
2025 300 million tonnes
2050 350 million tonnes
NPK – CONSUMPTION (FERTILIZERS)
1950 50,000 tonnes
2003 18.6 million tonnes
2025 300 million tonnes
+ About 10 million tonnes from
organic sources
Vitami
ns
Minerals
FOOD Carbohydrate
Fiber, Fertilizer, Furniture, Fuel
PIPELINE FOR FERINERY
SoilRaw Material STORE HOUSE OF
PLANT NUTRIENTS
Ground Water
OH
N C
K SP
Ni
Cu
M O
CaMn
ZnC 1
MgFe B
Plant Plant GrowthGrowth
SunshineClimateSoilSeedManagement
BLANC PHYTO-NUTRIENTS
UNDER NOURISHED CHILDREN
The Hindu: Survey of Indian Agriculture 2004
Nutritional requirement and availability per head/ day
Sl. No.
Nutrition Amount requirement (gms)
Available (gms)
1. Protein 55 30
2. Fat 14.8 8.5
3. Vegetables 300 210
4. Fruits 220 180
DIVERSIFIED FOOD DIVERSIFIED FOOD PRODUCTION FOR PRODUCTION FOR
NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL SECURITYSECURITY
The Hindu: Survey of Indian Agriculture 2004
Sources of Functional Food
1
Source: Google
2
Sources of Functional FoodSource: Google
S O I LS O I L
SS OO II LL
SOULSOUL OFOF INFINITINFINITEE
LIFELIFE
Stomach of plantsStomach of plants
Base of agricultureBase of agriculture
Community-not a Community-not a commoditycommodity
Store House of plant Store House of plant nutrientsnutrients
SOIL GENESISSOIL GENESIS
SOILSOIL
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Ecotoxicology Human
Toxicology
CONTAMINATION FATE AND BEHAVIOUR Abiotic Biotic
EXPOSURE ROUTES Land use Human
and Ecological
Receptors
SOIL QUALITY CRITERIA
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS-BASED AND HUMAN HEALTH BASED SOIL QUALITY CRITERIA
AIR
MINERAL WATER
SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY
SOIL
Physical environment of soil. The “Soil life” and “Biological life” are open system. The external solar energy is converted in to chemical energy and allows the work to be done.
ENVIRONMENT
SOIL DEGRADATIONSOIL DEGRADATION EROSION
15 t ha-1 annual 1 mm soil surface ha-1 = 15 tonnes 1 tonnes contains (kg) = N P2O5 K2O Ca
4.0 1 20 2 NUTRIENT DEPLETION (-ve return of
nutrients) SECONDARY SALINIZATION
Irrigation Fertilizers and manures Inadequate drainage, high water table SOIL AS DUST BIN – TOXIC SUBSTANCES –
POLLUTION) ERRATIC AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
Monoculture Sub – soil hard pan formation Unbalanced fertilizer use Residues of insecticides (persistences)
ANNUAL PLANT NUTRIENTS TRANSPORT
Present
Removal of Nutrients
- 25 mt/ year
Addition of Nutrients
-18 mt/ year
Projected 2025
Removal of Nutrients
- 45 mt/ year
--------------
------------
---
45
6 B
N
P
K
A
LOWMEDIUM
HIGH
B
A Rice-Wheat cropping area of Indo-Gangatic plain under study. Soils showing plant nutrient indices.
Area under study
xPOOR SEEDBEDPREPARATION
10-20%
INAPPROPRIATECROP VARIETY
20-40%
DELAY IN SOWING 20-30%
IMPROPER SEEDING
5-25%
INADEQUATE PLANT POPULATION
10-25%INADEQUATE IRRIGATION
10-20%
WEEDINFESTATION
15-50%
INSECT DAMAGE
5-50%
IMBALANCE FERTILIZER USE
20-50%IMPROPER FERTILIZERPLACEMENT
5-10%
SOME ESTIMATES OF POSSIBLE REDUCTION IN FERTILIZEREFFICIENCY DUE TO CONTROLLABLE FACTORS.
SOURCE:- SEKHON
N P K S
SOIL QUALITY (HEALTH)SOIL QUALITY (HEALTH)
““CAPACITY OF THE SOIL TO FUNCTION WITHIN CAPACITY OF THE SOIL TO FUNCTION WITHIN ECOSYSTEM BOUNDARIES TO SUSTAIN BIOLOGICAL ECOSYSTEM BOUNDARIES TO SUSTAIN BIOLOGICAL
PRODUCTIVITY, MAINTAIN ENVIRONMENT QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY, MAINTAIN ENVIRONMENT QUALITY AND PROMOTE PLANT AND ANIMAL HEALTH”PROMOTE PLANT AND ANIMAL HEALTH”
Doran and Parkin (1994)
SOIL QUALITY INDICATORSSOIL QUALITY INDICATORS
PHYSICAL• SOIL STRUCTURE• COMPACTION, B.D., POROSITY• WATER CAPACITY• SOIL DEPTH• SOIL STRENGTH- PENETRATION RESISTANCE
CHEMICAL• pH, E.C., C.E.C.• TOTAL C & N• AVAILABLE NPK• MICRONUTRIENTS
BIOLOGICAL• MICROBIAL BIOMASS• SOIL ENZYMES• EARTHWORM POPULATION• MYCORRHIZA (VAM)• NEMATODES, ANTS• FUNGAL HYPHAE
INTEGRATED PLANT
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERSoil test, crop and variety,Crops sequence climate crop management etc.
PLANT ANIMAL RESIDUESFYM, Compost, Vermicompost,Piggery & Poultry manure, Urban sludge, Organic industrial Wastes, meals, cakes etc.
LEGUMES Green manure, grain legumes in rotation and inter-cropping
BIOFERTILIZERSRhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB/M, BGA Azolla, VAM, (Vesicular Arbicular mycorhiza)
S O I L
COMPONENT OF IPNMCOMPONENT OF IPNMCOMPONENT OF IPNMCOMPONENT OF IPNM
ISSUESISSUES
Soil DegradationSoil erosionNutrient loss through erosion and depletion by croppingOrganic matter lossWater loggingDesertificationAcidificationCompactionCrustingSalinizationToxicant accumulation
STRATEGY STRATEGY
Alternative agriculture
Skilled management
Crop rotation Soil and water
conservation Conservation
tillage (energy management)
Integrated nutrient management
Integrated pest management
Integrated (crop,
livestock systems) farming system.
GOALGOAL
Sustainable agriculture
Productive Energy
conserving
Environmentally
sound Economically
viable Conserved
natural resources
Improved health/ food quality/ safety system
Soil Quality
SOIL QUALITY AND STRATEGIES SOIL QUALITY AND STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITYFOR SUSTAINABILITY
Water and land on earth
water, 75%
land, 25%Fresh water on earth
Fresh water, 3%
Sea water, 97%
India's share of fresh water
World share, 95.50%
India's share, 4.50%
Used for irrigation
Other, 30%
Irrigation, 70%
WATER RESOURCES ON WATER RESOURCES ON EARTHEARTH
WATER RESOURCES IN INDIAWATER RESOURCES IN INDIA
Annual precipitation
: 400 m ha m/year
Total percolation : 150 m ha m/year
Total run off : 180 m ha m/year
Total evaporation : 70 m ha m/year
Out of total percolation
::
40 m ha – ground water110 m ha soil moisture
Out of total run off
: 17 m ha m in reservoirs
MEASURES TO RESHAPE THE LOCAL WATER MEASURES TO RESHAPE THE LOCAL WATER BALANCEBALANCE
Treatment of industrial wastes before discharging in water bodies
Construction of water reservoirs
Pollution control of rivers and lakes
Preservation, a forestation of productive forests
Development of large scale ground water reservoirs
Improvement in catchment areas of rivers and lakes
Soil conservation and improvement
Judicious use of irrigation water
WATER PROBLEMSWATER PROBLEMS LACK OF WASTE WATER RECYLING 70 TO 80% LOSS DUE OT SURFACE RUN OFF ERRATIC USE OF IRRIGATION WATER (40% LOSS BETWEEN SOURCE AND SITE) MINIMAL USE OF SPRINKLISS, DRIP IRRIGATION, PITICHER IRRIGAION
ETC. POLLUTION OF WATER BODIES:-EUTRIFICATION OF PONDS, LAKES
ETC.
SAVE WATERSAVE WATER RECYCLING OF TREATED WASTE WATER POURING WASTE WATER IN WATER BODIES BE AVOIDED
WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICESWATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES WATER HARWESTING ON FARM AND VILLAGE IN-SITU WATER CONSERVATION CHECK DAMS AND DROP STRUCTURES ON NALAHS GROWING DRYLAND CROPS & PLANTATION SPRINKLERS USE AND DRIP IRRIGATION CONTOUR, TERACES, INDIVIDUAL FIELD DUNDING WATER MANAGEMENT EDUCATION AT FARMERS LEVEL
Plant cells
Plants and
Genes
CONSERVATION OF
700: Actually commercialized Plants
7000 : Plant used for food (present)
75000 : World wide total edible plants
BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY
CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IN AGRICULTURECONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IN AGRICULTURE
SOURCE 1970 1993Commercial energy
1.4 % 9.2 %
Petroleum products
5.39 % 10.42 %
Electricity 9.2 % 26.3 %Animate energy 0.55 GJ/
t0.08 GJ/
t
ANNUAL POTENTIAL OF ANNUAL POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE RENEWABLE
ENERGY RESOURCESENERGY RESOURCESWind power : 20000 MW
Micro-hydel power
: 10000 MW
Biomass/ bio-energy
: 17000 MW
Thermal Energy : 50000 MW
Tidal Power : 9000 MW
Solar Energy : 30000 MW10% OF TOTAL ENERGY POWER TO BE GENERATION BY 2007
ANIMATE ENERGY IN AGRICULTUREANIMATE ENERGY IN AGRICULTURE(Human & Draughts Animals)(Human & Draughts Animals)
1. To increase efficiency of human energy.
High capacity equipments Modification of equipments
2. To Increase efficiency of animal energy. Draughts breed improvement Improved yokes.
Use animals for grinding oil extraction, chaff cutting, cane crushing, water lifting, milch animals for draughts use.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT (Suggestions)(Suggestions)
Efficient Human & Animate energy (Improvement in tools, machines, equipments).
Increase use of: - Solar, Biomass, Wind, Hydro, Geo-thermal energies.
Increase farm energy to 2 KW/ ha. Custom service in tractors, power tillers, thrashers,
etc. Reduce chemical fertilizer consumption, IPNM/ organic
farming. Energy plantation. Encourage biogas, efficient cookers and Stoves, solar
cookers, solar water heaters and solar seed driers.
Mixed energy sources for rural area. More research and development. Growing low energy input crops:- pulses, oil seeds
millets. Production of biodiesel
Source: Google
Jatropha
Jatropha - Production/ ha = 3-4 tonnesOil (%) = 35.0Maturity time = 4 yearsYield per plant = 4-5 kgByproduct Glycerin = 100 kg/ tonne oilCakes = 3 kg/ kg oil
The cost of glycerol and cakes meet the processing costs. Oil is treated with methanol + NaOH = to get biodiesel
Biodiesel from Jatropha
DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SOURCESSOURCES
Solar energy (5 x 1026 K Cal./ year on earth
5 x 1026 K Cal./ year required)
Wind energy (coastal, hills, deserts): Electric & water pumping
Total potential 20,000 MW: A. P., Karnataka, T. N., Kerala, Gujurat, Maharastra
Low energy consuming cropsWHEN YOU WANT POWER
TAP THE SUN
WHEN YOU WANT POWER
TAP THE SUN
MEETING CHALLENGES AHEAD MEETING CHALLENGES AHEAD 1.1.Gene Revolution:- GMO’s Gene Revolution:- GMO’s
Transgenic revolution Transgenic revolution
2.2.Eco-technology Revolution:- Eco-technology Revolution:- Blending ofBlending of
Traditional + frontier technologies Traditional + frontier technologies IPR extension IPR extension 3.3.Yield revolutionYield revolutionSeed improvementSeed improvement1 tonne grain 1000 tonnes water1 tonne grain 1000 tonnes waterMore fertilizer manuresMore fertilizer manures
4.4.IM of Natural Resources IM of Natural Resources IPNMIPNMIPMIPMImprovement in post harvest technologyImprovement in post harvest technologyIntegrated gene managementIntegrated gene managementInformation technologyInformation technologyExtension system Extension system
LAND OWNERSHIP
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE LAND
YOUTH MIGRATION TO URBAN AREA
POVERTY (INPUT SCARCITY)
LACK OF AGRICULTURAL LITERACY (improve Agricultural Technique)
POPULATION
RURAL WOMAN PARTICIPATION
NON FARM USE OF SOIL
SOCIAL SOCIAL CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINTS
THREATSTHREATS Unabated land degradation. Depletion of soil organic matter. Global warming, shrinking water bodies and groundwater. Increasing number of human and livestock heads per unit
of land. Uncontrolled grazing depleting grazing resources. Lack of adequate efforts for ground water recharge,
recycling and water disposal. Monocropping leading to problems of soil fertility, pests
and depleting biodiversity.
Spurious inputs and over or under doing of pest management practices.
Political divide in local communities impeding development of villages and hinterlands.
Limitation in policies with long term perspective. Increased fragmentation of lands and absentee
landlordism. Decreasing crops and livestock biodiversity. Excess grazing and degradation of land. Rapid industrialization, poor waste/ effluent disposal and
recycling facilities.
OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES
Availability of substantial research information. Growth of ‘green consumerism’. Changing socioeconomic conditions in rural
areas. Vast treasure of indigenous technical knowledge
in the field of agriculture.
National and international information sharing.
Thrust on recycling and use of low external inputs.
Frontier technologies, GIS, Remote sensing. Advanced information technology. Large network of NGO’s (as partners for
technology development and dissemination).
Awareness for technology development and dissemination.
Cereals, Pulses, Oil Seeds, Sugarcane,
Cotton etc.
Forestry, Agro- forestry, Silvipasture,
Sericulture
Fruits, Flowers, Vegetables, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Poultry, Piggery, Bee
Keeping, Fisheries etc.
Oil INTEGRATED INTENSIVE FARMING SYSTEM
ON THE PILLARS OF
INTEGRATED INTENSIVE FARMING SYSTEM FOR INTEGRATED INTENSIVE FARMING SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
2. RURAL EMPLOYMENT4. ECONOMICALY PROFITABLE6. MARKETING INFRASTRUCTURE8. LOW ENERGY INPUT(ORGANIC FARMING, ANIMAL ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY)
1. SOIL HEALTH3. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY (VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS)5. ECOFREINDLY7. COOPERATIVE PROJECT APPROCACH9. SCIENTIFIC-SYSTEM
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Slides Prepared by: Ankit Kumar, ChE, IT, BHU