challenges facing municipalities to provide infrastructure ... · dr. bassam a. tayeh assistant...

The Islamic University Of Gaza

زةـــــغب ةــالميــــــة اإلســـــــــامعـالج

Deanship of Research and

Graduate Studies البحث العلمي والدراسات العليا عمادة

Faculty of Engineering ةــــــــــــــــة الهـنـدســـــــــــــــــــليـك

Master of Infrastructure ةـــــــة التحتيــــــر البنيـــــــماجستيــ

Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide

Infrastructure Services

in the Gaza Strip

ةخدمات البنية التحتيالتحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم في قطاع غزة

By

Abdallah Farid Alnairab

Supervised by

Dr. Bassam A. Tayeh

Assistant Professor of Structural Engineering

A thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for Degree of Master of Science in Civil

Engineering, Infrastructure Construction,

The Islamic University of Gaza

February/2018

I

إقــــــــــــــرار

أنا الموقع أدناه مقدم الرسالة التي تحمل العنوان:

Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure

Services in the Gaza Strip

التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات البنية التحتية

في قطاع غزة

رد، وأن و أقر بأن ما اشتملت عليه هذه الرسالة إنما هو نتاج جهدي الخاص، باستثناء ما تمت اإلشارة إليه حيثما

لنيل درجة أو لقب علمي أو بحثي لدى أي مؤسسة االخرين هذه الرسالة ككل أو أي جزء منها لم يقدم من قبل

تعليمية أو بحثية أخرى.

Declaration

I understand the nature of plagiarism, and I am aware of the University’s policy on

this.

The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher's own

work, and has not been submitted by others elsewhere for any other degree or

qualification.

:Student's name عبدالله فريد النيرب اسم الطالب:

التوقيع:Signature:

:Date 24/02/2018 التاريخ:

III

Abstract

Research Purpose: In recent years, municipalities in Palestine and in the Gaza Strip

especially, suffered from many obstacles, which impede them from completing its

functions and obligations, among of these obstacles, were related to challenges facing

municipalities to provide wastewater services, water supply, and solid waste in Gaza

Strip. The main aim of this research is to identify the challenges facing municipalities

to provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip.

Research Methodology: A number of researches and scientific papers related to the

field of study were studied. A questionnaire was designed according to the quantitative

scale methodology in this research. The final version of the questionnaire was obtained

by arbitration of the questionnaire by 20 experts who work at the municipal sector in

addition to academic associated professors, where they were used to revise and

measure the clarity and ease of understanding of the factors included in the

questionnaire, and 108 questionnaires were distributed to the parties involved (all

municipalities in Gaza Strip) and the researcher received just 106 questionnaires.

Research Results: After reviewing the previous studies. The researcher obtains

overall of 86 factors, divides it to three sections and every section include three field.

These sections are wastewater services challenges, water supply challenges and solid

waste challenges. The researcher concludes the following results: The critical

challenges facing the municipalities' services in Gaza are Solid waste, Water supply

and Waste water respectively according to their RII. The most critical factors in each

section/field are as follows: For Wastewater/ Financial "Lack of provided budget to

the municipalities" and "Decline of revenues, which the municipalities collect them

from their projects". For Wastewater/ Physical "Lack of the needed energy such as fuel

and electricity to operate treatment plant" and "Inability to wastewater treatment". For

Wastewater/ Technical and Environmental "The negative impact of wastewater on the

environment" and "Aquifer pollution by increasing the proportion of salts and

nitrates". For Water Supply / Financial "Lack of provided budget to the municipalities"

and "Weakness of citizen's culture for bills payments". For Water Supply / Physical

"Lack of the needed energy such as fuel and electricity to operate water wells" and

"The severe shortage of water quantity in the aquifer". For Water Supply / Technical

and Environmental "Slight construction of desalination plants to meet the needs of the

population for water" and "Lack of used Technology for solving the problems of water

sector". For Solid Waste / Financial "Insufficient government's fund, which needed for

waste collection" and "Lack of revenue of waste collection with comparison to

operating cost". For Solid Waste / Technical and Environmental "Inability of solid

IV

waste disposal safely" and "Lack of needed energy to operate the municipalities'

trucks". For Solid Waste / Managerial "Few of waste collecting employees at the

municipality" and "Unavailability of a contingency plan for managing solid waste in

crisis time".

Research Importance: This study derives its importance from the fact that it dealt

with one of the issues that affect the essence of the management of one of the services

sectors. These sectors are working in an environment where development has become

an essential feature, and the response to surrounding environmental conditions has

become an urgent necessity. This is why municipalities have been highlighted, where

they suffer from significant performance problems; because of the burdens placed on

them. This study could help municipalities to face the challenges that prevent them

from providing their services.

Key Words: Municipalities, Gaza Strip, Water Supply, Wastewater, Solid waste,

Infrastructure.

V

الملخص

البلديات في فلسطين عامة وفي قطاع غزة بشكل خاص تعاني من : في السنوات األخيرة أصبحت الغرض من الدراسةالعديد من المشكالت التي تعيق البلديات عن تأدية مهامها ووظائفها ومن هذه المشكالت ما يتعلق بخدمات المياه

توالصرف الصحي وخدمات النفايات الصلبة التي تقدمها البلديات. وتهدف هذه الدراسة الى التعرف على التحديا التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات البنية التحتية في قطاع غزة.

الدراسة ومنبحث راق العلمية ذات العالقة بموضوع تم مراجعة ودراسة العديد من األبحاث واألو منهجية البحث:الستبانة عن من االنسخة النهائية اعدادتم حيث خاللها تم تصميم استبانة وفق منهاج المقياس الكمي في هذا البحث

خبير من العاملين في قطاع البلديات في قطاع غزة باإلضافة الى أكاديميين من 20طريق تحكيم االستبانة من قبل العاملين في الجامعات الفلسطينية وعدد من العاملين في سلطة البيئة الفلسطينية، حيث تم االستعانة بتوجيهاتهم

استبانات على الجهات 801على نسخة منقحة من هذه االستبانة، وتم توزيع والتعديالت الالزمة من اجل الحصول استبانات من مجمل االستبانات الموزعة. 801المعنية بالدراسة )جميع البلديات في قطاع غزة( وتم استرداد

مؤشر، ُقسمت الى ثالثة أقسام، كل 11بعد مراجعة الدراسات السابقة وتحكيم االستبانة تم تجميع االستبانة: نتائج( التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات الصرف 8قسم يتضمن ثالثة مجاالت. وهذه االقسام كالتالي: )

التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم (3( التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات المياه. )2الصحي. )خدمات النفايات الصلبة. وتم استخدام التحليل العاملي، لترتيب المؤشرات، حيث بينت الدراسة ان التحديات االكثر

حي. المؤشرات صالتحديات الصرف المياه،تحديات الصلبة،تأثيرَا على البلديات كانت كما يلي: تحديات النفايات في كل قسم كالتالي: ثيرا كثر تأاأل

( المجال المالي "قلة الميزانية المقدمة للبلديات" و "انخفاض االيرادات التي تقوم البلدية 8/ قسم الصرف الصحي: )وال أمن وقود وكهرباء لتشغيل محطات ة( المجال الفيزيائي "قلة وجود الطاقة الالزم2بجبايتها من المشاريع القائمة عليها". )

ف ر السلبي لمياه الصر ي( المجال الفني والبيئي "التأث3جة" و "ضعف القدرة على معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي". )المعال الخزان الجوفي بزيادة نسبة االمالح والنترات". ثالصحي غير المعالجة على البيئة" و "تلو

و "ضعف ثقافة دفع الفواتير المستحقة لدى ( المجال المالي "قلة الميزانية المقدمة للبلديات" 8/ قسم المياه: )ثانيا ( المجال الفيزيائي "قلة وجود الطاقة الالزمة من وقود وكهرباء لتشغيل آبار المياه" و "النقص الحاد في 2المواطنين". )

( المجال الفني والبيئي "قلة انشاء محطات تحلية مياه البحر لسد حاجة السكان3كمية المياه في الخزان الجوفي". ) للمياه" و "عدم استخدام التكنولوجيا المتطورة في ايجاد الحلول للمشاكل التي تواجه قطاع المياه".

( المجال المالي "قلة التمويل الحكومي الالزم لعملية جمع النفايات" و "قلة العائد من 8/ قسم النفايات الصلبة: )ثالثا ( المجال الفني والبيئي "ضعف القدرة على التخلص من 2)عملية جمع النفايات بحيث ال تغطي تكاليف التشغيل".

( المجال االداري "قلة عدد العاملين 3احنات البلديات". )شالنفايات الصلبة بشكل آمن" و "قلة وجود الطاقة الالزمة ل في مجال جمع النفايات" و "عدم وجود خطة طوارئ الدارة قطاع النفايات الصلبة وقت الكوارث واالزمات".

طاعات الق أحدتستمد هذه الدراسة اهميتها في كونها تناولت واحدة من القضايا التي تمس جوهر أهمية الدراسة:البيئية صبحت االستجابة للظروفأساسية و التطور من سماتها األ أصبحالخدماتية حيث تعمل هذه القطاعات في بيئة

المحيطة ضرورة ملحة ولهذا تم تسليط الضوء على قطاع البلديات حيث تعاني من العديد من المعيقات والمشكالت الملقاة على عاتقها وتؤثر على ادائها الوظيفي.

VI

الْعِلْمَ دَرَجَاتٍيَرْفَعِ الل َهُ ال َذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنكُمْ وَال َذِينَ أُوتُوا

المجادلة،

VII

Dedication

To

My Father

For earning an honest living for us and for endless love, supporting and

encouraging me to believe in myself

My Mother

A strong and gentle soul who taught me to trust in Allah, believe in hard

work and that so much could be done with little

My Brothers and Sisters

For their lovely support

VIII

Acknowledgment

First, I would like to thank Allah for all the lovely and bitter moments I experienced

through this work.

I would like sincerely to thank my supervisor, Dr. Bassam A. Tayeh for his guidance

and support throughout this study.

I would like sincerely to thank Eng. Ahmed Dardona, Eng. Youssif Qasem, Eng.

Hamdy Mtair, Dr. Nihad Almoghni, Dr. Husam Alnajjar, Dr. Jabir Alkasseh, Dr. Ayed

Ayoub and Eng. Ruba Al Ahmed for their helping to achieve this study.

I would like sincerely to thank Dr. Hazem Issa and Dr. Farid Alnairab for their helping

and guidance in completing the statistical analysis.

My sincere thanks to all my best friends and colleagues for their supporting and

encouraging me especially my beloved friends Eng. Noor Alghazali, Eng. Ibrahim

Alhajjar, Eng. Yousef Hammad, Eng. Othman Tayeh, Eng. Osama Aljamal, Ramadan

Aljamal and Hany Soliman.

I would like to thank the municipalities in the Gaza Strip for their participation in

filling-up the questionnaire.

IX

Table of Contents

Declaration ...................................................................................................................... I

الحكم نتيجة ....................................................................................................................... II

Abstract ........................................................................................................................ III

V ........................................................................................................................... الملخص

Dedication ................................................................................................................... VII

Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... VIII

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... IX

List of Tables ............................................................................................................... XII

List of Figures ............................................................................................................. XIV

List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... XV

Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 Research Aim………………..………….…………………………………………………..3

1.3.2. Research Objectives ............................................................................................................ 3

Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 7

2.1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………...…………………7

2.1.2. Wastewater Services in The Gaza Strip .............................................................................. 7 2.1.3. Definition of Wastewater .................................................................................................... 8 2.1.4. Types of Wastewater ........................................................................................................... 8 2.1.5. Septic Tanks………………………………………………………………………………..9 2.1.6. Percentage of Sewage Networks and Septic Tanks in The Gaza Strip Governorate ......... 10 2.1.7. The Reasons for Spread of Septic Tanks in The Gaza Strip Governorates ....................... 10 2.1.8. Damage of Wastewater ..................................................................................................... 11 2.1.9. Wastewater Treatment ....................................................................................................... 11 2.1.10. Wastewater Treatment Process ........................................................................................ 12 2.1.11. Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in The Gaza Strip ...................................................... 13 2.1.12. Limitation of Wastewater Reuse in The Gaza Strip ........................................................ 13 2.1.13. Impacts of Use the Treated Wastewater .......................................................................... 15 2.1.14. Wastewater Treatment Plants in The Gaza Strip ............................................................. 16 2.1.15. Challenges and Problems Facing the Wastewater Sector in The Gaza Strip ................... 18

2.2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….19

2.2.2. Water Sources in The Gaza Strip ...................................................................................... 20 2.2.3. Coastal Aquifer in The Gaza Strip .................................................................................... 21 2.2.4. Water Balance of Coastal Aquifer ..................................................................................... 22 2.2.5. Groundwater Level ............................................................................................................ 22 2.2.6. Groundwater Problems in The Gaza Strip Governorates .................................................. 22 2.2.7. Water Pollution…………………………………………………………………………...23

2.2.8. Sources of Groundwater Pollution in The Gaza Strip ....................................................... 23

2.2.9. Causes of Water Shortage in The Gaza Strip Governorates .............................................. 24

X

2.2.10. Water Desalination .......................................................................................................... 25

2.2.11. Types of Water Desalination ........................................................................................... 25

2.2.12. Desalination Projects in The Gaza Strip .......................................................................... 26

2.2.13. Quality of Water Produced From Desalination Plants in The Gaza Strip ....................... 27

2.2.14. Requirements for the Development of the Water and Sanitation Sector in The Gaza Strip27

2.2.15. Obstacles of Water Development Projects in The Gaza Strip ......................................... 28 2.2.16. Challenges Facing the Water Sector in The Gaza Strip Governorates ............................ 28

2.3.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….29

2.3.2. Definition of Solid Waste .................................................................................................. 30

2.3.3. Solid Waste Components .................................................................................................. 30 4.3.2. Solid Waste Sources in The Gaza Strip ............................................................................. 31 2.3.5. Methods of Solid Waste Collection ................................................................................... 31 2.3.6. Methods of Solid Waste Treatment ................................................................................... 32 2.3.7. Factors Affecting on The Volume and Management of Solid Waste ................................ 33 4.3.2. Volume of Solid Waste in The Gaza Strip ........................................................................ 36 2.3.9. Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste ............................................................................. 37 2.3.10. Challenges Facing Solid Waste Management Systems in Palestine ................................ 38

Chapter 3 Municipalities ................................................................................................. 41

3.5.1. The Importance of Municipalities ..................................................................................... 45

3.5.2. The Objectives of Municipalities ...................................................................................... 46

3.7.1. Characteristics of Local Administration in Palestine ........................................................ 48 3.7.2. Obstacles Facing the Local Administration in Palestine ................................................... 49

3.9.1. Sources of Revenue ........................................................................................................... 51 3.9.2. Expenditures…………………… ………………………………………………………...52

3.12.1. Municipality of Gaza ....................................................................................................... 55 3.12.2. Municipality of Khan Younis .......................................................................................... 56 3.12.3. Municipality of Jabalia .................................................................................................... 56 3.12.4. Municipality of Deir El Balah ......................................................................................... 57 3.12.5. The Municipality of Rafah .............................................................................................. 57

3.14.1. Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater Services ................................ 60 3.14.2. Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply Services ............................. 62 3.14.3. Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste Services ............................... 65

Chapter 4 Research Methodology .................................................................................... 69

4.5.1. Section One: General Information About the Responding Person .................................... 73 4.5.2. Section Two: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater Services ........... 73 4.5.3. Section Three: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply Services ...... 74

XI

4.5.4. Section Four: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste Services ........... 74

4.7.1. Criterion-Related Validity Test ......................................................................................... 77

4.7.2. Structure Validity Test ...................................................................................................... 78

4.8.1. Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha (Cα)................................................................................... 79

Chapter 5 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................... 82

5.1.1. Governorate of Municipality ............................................................................................. 83

5.1.2. Classification of Municipality ........................................................................................... 83

5.1.3. Scientific Degree ............................................................................................................... 84

5.1.4. Specialization……………………………………………………………………………..84

5.1.5. Job Title…………………………………………………………………………………...84

5.1.6. Experience Years ............................................................................................................... 84

5.2.1. Challenges of Providing Wastewater Services/ Financial Field ........................................ 86 5.2.2. Challenges of Providing Wastewater Services/ Physical Field ......................................... 88 5.2.3. Challenges of Providing Wastewater Services/ Technical and Environmental Field ........ 90

5.3.1. Challenges of Providing Water Supply Services/ Financial Field ..................................... 94 5.3.2. Challenges of Providing Water Supply Services/ Physical Field ...................................... 96 5.3.3. Challenges of Providing Water Supply Services/ Technical and Environmental Field ..... 99

5.4.1. Challenges of Providing Solid Waste Services/ Financial Field ..................................... 103 5.4.2. Challenges of Providing Solid Waste Services/ Technical and Environmental Field ..... 105 5.4.3. Challenges of Providing Solid Waste Services/ Managerial Field .................................. 108

Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................. 123

6.1.1. Findings Related to The First Objective .......................................................................... 123 6.1.2. Findings Related to The Second Objective ..................................................................... 124 6.1.3. Findings Related to The Third Objective ........................................................................ 126

Appendices .................................................................................................................. 138

XII

List of Tables

Table (2.1): Percentage of Sewage Network and Septic Tanks in Gaza Strip ............................... 10

Table (2.2): Volume of Solid Waste in The Gaza Strip Governorates......................................... 37

Table (3.1): The Differences Between The Local Administration and Local Government .............. 43

Table (3.2): Classification of Municipalities in the Gaza Strip .................................................. 54

Table (3.3): Employees, Population and Areas of Influence for The Major Municipalities in The Gaza

Strip Governorates ........................................................................................................... 58

Table (3.4): Factors Related to Wastewater Services .............................................................. 61

Table (3.5): Factors Related to Water Supply Services ........................................................... 63

Table (3.6): Factors Related to Solid Waste Services .............................................................. 66

Table (4.1): The likert scale ............................................................................................... 73

Table (4.2): The Pilot Study Factors .................................................................................... 75

Table (4.3): Structure Validity of The Questionnaire .............................................................. 78

Table (4.4): Cronbach's Alpha method ................................................................................ 79

Table (4.5): One -sample K-S test for normality .................................................................... 80

Table (5.1): Respondents Information ................................................................................. 82

Table (5.2): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Section Challenges of Providing Wastewater Services..... 85

Table (5.3): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Wastewater/Financial Challenges Field ........................ 86

Table (5.4): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Wastewater/Physical Challenges Field ......................... 88

Table (5.5): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Wastewater/Technical and Environmental Challenges Field

.................................................................................................................................... 91

Table (5.6): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Section Challenges of Providing Water Supply Services…94

Table (5.7): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Water Supply/Financial Challenges Field ..................... 94

Table (5.8): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Water Supply/Physical Challenges Field ...................... 97

Table (5.9): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Water Supply/Technical and Environmental Challenges Field

.................................................................................................................................... 99

Table (5.10): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Section Challenges of Providing Solid Waste Services…102

Table (5.11): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Solid Waste/Financial Challenges Field .................... 103

Table (5.12): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Solid Waste/Technical and Environmental Challenges Field

.................................................................................................................................. 106

Table (5.13): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Solid Waste/Managerial Challenges Field ................. 108

Table (5.14): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Whole Sections Challenges of Providing Infrastructure

Services ....................................................................................................................... 111

Table (5.15): One Way ANOVA Test for Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure

Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Government of Municipality .............................................. 113

Table (5.16): Scheffe Test for Multiple Comparisons- Government of Municipality ................... 114

XIII

Table (5.17): One Way ANOVA Test for Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure

Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Classification of Municipality ............................................ 115

Table (5.18): Scheffe Test for Multiple Comparisons- Classification of Municipality ................. 116

Table (5.19): Independent Sample T-test for Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure

Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Specialization ................................................................. 117

Table (5.20): One Way ANOVA Test of Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure

Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Job Title. ....................................................................... 118

Table (5.21): Scheffe Test for Multiple Comparisons- Job Title. ............................................. 120

Table (5.22): One Way ANOVA Test of Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure

Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Experience Years. ............................................................ 120

XIV

List of Figures

Figure (2.1): Septic Tanks .................................................................................................. 9

Figure (4.1): Framework of the research methodology............................................................ 71

XV

List of Abbreviations

ANOVA Analysis Of Variance

ARIJ Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem

CMWU Coastal Municipalities Water Utility

Cα Cronbach's alpha

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ICRC The International Committee of the Red Cross

MOLG Ministry of Local Government

MOH Ministry of Health

NGO's Non-Governmental Organizations

PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

PCDCR The Palestinian Center For Democracy And Conflict Resolution

RII Relative Importance Index

SD Standard Deviation

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

WHO World Health Organization

WMC Waste Management Council

WWTPs Wastewater Treatment Plants

1

Chapter 1

Introduction

4

Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter outlines the research specifications by presenting background to the

subject area, identify the problem statement, identify the aim and objectives of the

research, identify research hypotheses and finally research scope and limitations.

Background

Municipalities are major organizations that play an important and vital role in

people's lives. Municipalities in our time practice many activities that are of great

importance and thus interfere in public life greatly by coordinating and organizing the

work among the public within the cities, and this leading to increase the welfare of

society (Salem, 2012).

Municipalities also play an important role in community development, through

services provided to the public, and seek to improve the standard of living and improve

the services provided to citizens through the implementation of programs and policies

that they have set for themselves, in order to provide better services and to achieve the

ambitions of peoples that elected them (Mady, 2011).

Many municipalities in the Gaza Strip face several problems related to the

provided infrastructure services to the citizens. Among these services wastewater,

water supply and solid waste services. The siege imposed on the Gaza Strip is one of

the main causes of these problems.

Problem Statement

Local authorities were and still generally in the developing world and especially

in Palestine suffer from many obstacles which impede authorities from completing its

functions and obligations (Al-Farra, 2015). Municipalities are consider one of the most

important service organizations in Palestinian society, which play a major role in

providing basic services that contribute to the development of society. Many

researches and reports have shown that the municipalities in the Gaza Strip suffer from

a weakness in the level of services provided to citizens as a result of many of the

problems and constraints that limit the municipalities to perform their functions well

3

(Mansour, 2013). The increase in the diversity, size of municipalities, expansion of

businesses, projects and services that provided by municipalities in all areas of life to

create many problems and challenges facing municipalities in providing basic services

to the community. Therefore the municipalities are seek to find solutions to reduce

these problems to ensure that municipalities continue to provide their services to

citizens (Salem, 2012).

In this thesis, challenges facing municipalities to provide infrastructure services

in the Gaza Strip will be clarified.

Research Aim and Objectives

1.3.1 Research Aim

The aim of this research is to identify the challenges facing municipalities

to provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip.

1.3.2 Research Objectives

1. To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater

services in the Gaza Strip.

2. To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply


3. To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste


Research Hypotheses

In this research, the following hypotheses were tested:

Hypothesis 1: H0: There are no statistically differences between the respondents

at significant level α = 0.05 about the challenges facing municipalities to provide

infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to government of municipality.



infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to classification of municipality.

2



infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to specialization.



infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to job title.



infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to experience years.

Research Scope and Limitations

The scope of this research is to identify the challenges facing municipalities to

provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip including wastewater, water supply

and solid waste services.

The limitations of this research are as follow:

This research limited for the Gaza Strip zone only.

This research limited for municipalities of the Gaza Strip only.

This research limited for wastewater, water supply and solid waste services only.

The research is based on questionnaire only.

Thesis Structure

1. Chapter One Introduction: This chapter presents background to the research

subject. It describes the problem of the research, research aims and objectives,

research limitations and hypotheses.

2. Chapter Two Literature review: This chapter presents an extensive literature

about infrastructure services, including wastewater services, water supply

services and solid waste services.

3. Chapter Three Municipalities: This chapter presents details about

municipalities in the Gaza Strip.

4. Chapter Four Methodology: This chapter presents the procedure of the

methodology that will be applied through the questionnaires to enhance the

results of surveying.

5

5. Chapter Five Results and Discussions: This chapter presents the results

achieved and their analysis using many methods and discussing them in detail.

6. Chapter Six: Conclusion and recommendations: This chapter involves

writing up conclusions and suggested recommendations to improve

municipalities' services.

6

Chapter 2

Literature Review

7

Chapter 2

Literature Review

This chapter demonstrates a detailed review on infrastructure services in the

Gaza Strip, including wastewater services, water supply services and solid waste

services. Here we will talk about previous services in sequence.

Wastewater

In this section, we will talk about wastewater, septic tanks, wastewater treatment

plants, reuse and recycling of wastewater and challenges and problems facing the

wastewater sector in the Gaza Strip.

2.1.1 Introduction

The sewage sector in the Gaza Strip suffers from many problems, which

in some cases lead to environmental disasters or health damage; in other cases,

they threat the environmental and human life, as a result of water pollution.

Sewage services in the Gaza Strip have been faced a major crisis, where

the infrastructure for collection and treatment of wastewater in the Gaza Strip is

inadequate, and the existing treatment plants provide only partial treatment and

discharge of raw and treatment sewage to the valleys and the sea, or seep into

the filtration ponds through the soil and eventually reach groundwater.

In addition to that, some houses that are not connected to the wastewater

networks are using septic tanks that are not properly discharged due to the

difficult economic situation (PCDCR, 2016).

2.1.2 Wastewater Services in The Gaza Strip

The level of service of sewerage networks differs from one region to

another in the Gaza Strip governorates, where there are two systems (Abu Ras,

2012):

1. Public sewerage system implemented by municipalities.

2

2. Septic tanks system: this system is often used in rural and remote areas

and parts of cities that are not connected to the public sewerage

system.

2.1.3 Definition of Wastewater

Wastewater is defined as the resulting water from human activities in

housing, industry, agriculture and animal excreta, and it contains by source on

organic, inorganic, bacteriological, radiological and thermal pollutants. These

pollutants are found in wastewater as sedimentable substances, suspended and

dissolved solids (Gharaibeh & Al-Farhan, 1999).

2.1.4 Types of Wastewater

There are three types of wastewater, as follows (Gharaibeh & Al-Farhan,

1999):

1. Household Wastewater:

It is the water produced by households, institutions and laboratories, or

plants whose water is similar to domestic wastewater, which can be treated in

the same methods. Household Wastewater is turbid water with a yellowish or

dark color, and It contains leftover food, paper, feces, urine, and huge amounts

of bacteria, fungus, and viruses and some of these organisms cause serious

diseases to humans.

2. Industrial Wastewater:

It is the water produced by various industrial uses, which, contains by

source on harmful chemicals and should not be allowed to transport and treat

with household wastewater.

3. Agricultural Wastewater:

It is the water produced by various agricultural activities and contains

easily decomposable organic matter. It does not has a threat to the environment,

when selecting the appropriate method of treatment such as: return of materials

9

to their natural cycle through their use in agriculture, and it is usually collected

in private pits and then pumped and spread over agricultural and forestry lands.

2.1.5 Septic Tanks

It is a well drilled in different depths between 5-10 meters, through which

the wastewater is disposed of by leaking through the surrounding soil, and the

remaining quantity is withdrawn or pumped by special vehicles (Gharaibeh &

Al-Farhan, 1999), as shown in Figure (2.1).

Figure (2.1): Septic Tanks (Abu Ras, 2012)

This water contains two parts: the first is liquid water, and the other is

organic. The liquid water may run off at the groundwater, but the organic part is

more thick, where it is disposed by special vehicles. Wastewater is transported

from septic tanks to drainage areas. It is worth mentioning that the septic tanks

are highly polluting and have negative impacts on the environment (Abu Ras,

2012).

Due to the lack of sewage networks in some areas in the Gaza Strip

governorates, some houses that are not served by the wastewater network are

11

dependent on discharging by septic tanks, which are one of the ways in which

wastewater is disposed in many cities in the Gaza Strip.

2.1.6 Percentage of Sewage Networks and Septic Tanks in The Gaza

Strip Governorates

According to PCDCR, (2016) the percentage of areas served with sewage

networks or septic tanks in the Gaza Strip is shown in Table (2.1).

Table (2.1): Percentage of Sewage Network and Septic Tanks in Gaza Strip

Percentage of Covered Areas

by Septic Tanks

Percentage of Covered Areas

by Sewage Network Governorate

18% 82% Rafah

20% 80% Deir El Balah

30% 70% Gaza & North Gaza

55% 45% Khan Younis

30.75% 69.25% Avarage

From Table (2.1), we note that:

1. The average of covered areas by sewage networks is 69.25% while in 2007 it

was 61.3% (Qrenawi, 2007); this means that there is a significant development

in the development of infrastructure projects in the Gaza Strip.

2. Khan Younis governorate is the least service in the sewage networks, because of

a large proportion of their areas are closed to the border, thus making it difficult

to implement infrastructure projects in these areas.

2.1.7 The Reasons for Spread of Septic Tanks in The Gaza Strip

Governorates

According to Abu Ras, (2012) there are several reasons for spread of

septic tanks in the Gaza governorates, as follows:

1. Those areas are not connected to sewage networks, because there is

insufficient funding to cover that areas with the sewage network, which

made the specialized authorities ignore this phenomenon.

2. Those areas are less than the level of sewage networks, which made it

difficult to connect to the network.

11

3. The septic tanks are not subjected to the laws and standards that

guarantee the protection of the environment; because most of these tanks

were created without returned to the specialized authorities, and without

considering groundwater collection areas, especially areas with sandy

soils that are highly permeable.

2.1.8 Damage of Wastewater

There are many damage caused by wastewater as follows (PCDCR,

2016):

1. Spread of various diseases such as Giardia, hepatitis A, and diarrhea

especially in children; as a result of their intake and use of contaminated

water.

2. Breeding insects, such as mosquitoes, fly-carrier diseases.

3. Emission of unpleasant odors that often cause respiratory diseases.

4. Soil pollution and increase the percentage of harmful salts.

5. Pollution of the aquifer water by increasing the salts and nitrate ratio.

6. Pollution of seawater and marine organisms in general, in the sense that many

areas on the coast of the Gaza Strip are contaminated with untreated sewage,

as a result of the flow of this water, especially in Gaza City because of

stopping pumping stations, and finally this water reach to the sea.

2.1.9 Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants from

wastewater, primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical,

and biological processes to remove these contaminants and produce

environmentally safer treated wastewater (or treated effluent). A by-product of

sewage treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge

that has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or land

application (Burton et al., 2003).

14

2.1.10 Wastewater Treatment Process

Wastewater treatment generally involves three stages, called primary,

secondary and tertiary treatment. These stages as follows (Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA), 2013):

1. Primary Treatment:

The primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a

quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and

lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed

and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment.

Some sewage treatment plants that are connected to a combined sewer system

have a bypass arrangement after the primary treatment unit. This means that

during very heavy rainfall events, the secondary and tertiary treatment systems

can be bypassed to protect them from hydraulic overloading, and the mixture of

sewage and storm water only receives primary treatment.

2. Secondary Treatment:

The secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the

biological content of the sewage which are derived from human waste, food

waste, soaps and detergent, and this process is to removes dissolved and

suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by

indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat, where the

majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic

biological processes. To be effective, the biota require both oxygen and food to

live. The bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic

contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and

bind much of the less soluble fractions into floc.

3. Tertiary Treatment:

The tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than

primary and secondary treatment in order to allow ejection into a highly sensitive

or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs,...). Treated water is

sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and

13

microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or

it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is

sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural

purposes.

2.1.11 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in The Gaza Strip

Mogheir et al., (2005) stated that, the existing wastewater treatment

plants serve only Northern, Gaza and Rafah Governorates. However, not all

houses in these Governorates are connected to the sewerage network. Despite

that the existing three WWTPs are heavily overloaded as the actual flow far

exceeds the design flow. Blocked pipes and flooded manholes are daily events

in Gaza Strip . The total capacity of the existing three WWTPs is approximately

20.5 Mm3/year. The effluent of Northern Governorate plant discharges to the

near sand dunes causing many environmental problems to the aquifer and to the

neighboring people. Gaza WWTP recharges the aquifer with approximately 3.6

Mm3 of treated wastewater annually through the infiltration sandy basins and the

remaining quantity (11.7 Mm3) is disposed into the Mediterranean sea. Rafah

plant effluent is discharged into the sea. Clearly, most of wastewater effluent is

wasted and causing serious environmental impact.

Future of wastewater reuse seems to be promising in the Gaza Strip. The

expected amount of wastewater to be used for irrigation will progressively

increased on the coming twenty years saving more than half of groundwater

needed for irrigation. To distribute the reclaimed wastewater to the agricultural

areas and to the proposed infiltration basins, it is suggested to construct a main

reclaimed wastewater carrier that will interconnect the three proposed regional

WWTPs with the agricultural areas and the infiltration basins.

2.1.12 Limitation of Wastewater Reuse in The Gaza Strip

Wastewater reuse has still to overcome several challenges and

requirements. Future reuse projects in the different activity sectors will depend

on a better planning and management of reuse operations based on a real water

demand and better institutional, regulatory, and organizational setting.

12

Economic and financial feasibility of water reuse applications needs to be better

assessed. Technical aspects need also further study, along with applied research

for specific applications. Education, information, and training of farmers and

extension services also play an important role in promoting these practices

aiming to achieve higher agricultural production without adverse impacts on the

environment.

The limited reliable data on existing situation of wastewater quality and

quantity and the absence of clearly defined reuse policy, which based on

economic and health basis, make the reuse of wastewater dream more than a

reality in Gaza Strip. Beside the treatment requirements and the quality of the

effluent for different reuse purposes, other factors should be considered,

certainly socio-economical aspects and adopted regulations in the area. The

Limitation of wastewater reuse in Gaza Strip as follows (Afifi, 2006):

1. Wastewater quality and quantity

The planning of using reclaimed water requires determining quantity and

quality of the generated wastewater. The quality of water used for irrigation will

influence the crop yield, product quality and soil properties. In particular,

salinity, suspended solids, nutrient contents and biological parameters,

pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and viruses, can be relevant for the effluent reuse.

On the other side the collected wastewater quantity will affect the management

planning, reservoirs facilities and economical feasibility.

2. Wastewater treatment facilities

In the planning and implementation of wastewater reuse, the intended

water reuse applications dictate the extent of wastewater treatment required for

the quality of the finished water, and the method of distribution and application.

In Gaza Strip, wastewater treatment has been considered since 1970.

Stabilisation ponds were the technology proposed at that time. During the Israeli

occupation period, there was no real attention towards improvement of

wastewater treatment and reuse.

15

Greater attention has been paid to improve this sector following the

coming of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in cooperation with

international agencies, where a considerable improvement was achieved in term

of treated water quality in some treatment plants in the Gaza Strip.

3. Social acceptance

For the success of the wastewater reuse projects, it is crucial that the

farmers and the potential customers accept the use of treated sewage water for

irrigation. It requires specific public awareness strategies: a greater focus on

inter-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approaches and a need to understand the

target group’s priorities, knowledge specific behaviors and inhibiting factors.

Behavior with respect to water reuse practices involve at the community level

changes of a broad range of their current practices. In order to sustain the change

in these practices, it is necessary not only to provide knowledge and skills to

people involved in water reuse, and to reinforce and monitor their behavior

locally, but also to establish regional and national systems of supply and

maintenance of materials and equipment.

2.1.13 Impacts of Use the Treated Wastewater

There are major real potential health, environmental and economic

impacts as a result of poor sanitation, improper disposal of treated and untreated

wastewater, and use of raw or partially treated wastewater to irrigate crops.

These impacts are described below (Mogheir et al., 2005):

1. Health Impacts:

Irrigation with raw wastewater in Gaza Strip presents a major health

hazard to consumers of vegetables such as farm workers and their

families.

Undersized, poorly planned designed and poorly maintained

combined/drainage collection system presents major health hazards in

the urban areas of overflow and system surcharging.

Raw and partially treated wastewater discharge to groundwater, wadis,

and nearshore marine environments presents major potential health

16

hazards. Potential hazards are through direct skin and eye contact,

ingestion of water, and consumption of marine animals exposed to the

effluent.

2. Economic Impacts

Ability to produce exportable vegetables and fruits, which meet

international standards by not using raw or partially treated wastewater.

By not polluting the nearshore environment, the tourist industry is

protected from any potentially damaging public health episode.

3. Environmental Impact

Discharge of poorly treated effluent into the near shore and estuaries is

adversely affecting the marine environment.

Irrigation of arid lands will increase the organic content of these lands

reducing erosion and increasing water retention, within the salinity

limitations.

Use of reclaimed wastewater in maintaining trees in arid regions will

reduce the effect of wide erosion (desertification).

2.1.14 Wastewater Treatment Plants in The Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip has five wastewater treatment plants, serving Beit Lahia,

Deir El Balah, Gaza City, Rafah and Khan Younis. They are as follows:

1. Beit Lahia Wastewater Treatment Plant:

The wastewater treatment plant in Beit Lahia is located in the northern

part of Gaza, about 5.1 km east of Beit Lahia. It was established in stages started

during the Israeli occupation in 1976, and it was developed in 1996 as a natural

result to increase the flow of sewage. The plant serves the city of Jabalia and the

neighboring refugee camps as well as Beit Lahiya and Beit Hanoun, and covers

a population of 200,000 from the surrounding area.

The plant was designed to accommodate a maximum capacity flow up to

5000 m3/day and today passes on the station about 27000 m3/day, which exceeds

the capacity of the plant. However, the wastewater that reaches the plant has

been more than its capacity, especially because of the steady increase in the

17

amount of water it reaches, which led to the formation of a lake of wastewater,

that has seriously affected the rights of citizens in this region, especially whose

near the station.

2. Gaza Wastewater Treatment Plant:

The wastewater treatment plant in Gaza City was designed to

accommodate 32,000 m3/day and it was rehabilitated by the (CMWU) to increase

its capacity to accommodate approximately 60,000 m3/day, and it serving Gaza

city, where wastewater is partially treated and then pumped into the

Mediterranean Sea. In the wastewater treatment plant in Gaza, the filtration

potential is limited to 15% of treated water.

3. Khan Younis Wastewater Treatment Plant (Temporary Plant):

This temporary plant was designed in 2009 to resolve the escalating

problem in Khan Yunis, and the accumulation of wastewater in Al-Amal

neighborhood pool. Where a basin was established to reduce the level of Al-

Amal neighborhood pool, and turn the water that accumulates in the streets of

the city to the pumping stations, and then to the pond located in the liberated

areas. This treatment plant was developed by adding three new basins with a

capacity of 8,000 m3/day, but it reaches more than 12,000 m3/day, where the

wastewater is partially treated and then pumped into the Mediterranean Sea.

4. Rafah Wastewater Treatment Plant:

This plant was designed to accommodate 1,800 m3/day, and it serve

21,000 people. It consists of a large lake and channel to remove gravel. At

present, the plant is operating over its capacity, and receives an increase of its

capacity, where about 10,000 m3/day reached to the plant.

As a result, the resulting sewage is pumped into the sea through a 3 km

pressure line and pumping station. During the development plan developed by

(CMWU) in cooperation with the (ICRC) in 2008, it was developed with the

addition of biological treatment units consisting of a biological filter and

sedimentation basins to increase its efficiency to treat 20,000 m3/day. Where

wastewater is partially treated and then pumped into the Mediterranean Sea.

12

5. Deir El Balah Wastewater Treatment Plant:

This plant was designed to accommodate 16,000 m3/day, and it was built

in 2015 in Wadi Gaza near the coastal road. This plant serves the whole of Deir

El Balah governorate. Where wastewater is partially treated and then pumped

into the Mediterranean Sea.

2.1.15 Challenges and Problems Facing the Wastewater Sector in The

Gaza Strip

Wastewater sector in the Gaza Strip has been suffered from several

challenges, as follows (CMWU, 2009; Al-kanoo', 2012):

1. Lack of suitable treatment plants for the quality required to treatment.

2. Lack of materials, equipment and spare parts necessary for the operation

and maintenance of sewage facilities, in addition to the difficulty of

providing these materials.

3. The current treatment plants have reached to a situation beyond their

capacity, because of population growth and consumption of large

quantities of water, in addition to pumping excess quantities into the sea

in ways that are harmful to the environment.

4. Fluctuation of power supply, which adversely affects the wastewater

treatment process, which it is supposed to be a 24-hour power supply and

the use of generators in an emergency 3 or 5 hours only.

5. The need for a large amount of fuel and energy, due to the fluctuation of

power supply. Thus, the financial budget of the municipalities, water

utilities and donors is impossible to cover this huge amount of fuel.

6. Many sanitation projects have been halted, due to the economic and

political siege imposed on the Gaza Strip.

7. Lack of citizen's obligation to pay their bills, thus being unable to cover

the operational costs of projects.

8. Lack of concerted efforts among the water sectors in the Gaza Strip, in

addition to dispersal of the administrative process of the water sectors

between the municipalities and the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility.

19

9. Lack of community awareness of the importance of water and the

negative and excessive used, especially on occasions and holidays.

Therefore, the percentage of wastewater in sewage networks is

increasing, causing some networks to become closed.

10. Many areas are not connected to sewage networks, that forcing citizens

to use septic tanks, which have negative effects to underground.

Water Supply

In this section, we will talk about water sources, coastal aquifer, groundwater

problems, water pollution, water shortage, water desalination and challenges and

problems facing the water sector in the Gaza Strip.

2.2.1 Introduction

Water and oxygen are the most important elements of human survival on

earth. The water problem is one of the main obstacles to development in

Palestine in general and in the Gaza Strip In particular. Where the water situation

in the Gaza Strip reached to a large degree of deterioration, in terms of quantity

and quality, for several reasons, including with respect to water resources, there

is no doubt that the Gaza Strip has a specificity in the population census and its

steady increase over time, and the imbalance between the available water sources

in the coastal aquifer and the water needs of the population for different

purposes.

In addition to the scarcity of water due to limited renewable sources,

excessive and unattended pulling of wells, low water quality and quality due to

pollution, and the low water level in general in most groundwater wells, which

reaches more than 14 meters from the sea level.

The problems of the water sector in the Gaza Strip go beyond the water

sources to reach the distribution networks, where the efficiency is being low with

time and the inefficient desalination projects to meet the needs of the population

in addition to pollution of water nitrates and chloride and poor quality (Shakilia,

2013).

41

2.2.2 Water Sources in The Gaza Strip

1. Rainwater:

Rainfall is the main source of water in the Gaza Strip, and the renewable

water source of groundwater. The average rainfall varies from one year to

another and from one region to another. Rain starts in mid-November, peaking

in January and February, and begins to decline until cut off in late April.

There is a variation in rainfall rates in the Gaza Strip based on rainfall

records since 2000-2010. Where rain rates are increasing in the northern areas

of the Gaza Strip and gradually decreasing in the southern regions. The rainfall

rate in the northern Gaza Strip is about 450 mm /year, while in the southern Gaza

Strip it is about 225 mm /year.The rate of rainfall throughout the Gaza Strip is

about 365 mm /year, by a total of 133 million cubic meters per year (Al-Yacoubi

& Abdel Ghafoor, 2011).

2. Surface water:

The surface sources represented in water collected on valleys as a result

of rainwater, where most of which flows into the Mediterranean Sea and the

other part is filtered in the groundwater reservoir. Surface water in the Gaza Strip

depends on several factors as rain intensity and continuity, the exposed of rock,

vegetation and terrain. The temporary flow of surface water caused by rainwater

in winter is the main source of surface water in the Gaza Strip (Al-Louh & Jaber,

2007).

3. Coastal Aquifer:

The coastal aquifer suffers from increasing water shortages, which lead

to lower water levels in the Gaza Strip, where it reached 800 million cubic meters

in 1995, after it was 1,200 million cubic meters in 1975, which in turn increased

the proportion of salts in this water due to sea water intrusion, and rush of high

salinity water from the bottom of reservoir to the above.

In addition to increasing the water consumption in the Gaza Strip from

the water aquifer, where the consumption of water in the Gaza Strip reached

41

about 200 million cubic meters per year, while the return of the groundwater

reservoir as renewable sources does not exceed 90 million cubic meters per year.

This shortage of groundwater was due to an increase in pulling from the

groundwater reservoir, which caused an imbalance in the water balance, where

what is taken from the groundwater reservoir is more than the collected water

from rainfall. Thus, there is an annual deficit of water about 100 million cubic

meters, which led to the phenomenon of creeping seawater into the depth of the

aquifer. Therefore, it was necessary to develop water and sanitation services to

meet the needs of development by looking for alternative sources, taking into

consideration the preservation of the environment, water resources, sewage

treatment according to Palestinian standards, and improving the collection to

cover operating and maintenance expenses (Baroud, 2001).

2.2.3 Coastal Aquifer in The Gaza Strip

Water is one of the most important components of human life and safety,

where it constitutes more than three-quarters of the body's weight.

Groundwater means the aquifer under the surface of the earth, which is

the result of several sources, the most important of which is the leakage of

rainwater (Gautwa & Al-Saleh, 1989).

Bruins et al., (1999) stated that the Coastal Aquifer is the only source to

meet the various water needs in the Gaza Strip. It is part of the Coastal Aquifer

in Palestine, extending from the Carmel Mountains northward to the Sinai

Peninsula in the south, with a length of approximately 220 km, and from the

Hebron mountain range eastward to the Mediterranean Sea in the west with a

width of about 15 km. Its thickness ranges in the western side from 100 meters

southward to 180 meters in the north, and on the eastern side, the thickness

ranges from 50 meters southward to 60 meters in the north.

The current water reservoir of the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza Strip is

estimated about (4500-6500) million cubic meters (Palestinian Water Authority,

2010).

44

2.2.4 Water Balance of Coastal Aquifer

It is the total amount of water entering the groundwater reservoir

annually from different sources, including rainwater, natural flow of water and

water leaking to the groundwater reservoir of irrigation water, water leaking

from wastewater and water leaking from water networks, minus the amount of

water consumed for the same year, and distributed to agricultural, domestic and

industrial consumption (Al-Zarqa, 2010).

2.2.5 Groundwater Level

The unbalanced hydrological situation between the pulling and feeding

of the coastal aquifer has caused serious problems, including a drop in water

levels in the aquifer and low water quality, particularly from 1971 to 2005, and

continues to worsen (Kuhail, 1996).

2.2.6 Groundwater Problems in The Gaza Strip Governorates

Al-Alawi, (2000) stated that groundwater in the Gaza Strip is generally

considered to be of poor quality due to its salinity, as a result of several types of

pollution.

The groundwater problems in the Gaza Strip, as follows:

1. Chemical pollution problem:

The coastal aquifer has been saline continuously in the Gaza Strip over

the past four decades, due to increased attrition, seawater intrusion and pollution

from wastewater leaking into the groundwater reservoir, where salinity covers

70% of the water in the Gaza Strip. There are types of chemical pollution, the

first one is the chloride pollution, where the average salinity in 2009 was 700 mg

/L and the maximum was 4500 mg /L, and the second pollution is nitrate

pollution, where the average concentration was 130 mg /L and the maximum

was 450 mg /L.

By reference to international standards set by the World Health

Organization (chloride = 250 mg /L, nitrate = 45 mg /L), we find that the levels

of pollution exceeded the standards almost three times (Kuhail & Zorob, 1988).

43

2. Quantity problem:

According to the (World Health Organization (WHO), 1992), the

countries that suffer from water shortage, are those countries where the amount

of renewable running water is low to meet the needs of irrigation, industry and

drinking per capita about 1700 m3 per year. On the other hand, the countries that

suffer from water scarcity are those countries where the water quantity per capita

is less than 1000 m3 per year.

Gaza Strip suffers from water scarcity, where the share per capita is 291

m3 per year, which is less than one third of the value of the standard that classifies

countries that suffer from water scarcity due to the continuous depletion of the

coastal aquifer (Al-Zarqa, 2010).

3. Biological pollution problem

Where there is a percentage of water samples contaminated with

parasites, viruses and bacteria in some areas in the Gaza Strip (Al-Zarqa, 2010).

2.2.7 Water Pollution

The World Health Organization defines water pollution as any change in

the elements involved in its composition because of human activity, which

makes it less suitable for natural use.

In other words, "changes occur in the natural, biological and chemical

properties of water, which makes water unsuitable for drinking, or for domestic,

industrial and agricultural use (Al-Omar, 2010).

2.2.8 Sources of Groundwater Pollution in The Gaza Strip

1. Wastewater pollution:

Wastewater is one of the most important sources of water pollution,

which flows through open channels or septic tanks to the aquifer. The amount of

untreated wastewater is estimated at 90% of the total wastewater in the Gaza

Strip (Palestinian Water Authority, 2000).

It should be noted that the sewage networks in the Gaza Strip cover only

69.25% of the housing, and this mean that large amounts of wastewater are

42

discharged into the sea, while the rest seeps into the groundwater reservoir

(PCDCR, 2016).

2. Pollution by Chemical Fertilizer and Insecticides:

Where water is contaminated by fertilizers and pesticides by draining

excess water from agriculture and leaking chemicals and dissolved chemical

fertilizers such as phosphorus and nitrogen into groundwater, and with increased

use in agriculture without restrictions leads to increased pollution in the aquifer

(Mogheir, 2005).

3. Solid waste pollution:

Solid waste contains a liquid containing a high concentration of toxic

substances (leachate) that can reach the groundwater reservoir causing water

pollution.

The amount of solid waste in 2006 was estimated about 1116 tons per

day and this quantity produces a large amount of leachate that leads to an

increase in the pollution percentage in the groundwater (Al-Omari, 2004).

2.2.9 Causes of Water Shortage in The Gaza Strip Governorates

There are several reasons for water shortage in the Gaza Strip, as follows

(Palestinian Water Authority, 2004):

1. High losses in Water Networks: according to the statistics of the

Palestinian Water Authority, the percentage of losses annually from the

main lines and the internal distribution networks varies between 30% and

50%. For several reasons including (Al-Zarqa, 2010):

Water leakage from networks because of old networks in many areas:

where some water networks have been in existence for more than 40

years. According to the Palestinian Water Authority, more than 100 water

networks need rehabilitation.

Error in estimating the amount of consumption and failure in water

meters.

45

Illegal infringement on water networks by citizen: where these

infringements are carried out either by illegal links on the main lines, or

through manipulate in the water meters, or run through the water wells

without the presence of water meters.

2. Pollution and salinity increase: despite the presence of large quantities of

water in some Palestinian areas, this water suffers from high pollution or

salinity as a result for:

Lack of sewage networks: Since a large proportion of houses in the Gaza

Strip are not connected to any sewage network, and dispose of

wastewater through septic tanks, which sometimes mixed with

groundwater, and lead to pollution and high salinity.

Water depletion: The phenomenon of water depletion is evident in the

Gaza Strip, where hundreds of artesian wells that the residents dig

without any permissions, which leads to the depletion of large quantities

of water.

3. Loss of water consumption for non-household purposes.

4. Lack of sources of water or insufficient sources: where some

communities suffer from the lack of a special source to supply their

networks with water. Although there are possibilities for water networks,

the main obstacle is the lack of the necessary source to feed the network

with water.

2.2.10 Water Desalination

Is a separation process that is used to reduce soluble salts to the level at

which water becomes usable and drinking. Where saline water contains a large

proportion of dissolved salts such as chlorine, sodium, magnesium sulphate and

calcium carbonate, and the effect that changes the taste of water to become

unpalatable (Shakilia, 2013).

2.2.11 Types of Water Desalination

Countries have resorted to the desalination of groundwater and seawater,

in order to conserve water as well as its use in all areas of life, because of its

great importance in the recovery of the global and local economy.

46

There are two types of desalination:

1. Desalination of groundwater:

The process of desalination of groundwater is one of the solutions

initiated by governmental and private water institutions in the Gaza Strip as a

temporary solution, using the Reverse Osmosis (RO) method for saline

groundwater desalination, in which water element ratios are higher than those

permitted by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Abu Ras, 2012).

2. Desalination of Seawater:

Desalination of Seawater is a second solution to the water problem,

where this resource has been used to reduce the burden on the aquifer. The

characteristics of desalinated water from the sea do not exactly match the

characteristics of natural freshwater. Due to the groundwater problem in the

Gaza Strip and the presence of seawater, desalination techniques can be used to

conserve groundwater (Fakieh Research and Development Center, 1997).

2.2.12 Desalination Projects in The Gaza Strip

The science of water desalination has become a stand-alone science, and

still continuous and developed to solve the problem of water pollution, as the

population continues to grow and demand for water resources increases in the

Gaza Strip. In the Gaza Strip, there are 148 desalination plants for groundwater

distributed in the Gaza Strip governorates, where Gaza City has the largest

percentage of desalination projects, while Rafah City is the lowest.

Desalination projects are economically expensive and costly in the water

production process, where the total cost of construction of desalination projects

in the Gaza Strip was about 35.5 million dollars, the amount of water entering

all desalination projects was about 1.1 m3 /day, and the amount of desalinated

water was about 6194 m3 /day. The capita share of desalinated water resulting

from desalination projects was 4 L /day.

It is noted that some desalination plants in the Gaza Strip do not have the

scientific, technological and environmental level. They are headed by persons

47

who are not experienced in the field of desalination, but the purpose of the

establishment is profit and investment (Shakilia, 2013).

2.2.13 Quality of Water Produced From Desalination Plants in The Gaza

Strip

Accorrding to Palestinian Water Authority, (2010) the quality of

desalinated water varies from plant to another, in general, water salinity is

represented by Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranging from 50 - 150 mg /L,

which agree with the Palestinian specifications for drinking water, but this does

not mean quality and healthy of desalinated water for several reasons:

1. Removal of soluble salts, especially calcium and fluoride, may make

desalinated water poor of the useful elements necessary for human health

(Ministry of Health, 2011).

2. Some desalinated water samples contain microbiological contaminants

"bacteria, parasites, and other microbes", where the results of samples

examined by the Ministry of Health confirmed the presence of large

pollution in desalinated water in the Gaza Strip, which excess the

permitted recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO),

thus the pollution is not increase the percentage of 4-5% from the tested

samples size (Ministry of Health, 2011).

3. The main reason for high microbial contamination in desalinated water

produced from desalination plants, to fail of following proper guidelines

in the production, storage and distribution of desalinated water

(Palestinian Water Authority, 2010).

2.2.14 Requirements for the Development of the Water and Sanitation

Sector in The Gaza Strip

Palestinian Water Authority, (2010) stated that there are several

requirements to improve water and sanitation Sector in The Gaza as follows:

1. Reduce groundwater pollution.

2. Preparation of a comprehensive rainwater collection system.

3. Providing an adequate sewage network.

42

4. Development of the existing water network.

5. Collection and treatment of wastewater.

6. Protection of natural areas such as the Wadi Gaza area.

2.2.15 Obstacles of Water Development Projects in The Gaza Strip

According to Shamia, (2012) there are several obstacles that prevent

development of water projects in the Gaza Strip, as follows:

1. The narrow area of land in the Gaza Strip.

2. Lack of water resources, due to population and economic crisis.

3. Lack of internal and external investment makes the development

disabled.

4. The high population density in the Gaza Strip is a burden on the

development process, because the population of the Gaza Strip is more

than corresponds to the area of land and resources.

5. The Israeli occupation and the effects of its practices against the land and

the population in Palestine.

6. Lack of foreign capital invested.

7. Lack of support and funding from donor countries.

2.2.16 Challenges Facing the Water Sector in The Gaza Strip

Governorates

There are several challenges facing the water sector in the Gaza Strip, as

follows (Shamia, 2012):

1. Limited control of water resources.

2. Depletion of water and groundwater resources.

3. Water quality degradation due to the discharge of industrial pollutants

and wastewater without treatment.

4. Imbalance between water resources and water demand.

5. Investing development in achieving development with the conditions of

the water sector.

49

6. Wastewater treatment and formulation of systems that create the

conditions for achieving this, and benefit from the use of treated water

from some wastewater treatment plant.

7. Develop a strategy for environmental and water awareness.

8. Lower water level in the aquifer.

9. Water pollution in the Gaza Strip due to excessive pulling, wastewater,

sewage or factories.

Solid Waste

In this section, we will talk about water sources, coastal aquifer, groundwater

problems, water pollution, water shortage, water desalination and challenges and

problems facing the water sector in the Gaza Strip.

2.3.1 Introduction

The daily activities of man create too much waste, including liquid,

gaseous and solid, in addition to noise. However, solid waste is considered to be

the most hazardous waste on human shoulders. That is, liquid waste and

wastewater are transported by underground pipes away from the human. As well

as gaseous waste, they seep into the upper layers of the atmosphere.

However, solid waste is located on the surface of the earth and near the

place of human habitation and work, if it remains on the surface of the earth, it

produce unpleasant odors that disturb humans or multiply insects, rodents and

stray dogs in addition to the decomposition. If a person wants to get rid of solid

waste, he needs proper management accompanied by high technology in the

processes of collection and transport, civilized method of treatment, and in

proper ways that ensure the safety of the environment and the health of the

community. They are also highly cost-effective in their integrated management,

collection, transport and treatment process.

This is the problem of solid waste in the Gaza Strip. This problem is

exacerbated by the lack of space, increase in the population and lack of

environmental awareness in the management of solid waste, which has a

negative impact on the public landscape in the Gaza Strip. In addition, it requires

31

a very large effort and a very high cost does not fit the physical potential and

economic resources of the population in the Gaza Strip (Baroud, 2009).

2.3.2 Definition of Solid Waste

Solid waste is defined as the waste that can be transported and disposed

in which its collection, transport, treatment and disposal are interest to the

community. Solid waste can be an economic value to some, especially those

whose industry relies on solid waste recycling (Gharaibeh & Al-Farhan, 2008).

According to Arnaout, (1999) Solid waste is defined as substances or

objects that no longer have value or use, but their existence in the environment

forms serious risks to the sources of life in the environment, whether plant,

animal or human.

2.3.3 Solid Waste Components

ARIJ, (2009) stated that the largest part of the produced solid waste is

made up of organic materials, followed by paper, cardboard, textiles, wood, glass

and metals. The proportions of these materials differ from one governorate to

another according to living conditions and habits. It should be noted that the

proportion of plastic, nylon and metals is increasing continuously as a result of

the change in the methods of living and development in the field of industry and

agriculture.

The components of solid waste include both hazardous and non-

hazardous substances classified by their nature and negative effects as follows:

1. Non-hazardous materials: Such as generated garbage from various

domestic, commercial, agricultural, industrial and urban activities,

including organic materials, paper, cardboard, textiles, wood and glass.

2. Hazardous substances: Substances and waste with natural, chemical and

biological properties that make them harmful to human health and the

environment unless properly handled. Examples of hazardous substances

are nuclear waste, medical waste and radioactive materials.

31

2.3.4 Solid Waste Sources in The Gaza Strip

According to Abu Al-Ajein, (2011) Solid waste can be classified

according to it's production sources into several types:

1. Solid household waste:

It's the waste, which are resulting from houses, restaurants and hotels and

consisting of food waste, paper and others. These waste constituting 50% of the

total solid waste in the Gaza Strip.

2. Agricultural Solid waste:

It is the waste, which are resulting from all agricultural and animal

farming. This waste can be used to produce soil fertilizers.

3. Medical Solid Waste:

It is the waste, which are generated by hospitals, clinics, medical

laboratories and pharmaceutical factories. The average production rate of this

waste was 1248 tons / year in the Gaza Strip.

4. Construction and demolition waste:

It is the waste, which are resulting from the demolition and construction

work in the construction sector, and these waste are often harmless. This waste

can be used in roads pavement, filling materials and others. The amount of these

waste are estimated by about 2 million tons in 2014.

2.3.5 Methods of Solid Waste Collection

Solid waste collection and transport is one of the most important

processes related to solid waste management, where it aims to get rid of waste

and reduce the effects on the environment and citizens. The accumulation of

solid waste in front of houses or shops leads to many environmental impacts

such as distortion of the city's landscape and the spread of rodents and insects

carrying diseases, in addition to the danger to children.

The responsibility of the collection and transport process is on many

parties and does not stop at the cleaning worker or the competent authorities for

34

the transfer of solid waste, but it extends beyond these to include all members of

society (Gharaibeh & Al-Farhan, 2008).

Solid waste passes through five basic phases that are very similar in many

countries of the world. These stages are as follows (Tong et al., 2002):

1. Waste production, includes houses, shops, restaurants, commercial and

industrial activities, service institutions and markets.

2. Waste collection, which follows multiple ways, where it is collected

manually or through the container.

3. Transfer the waste from the place of production and collection to the

sorting laboratories or to the dumps directly.

4. Treatment of solid waste, whether sorting, recycling or conversion to

energy, in accordance with the level of country progress.

5. Landfill in a scientific way to preserve the environmental aspects of the

place and groundwater.

The efficiency of the collection and transport process depends on many

factors, including the number of workers, the quality and size of the containers,

the nature of the waste collection vehicles, the distance to reach the final landfill

and the impact on the traffic. It is worth to mention that the collection and

transportation process in most countries needs a high cost in solid waste

management

2.3.6 Methods of Solid Waste Treatment

There are several ways to treat solid waste, and these methods are as a

following (ARIJ, 2005):

1. Recycling and reusing of solid waste:

Waste reuse is becoming more accepted in developed societies as a way

to manage and treat local solid waste, where waste can be collected, treated and

reused. The recycled materials are classified into five groups: paper, glass,

plastic, metals and organic waste. The process of waste reuse involves three

stages: collection, selection of reusable materials and finally resale or re-

manufacture.

33

2. Production of compost (Composting):

Fertilizer production is a biological treatment of organic waste to obtain

good organic fertilizer and to protect the environment from pollution. The

compost production process is a vital process dependent on the activity of the

microorganisms, which is mainly used for soil conservation, fertilization and

improved it's condition.

3. Solid waste burn (Incineration)

The waste is burn at high temperature in suitable incinerators designed to

prevent odor emissions and the combustion process is monitored well. The

process of extracting energy from solid waste is an encouraging process due to

the lack of landfill areas and the high cost of transporting garbage. Heat produced

from incineration is used in heating and power generation. Ashes can be used in

construction. The aim of waste incineration is to reduce the volume and smell of

the waste that is transferred for burial.

4. Burying of solid waste:

The solid waste burying process is one of the most common methods

used in the world for waste management and disposal. This method is

complementary to all solid waste treatment methods. It is a hole that is filled

with solid waste, it's capacity depends on the nature of the area and the expected

amount of waste . There are many conditions to be taken into consideration when

selection the place of solid waste burying such as distance from groundwater and

surface water sources, population groups, wind direction and so on.

This process is the basis for a good solid waste management system as a

method of disposal of solid waste that can not be reduced, recycled, compost

produced or burned. This method can be used if alternative methods are not

applicable. The hole is insulated with an insulating layer (often plastic) to protect

the groundwater from leachate leakage from the waste.

2.3.7 Factors Affecting on The Volume and Management of Solid Waste

There are several factors that affect on the volume and management of

solid waste:

32

1. Population size and development:

The growth of population is one of the most important factors affecting

the increase of solid waste where it is directly proportional with it. It is a

phenomenon that is equal in all countries of the world without exception.

Population growth is usually accompanied by many types of changes in urban

and economic activities, consumption and production, and need effective

management to get rid of it, and deal with it scientifically and soundly (Abu Al-

Ajein, 2011).

2. Income level:

Solid waste is affected by the level of income and the consumption rate,

which differs from household to another. Therefore, the waste varies from one

home to another. The effect of the level of income differs from one place to

another according to the nature of the place, like the differ between city, village

and camp (Chen, 2010)

3. Behavior of the population:

Solid waste in terms of quantity and quality is affected by the behavior

of the population, which differ from one family to another. It's related to the

behavior of the family in transport of solid waste, which is related to the time of

waste disposal, where it was found that some families throw the waste in the

container and others throw waste next to the container, which contributes to the

accumulation of waste and complicates the process of collection and

management.

With regard to the time of waste disposal, some come waste out in the

morning, afternoon, or evening, which may differ to the time of the cleaning men

work in the municipalities and lead to accumulation of waste in the streets and

emission of odors (Abu Al-Ajein, 2011).

4. Design of roads in the province:

Urban planning is one of the most important factors affecting the increase

or decrease of solid waste even in the methods of transport from the source areas

35

to the treatment areas. The random and unplanned areas are considered the most

important factors affecting the disposal of solid waste (Salem, 2004).

The objective of solid waste management is to remove decomposed

waste from the streets and houses to prevent disease. The type of roads in terms

of paved or unpaved, extension, direction, and the movement of cars affecting

on the collection of solid waste. Where the alleys reduce the movement of

collection vehicles and choose the shortest way to collect and transport of solid

waste to save time and effort (Saleh, 2013).

5. Social factors:

Social factors are one of the main reasons for increasing household solid

waste, where customs, traditions and events result a large quantities of solid

waste, which have negative effects on the environment. There are many social

factors happen annually such as holidays, Ramadan, Fridays, local markets,

weddings and other social events.

Among these social factors is the increase in waste on Friday particularly,

in most of the governorates of the Gaza Strip where every city or camp in the

provinces has its own popular market and solid waste is too much on this day of

the week (Abu Al-Ajein, 2011).

6. Technical and political factors:

The technical and political factors are specific in the Gaza Strip in their

impact on the solid waste sector due to the Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip

and especially the eastern areas where the waste dumps are located within the

eastern border areas of the Gaza Strip and these areas are often subject to the

incursion of the occupation forces, and large-scale landings of the surrounding

area were dredging, thereby stopping the transfer of solid waste.

The closure of the main roads leading to landfills leads to the crossing of

many dirt roads to reach them, which led to the disruption of many trucks and

increase the cost of maintenance and reduce the quality of collection and

transport, especially in the winter.

36

The solid waste management process was also affected by the blockade

imposed on the Gaza Strip, as reflected in the performance of the Solid Waste

Board in the collection and transport of solid waste, which led to a decline in the

readiness of the solid waste management board to reach 86% in 2010 due to the

Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, in addition to preventing the entry of new

trucks, lack of fuel and spare parts for trucks, prevent entry to the containers to

over the shortage and the occupation control over the crossing (Waste

Management Council, 2010).

2.3.8 Volume of Solid Waste in The Gaza Strip

The volume of solid waste produced in the Gaza Strip in 2007 was about

(400 thousand tons), while the volume of solid waste produced in 2011 was

about (490 thousand tons).

The volume of waste produced is increasing with the increase in

population. In 2013, the volume of solid waste reached about (625 thousand

tons) distributed over the governorates of the Gaza Strip.

With regard to the rate of solid waste production, the volume of solid

waste produced per person varies according to the economic situation. The

production rate for person in urban was estimated to be between 0.9 - 1.2 kg

/day, while in the camps it was estimated to be between 0.5 - 0.8 kg /day and in

rural areas it was between 0.4 - 0.6 kg /day.

In spite of the similarity of solid waste globally, it vary in volume

annually, and differ in it's components and the proportion of each element.

Social, economic and climatic factors are considered the most important factors

affecting to solid waste and its nature.

Solid waste in the Gaza Strip produces from many daily activities. The

most important of these activities is household activity, where household solid

waste represent about 45% to 50% of total solid waste, while the rest of the

activities represent about 50% of the volume of waste.

According Jaber & Abu Jazar, (2007) solid waste in the Gaza Strip in

recent years has seen a significant increase in its quantities due to population

37

growth and social changes. According to Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

(2013) the volume of solid waste is clarify in Table (2.2).

Table (2.2): Volume of Solid Waste in The Gaza Strip Governorates

Governorates Volume of Solid Waste

Produced (tons /year)

Population

in 2013

Rate of Production

for Person kg/capita

North of Gaza 124,044 335,253 0.37

Gaza 205,812 588,033 0.35

Dair Al Balah 93,917 247,150 0.38

Khan Younes 118,709 320,835 0.37

Rafah 77,761 210,166 0.37

Total 620,243 1,701,437

2.3.9 Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste

Solid waste has several effects on houses, air, soil and groundwater as

follows:

First: Effect of Solid Waste on Houses or Roads

The accumulation of solid waste in front of houses or beside the

containers is bad and harmful. The accumulation of solid waste especially

organic waste is a major problem, where it could ferments and produces many

gases and unpleasant odors that disturb the population and cause them many

diseases and harms (Shahab & Eid, 2014) .

Many diseases are transmitted through flies and cockroaches such as

bacterial and viral diseases, and many species are transmitted through mice such

as plague and many other diseases (Qasim, 2004).

Second: Effect of Solid Waste on Air

Solid waste is considered an air pollutant; it is affect on the air in many

of its conditions, such as heating, burning and turning the air to an agent to

transport diseases and pollutants from one place to another. It is estimated that

solid and liquid wastes contribute about 3% of global air pollution, making the

search for solutions vital. The ability of waste to pollute the air varies depending

on many variables such as physical and chemical composition . Gas formed by

32

solid waste is a problem, and if industrial areas are available, it is considered one

of the main causes of acid rain (Abu Al-Ajein, 2011).

Third: Effect of Solid Waste on Soil

The soil consists of many basic components and when one of its

components is changed, a large pollution occurs, which affects their fertility and

their ability to produce. Soil is exposed to solid waste pollution in many ways,

where contamination of soil with pollutants occurs directly through the

transformation of vacant land into random dumps where waste accumulates,

which make lands unfit for agricultural use or other uses.

Soil pollution is also caused by decomposition and leakage of leachate,

which contributes to pollution, where leakage of the leachate from the containers

and waste accumulated around or random, contains high rates of environmental

pollutants, and the severity of this leachate is in the winter, where it is mixing

with rainwater and reaching to groundwater is the highest risk to soil and

groundwater (Tuffaha, 2006).

Fourth: Effect of Solid Waste on Groundwater

Groundwater is considered a priority to be taken into consideration when

selecting a solid waste landfill site. It is preferable that the solid waste landfill

site be located within areas that have a groundwater far away from the surface.

Groundwater is affected by the accumulation of solid waste in landfills,

where it can be decomposed and produce a leachate that can reach groundwater

and thus lead to high concentration chloride, nitrate and fluoride in wells close

to landfills (Fadlelmawla et al., 2006).

2.3.10 Challenges Facing Solid Waste Management Systems in Palestine

There are several challenges facing solid waste management systems in

Palestine, and these challenges are as a following (ARIJ, 2009):

1. Israeli occupation and causing damage to machinery and equipment.

2. Geographical and urban characteristics of some areas.

3. Low rates of collection of waste charges.

39

4. Insufficient of facilities and equipment.

5. Public awareness and participation.

6. Poor communication capabilities of some municipalities.

7. Absence of an effective legal framework for solid waste management.

8. Lack of planning at the national level.

21

Chapter 3

Municipalities

21

Chapter 3

Municipalities

This chapter demonstrates a detailed review about municipalities, including

definition, creation, and relation with local government. Importance, objectives,

functions, duties and Powers of municipalities. In addition to characteristics, obstacles

and impact of environmental factors on municipalities. Sources of revenues,

expenditures and obstacles of crowdfunding at municipalities. Furthermore,

classification of municipalities in the Gaza Strip and the major municipalities in the

Gaza Strip. Finally challenges facing the municipalities of the Gaza Strip Governorate.

Introduction

The urban and human expansion in life, and the conflict of interest among

members of society required the existence of authorities and management to

coordinate different actions, by regulates daily life as much as possible for people,

and;3 that leading to fewer conflicts among members of society.

It also works to end random work, but because of the development itself, it

became not only that, but they are doing all that will increase the welfare of society,

and has a broad social activity based on the public interest basically (Sheikh Eid,

2007).

Municipalities are major organizations that play an important and vital role in

people's lives. Municipalities in our time practice many activities that are of great

importance and thus interfere in public life greatly by coordinating and organizing the

work among the public within the cities, and this leading to increase the welfare of

society (Salem, 2012).

Municipalities also play an important role in community development, through

services provided to the public, and seek to improve the standard of living and improve

the services provided to citizens through the implementation of programs and policies

that they have set for themselves, in order to provide better services and to achieve the

ambitions of peoples that elected them (Mady, 2011).

24

In this section, we will highlight the municipalities in the Gaza Strip, and talking

in some detail about the major municipalities in the Gaza Strip.

Local Administration and Local Government

The local administration (Municipality) is a branch of the general administration,

and it serves as the main basis for popular democracy. The modern countries in all

forms and systems of government seek to consolidate the rules of local administration,

because they believe that it is the best way to perform its functions and duties.

It represents the primary school for the people from which the future

administrative competencies are graduated at the national level.

Local administration can be defined in several definitions, including the following:

Al-Adwani, (2003) defines the concept of local administration as "The transfer

of some administrative authorities from the central government to local authorities

formed to manage local affairs under the control of the central government."

Local administration can also be defined as "An administrative method, whereby

the State is divided into units with a local concept, whereby an authority representing

the supreme management, supervises the management of each unit, and it works to

optimize the exploitation of its own resources. It is linked to the central government

through the general policy of the state and the relations defined in the Constitution."

(Sihem, 2012).

The Palestinian Local Authorities Law No. (1) Of (1997), defined it as "the unit

of local government in a certain geographical and administrative scope".

It is clear from the study of the definition of local administration that there are

certain characteristics must be provided in the local administration to be as well:

1. Existence of interests requiring a particular legal system.

2. Existence of elected local bodies with independent legal personality.

3. Provide a kind of legal, administrative and financial independence for the local

authority, despite being subject to the supervision and control of the central

authority in specific areas.

23

4. Training local authorities to exercise their political right, by electing their

representatives in local councils.

On the other hand, the local government is defined as "A system whereby the

practice of self-rule in a specific geographical region within the State, through the

participation of the people of that region in the management of their affairs, within the

independence guaranteed by the Constitution or the Basic Laws of the State " (Al-

Akash et al., 1997).

Through the previous definitions, it is clear that there are specific differences

between the local administration and the local government in many aspects (Al-Maani

& Abu Fares, 1995) as shown in Table (3.1).

Table (3.1): The Differences Between The Local Administration and Local

Government

Difference Local Administration Local Government

Creation Created by law Created by Constitution

Linking

linked to the administrative

organization of the State, and

considered a method of

administrative organization

Linked to the state, and

considered a method of political

organization

Function exercises part of the state

administrative function only

exercises executive, legislative

and judicial functions

Stability of

Specialization

Its specialties are subject to

change either increase or

decrease

Its specialties have a relatively

greater degree of stability

Control Subject to the supervision and

control of the central authority

Subject to indirectly control

exercised by the central

authority

The Creation of Municipalities in The Gaza Strip

The municipalities in Palestine generally and in the Gaza Strip in particular, were

not isolated from the conditions that the Palestinian people were subjected to from the

calamities, siege and the closure of crossings.

Until the late 18th century, when the Ottoman Empire began to suffer from

weakness, the sultans undertook reforms on various systems, including the

22

development of administrative systems by use a system of local government

represented by municipal councils.

With the beginning of the British occupation, the High Commissioner issued a

decree under which municipal elections were held in 1926, and the first municipal

elections were held in Palestine in 1927, where this situation remained unchanged until

1934.

When the Municipalities Act was adopted to regulate the work of the

municipalities in the country, elections were held for 20 municipalities in that year.

There was no change in the status of municipalities until 1948, where Jordan took over

the West Bank and municipal laws were issued.

In the Gaza Strip, Egypt took over the responsibility, where British Mandate

laws continued to apply.

In the Gaza Strip, there were only two municipalities, the Gaza Municipality and

the Khan Yunis municipality, until the occupation of the Gaza Strip from the Israeli

occupation in 1967. This situation stayed as it was, and the last development was the

addition of two municipalities in the Gaza Strip, Deir al-Balah and Rafah in 1974

(Sa'eid, 1996).

The situation remained as it was until the Palestinian Authority came and the

municipal organization became under the supervision of the Ministry of Local

Government. New municipalities were founded in the Gaza Strip, up to 25

municipalities.

The Relationship Between the Ministry of Local Government and

Municipalities

Article (2) of the Palestinian Local Authorities Law No. (1) Of (1997), refers to

the relationship between the Ministry of Local Government and Municipalities, where

the Ministry sets the general policy for the work of the Palestinian local councils and

supervises the functions of these councils, financial and administrative control and

legal procedures for the formation of these councils.

It also carries out the technical and administrative work related to the regional

planning activities in Palestine, and establish any regulations necessary for the

25

performance of its duties stipulated in the preceding clauses or under the provisions of

the law.

Article (3) of the law stipulates that "the local authority (municipality) shall be

considered a legal entity with financial independence, and determine their functions

and powers under the provisions of the law. It shall be managed by a council, which,

determine the number of its members in accordance with a system issued by the

Minister, and approved by the Council of Ministers. Its president and members shall

be elected freely and directly in accordance with the provisions of the election law"

(Palestinian Local Authorities Law No. (1), 1997).

The Ministry of Local Government, in accordance with the law, has supervisory

authority over the functions of the local authority in several aspects, the most important

of which are financial, administrative and legal.

The Importance and Objectives of Local Authorities (Municipalities)

3.5.1 The Importance of Municipalities

The fact that the municipalities are executive bodies close to the citizen

makes them better able to understand their needs and aspirations, especially as

their work is concerned with providing basic services to society and they are

consider a key player in the economy and local development process.

The importance of municipalities is, (Mady, 2011):

1. Helps popular participation in the planning, management and

implementation of projects, which satisfies the satisfaction and enhances

the social responsibility of the community.

2. Increase the speed of decision-making without returning to the central

government, leading to complete projects fast and more efficient.

3. Helps to find realistic and creative solutions to local problems, as they

are closer to citizens.

4. Develop the skills of the citizen in the governance and administration of

their region and thus help to create trainee cadres for work and future

participation at the national level.

26

5. Assist the central government in national development planning, by

providing them with basic information on geographical areas within the

limits of their influence.

3.5.2 The Objectives of Municipalities

Municipalities are seen as a local administration that takes care of the life

and development issues that directly affect at the lives of the population and the

closer cooperation between governmental and popular efforts in providing of

services and necessary benefits for people (Allam, 1991).

The objectives of municipalities is (Abu Amara, 1996; Zoubi, 1993):

1. Political objectives:

Achieving democratic management: by involve citizens in the

management of their local units and train them on the assets of political

action.

Train people to govern themselves.

Support national unity.

Help the country in political crises such as wars, revolutions and coups

2. Administrative and economic objectives:

Achieving administrative efficiency: by assessing the satisfaction of

citizens with the services provided by the municipalities.

Supporting popular efforts as well as government efforts to work together

in various activities for community development.

Flexibility in changing the performance of local units according to the

nature of the unit, its size and the needs of people.

3. Social objectives:

Achieving social justice: by sharing of power with the government, and

the return of fees and taxes to local utilities to benefit the local

community.

The elected local administration serves as the mind of the body: it

organizes the movement of the unit, manages the activities and achieve

the desired interests.

27

Creating a spirit of competition among different local units in order to

make local projects successful.

Relieve pressure on the government in relation to local affairs.

Functions, Duties and Powers of Municipalities

Municipalities provide a set of vital functions indispensable to the service of the

community. The Palestinian Local Authorities Law No. (1) Of 1997 in Article (15)

determined the functions and powers of the Municipal Council, which are

characterized by their services nature. They are as follows (Palestinian Local

Authorities Law No. 1 Of 1997):

1. Planning the municipality and streets, and organizing the buildings, including

opening, maintenance and paving of the streets, and control of the construction

of buildings and granting licenses to them.

2. Providing the population with potable water or other uses determine their prices

and preventing pollution of natural water sources.

3. Providing the population with electricity and determine the consumption cost.

4. Construction, management and control of sewage and sewerage networks and

work any necessary measures for the drainage of rainwater.

5. Organization and establishment of public markets and organization of industries

and places of practice.

6. Collecting, transporting and get rid of waste from streets, houses and public

shops.

7. Provide and control of public health, and prevent spread of epidemics among

people, exterminate mosquitoes and other insects and control rodents.

8. Establish and monitor the centers of ambulances, clinics and hospitals in

coordination with the specialized government agencies.

9. Organization and control of restaurants, cafes, clubs and other places of public

gatherings.

10. Establish gardens, parks, and swimming pools and organize them, in addition to

the establishment of museums and public libraries in coordination with the

specialized government agencies.

11. Establish and organize the parking, and control transport vehicles.

22

12. Controlling sellers, weights and measurements.

13. Control and organization of hotels.

14. Management of property of the local authority, and establish of the necessary

buildings, rental and mortgage.

It is clear that municipalities play vital roles that can be classified into the

following categories:

1. The services area: such as water and electricity services, road construction,

gardens, buildings and land regulation, etc.

2. The economic area: such as the establishment of income-generating projects,

public markets and parking spaces, in addition to organization of crafts and

industries.

3. The cultural and educational area: such as the establishment of museums, public

libraries, cultural centers and schools.

4. The social area: Such as, shelter the poor people and relief of those affected by

environmental disasters.

5. The environmental area: such as availability of public health conditions,

collection and regulation of waste, management of sewage water, preservation

of environment and landscaping of the streets.

6. The administrative and political area: such as involving the local community in

the formulation of public policies and decision-making, thus enhancing the

social responsibility and promoting the principles of democracy.

Characteristics and Obstacles of Local Administration in Palestine

The effects of the political conditions in Palestine reflected on the local

administration in terms of characteristics or the obstacles that it faced (Abdul Ati,

2005).

3.7.1 Characteristics of Local Administration in Palestine

The local administration in Palestine has been distinguished by several

characteristics, as follows:

29

1. Its association with the central authority and its dependence on it in its

budgets and policies in general, which weakened its role in the planning

of community development.

2. The councils are given and not elected mostly, as the central government

resorted to the system of appointment; to link the local government and

employ it to serve its political programs.

3. Lack of trust between the local government and society, due to

negligence of citizens and society needs.

4. Lack of political, administrative and financial organization, which

regulate the functions of local authorities.

5. Some of their human abilities are not qualified, and need better technical

and professional training.

6. Restricting the financial revenues of the municipalities from the legal and

social aspects, thus limiting their functional duties to providing the basic

services to the population, and did not expand the economic, social and

developmental attention to the population.

3.7.2 Obstacles Facing the Local Administration in Palestine

There are many obstacles facing the local administration in Palestine as

follows:

1. Inadequate regulations and laws that limit the powers of municipalities

to include many economic, social and cultural aspects.

2. The lack of powers of municipalities, such as the end of the powers of

responsibility for electricity, which weakens its resources.

3. Lack of awareness of the concept of development and its importance,

either from municipal workers or supervisors of the work of

municipalities.

4. The rarity of necessary financial resources, to implement the necessary

infrastructure development projects.

5. Non-payment of bills and financial obligations by citizens, to local

authorities; due to the difficult economic situation and the spread of

poverty and unemployment.

51

6. Lack of adequate understanding of the concept, role and importance of

local government.

7. The repeated Israeli invasion of the areas of the Palestinian National

Authority and the accompanying destruction of the infrastructure.

8. A large percentage of mayors and municipal councils are not eligible for

this role.

9. Poor community participation.

Impact of Environmental Factors on Local Authorities

The local authority does not operate in isolation from its environment otherwise,

it lose its legality and the reason for its existence, from providing services to the local

community. These factors can be summarized as follows (Al-Quds Open University,

1998):

1. Geographical and natural factors:

Where deserts, mountains and valleys may be a barrier to communication

between local areas and thus determine the sizes of local administration, but with

technological advances in recent decades overcoming these difficulties.

2. Historical factors:

It is noted that some local units have historically enjoyed local administration

and therefore when they join a specific country, we find that these factors play a role

in the exercise of their powers.

3. Economic factors:

The economic potential of a particular local area plays an important role in

developing the financial resources of the local administration and thus determining

the type of services that can be provided to the community.

4. Social factors:

Where the size and distribution of the population, their awareness, their scientific

level and their behavior, affect the management and organization of the local

administration.

51

5. Political factors:

Where the ruling political system, whether democratic, socialist, totalitarian or

otherwise, has an important impact on the local administration.

Sources of Revenues and Expenditures in The Gaza Strip

Municipalities

The local authority can't have full independence financial without being able to

finance itself, so the financing of local authorities is one of the most important pillars

supporting its independence and effectiveness. Where local authorities in various

economic systems need stable self-resources to carry out their functions and

competencies in various fields to ensure success of their role in social, cultural and

economic advancement.

3.9.1 Sources of Revenue

There is a consensus on the importance of money for organizations in

general either government organization or NGO's. Money is the lifeblood of

organizations, and the continuation of their work is closely linked to the

continued flow of money, where insufficient funds cause loss of opportunities

and threat the life of organization (Jarrar & Abu Bahaa, 2012).

The financial resources of local authorities vary according to the country

and the common laws there. Article (21), (22), (23) and (24) of the Palestinian

Local Authorities Law No. (1) Of (1997) explicitly stipulate the types of

revenues that local authorities are entitled to collect as follows:

1. Article (21): Stipulate that the local council may be borrowed from any

party after the approval of the Minister, if the borrowing transaction

requires the sponsorship of the executive authority, the approval of the

Council of Ministers shall be taken. For example, borrowing from

various banking and financial institutions.

2. Article (22): Stipulates that the revenues of the local authority consist of:

Taxes, fees and money imposed under the provisions of the law.

Which include, house taxes revenues, crafts and occupations, maps,

cleaning services, health monitoring of food items, organization and

54

construction, parking, municipal public property, in addition to water and

sanitation services and more.

Donations, grants and aids approved by the Council.

The allocated share by the executive authority of the local authority, such

as government subsidies provided by the central government to local

authorities.

3. Article (23): Stipulate that the local authority may obtain 3% of the value

of the item sold in the public auction within the area of the local authority.

4. Article (24): Stipulate that the allocation of 50% of the fees and fines

collected under the Road Transport Law to the local authorities within

their borders, these fees consist of vehicle ownership licenses, fines for

violations and others. The proceeds of these revenues shall be distributed

at a rate of not less than 50% on the local authorities from which they

were collected and the rest shall be distributed in the percentages

determined by the Council of Ministers.

3.9.2 Expenditures

We have already listed the various services provided by the local

authorities for society and citizens in all fields. There is no doubt that these

services need a quantity of expenses.

Local authorities' expenditures can be classified as follows (Abu Al-

Ajein, 2010):

1. General administration expenses:

The expenses related to the general administration of the municipality,

which consists of the mayor, members of the municipal council, and the staff of

accountants and administrators in the municipality, include wages, salaries and

transportation expenses, and any expenses contribute to facilitate the

performance of departments.

2. Local service expenses:

This type of expenditure is related to the work of the services department

carried out by the municipality, whether in the field of health or engineering and

53

management. It includes the salaries of health, engineering and regulation

workers, electricity and water expenses, in addition to expenses of municipal

property, and any expenditure to maintain the municipal s performance.

3. Projects expenses:

This item includes expenditures related to water and sanitation projects,

in addition to, the salaries of employees of this sector and other expenses that

help to perform this section.

Obstacles of Crowdfunding at Municipalities of The Gaza Strip

There are many difficulties and obstacles that limit the ability of municipalities

to crowdfunding as follows (Jarrar and Abu Bahaa, 2012; Sharaf, 2005):

1. Difficulty of variety in sources of funding.

2. Lack of specialized cadres to develop financial resources.

3. Insufficient sources of funding to cover municipal expenses.

4. The large number of Palestinian municipalities seeking to funds.

5. Poor municipal performance.

6. The weakness of the municipal ability to convince the financer to support it.

7. Lack of financier conviction of the feasibility of the projects proposed by the

municipality.

8. Incompatibility between the Municipality's mission and its objectives with the

financier.

Classification of Municipalities in The Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip includes twenty-five local authorities distributed on five

governorate, (North Gaza, Gaza, Deir al-Balah, Khan Younis, Rafah) and classified

into three categories (A, B, C) according to the classification of the (Ministry of Local

Government, 2016):

(5) Local authorities classified as (A): Municipalities that are considered provincial

centers.

(9) Local authorities classified as (B): the municipalities founded before 1994.

(11) Local authorities classified as (C): the municipalities founded after 1994.

52

Table (3.2) clarify the classification of municipalities in the Gaza Strip according to

the classification of the (Ministry of Local Government, 2016).

Table (3.2): Classification of Municipalities in the Gaza Strip

Governorate No. Municipality Classification

North Gaza

1 Jabalia A

2 Beit Hanoun B

3 Beit Lahia B

4 Um Al-Nasser C

Gaza

5 Al-Moghraqa C

6 Al-Zahra C

7 Gaza A

8 Wadi Gaza C

Deir Al-Balah

9 Al-Bureij B

10 Al-Maghazi B

11 Al-Msaddar C

12 Al-Zawaideh B

13 Al-Nuseirat B

14 Deir Al-Balah A

15 Wadi Al-Salqa C

Khan Younis

16 Abasan Al-Jadida C

17 Abasan B

18 Al-Fukhari C

19 Al-Qarara B

20 Bani Suhaila B

21 Khan Younis A

22 Khuza'a C

Rafah

23 Al-Nasser C

24 Al-Shuka C

25 Rafah A

The Major Municipalities in The Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip contains (5) major municipalities: Gaza Municipality, Khan

Younis Municipality, Jabalia Municipality, Deir Al Balah Municipality, and Rafah

Municipality. These municipalities provide services to approximately 1.2 million

55

people living in an area of about 210 thousand Km2, where that is the area of influence

of the major municipalities in the Gaza Strip.

The municipalities in the Gaza Strip are consider the second largest sector after

the government sector, where they have 2669 employees according to the statistics of

the (Ministry of Local Government in Gaza, 2010).

The following is a brief summary of the major municipalities in the Gaza Strip:

3.12.1 Municipality of Gaza

The municipality of Gaza was founded in 1893, and the first mayor of

Gaza City was Mustafa al-Alami and the last of the council's presidency in the

Ottoman era was Said al-Shawa, who completed the municipal hospital, which

later became the headquarters of the Gaza municipality until these days.

Several municipal councils began in the city of Gaza during the Ottoman

Empire in 1893, and during the British mandate between 1918-1948, then the

Egyptian administration, and later the Israeli occupation between 1967-1994.

With the return of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, Palestinian

Authority President Yasser Arafat issued a decision to form a new municipal

council for municipal affairs, where Mr. Awn Saadi Al-Shawa was appointed to

form a city council for the city in accordance with the public interest and urgent

city requirements, and this was done on 26/7/1994. It is considered the first

municipal council under the authority of the Palestinian National Authority in

modern history.

The Council was founded to face the poor conditions in infrastructure

and services. The municipality of Gaza is the largest municipality among the

municipalities of the Gaza Strip.

The municipality has provided several services and repairs to the city's

infrastructure, roads and public utilities (Ministry of Local Government, 2016).

Currently, the municipality of Gaza is managed by a 10 member

municipal council headed by Eng. Nizar Hijazi.

56

In the classification of the Ministry of Local Government, the

municipality was classified as (A) (Municipality of Gaza, 2016).

3.12.2 Municipality of Khan Younis

The municipality of Khan Younis was founded in 1917 with a council

consisting of a president and two members only. It is the second largest

municipality in the Gaza Strip after Gaza Municipality. The various councils

worked to provide services to the citizens of the city, while the city has seen a

significant decline over the years of the Israeli occupation.

With the return of the Palestinian National Authority, great attention was

given to the development of the administrative side of the municipality through

the adoption of an administrative structure capable of bearing the burden on the

municipality to develop the city (Ministry of Local Government, 2016).

Currently, the municipality of Khan Younis is managed by a 13 member

municipal council headed by Yahya Mohieddin Al-Astal.


municipality was classified as (A) (Municipality of Khan Younis, 2016).

3.12.3 Municipality of Jabalia

The municipality of Jabalia was founded in 1952 under the control of the

Egyptian administration of the Gaza Strip. It consider the third largest

municipality in the Gaza Strip in terms of services required of the population.

It provides services to about 220 thousand people live in about 18 km2,

representing 65% of the population of the northern Gaza Strip.

The Municipality provides citizens with electricity, water, sanitation,

public health and environment services. In addition to road construction and

paving, organization of all construction works, and contribute to the

establishment of playgrounds and parks. It has vital role, which reflected in its

areas of development and prosperity (Ministry of Local Government, 2016).

Currently, the municipality of Jabalia is managed by a 13 member

municipal council headed by Issam Mohammed Jouda.

57


municipality was classified as (A) (Municipality of Jabalia, 2016)

3.12.4 Municipality of Deir El Balah

The first municipal council was founded in Deir al-Balah by a decision

of the Israeli military ruler in 1978, after the city was managed through a village

council founded in 1951 under the Egyptian administration and continued until

1973.

With the return of the Palestinian National Authority, Mr. Sami

Mohammed Abu Selim was appointed to form the first municipal council by a

Palestinian decision on 1/9/1996.

Deir al-Balah Municipality serves about 80,000 people and has an area

of influence about 20,000 km2 (Ministry of Local Government, 2016).

Currently, the municipality of Deir al-Balah is managed by a 13 member

municipal council headed by Mr. Said Ahmed Nassar.


municipality was classified as (A) (Municipality of Deir al-Balah, 2016).

3.12.5 The Municipality of Rafah

Rafah has the first municipal council on 27/9/1972, where it was

previously represented by a village council founded in 1952 to provide basic

services to citizens.

The various municipal councils followed the Rafah municipality based

on the decisions of the Israeli ruler until the coming of the Palestinian National

Authority, where the first municipal council was formed under the Palestinian

National Authority in 1996 by appointed Eng. Saeed Fathi Zurab.

Rafah was more fortunate than other small municipalities in the Gaza

Strip in terms of interest of financiers, after the Oslo agreement in 1993; because

it was the only link between the Gaza Strip and the outside world (Ministry of

Local Government, 2016).

52

Currently, the municipality of Rafah is managed by a 7 member

municipal council headed by Mr. Subhi Abdel Fattah Radwan.


municipality was classified as (A) (Municipality of Rafah, 2016).

Table (3.3) shows the population and areas of influence overseen by the

major municipalities in the Gaza governorates (Ministry of Local Government,

2016):

Table (3.3): Employees, Population and Areas of Influence for The Major

Municipalities in The Gaza Strip Governorates

No. Municipality Employees

Number

Population

Number

Areas of

)2(KmnfluenceI

1 Gaza 1,400 400,000 45

2 Khan Younis 430 220,000 54

3 Jabalia 370 220,000 18

4 Deir El Balah 120 76,124 20

5 Rafah 330 173,371 30.5

Total 2,650 1,089,495 167,50

Challenges Facing the Municipalities of The Gaza Strip Governorate

Most of local authorities in the developing countries in general and in Palestine

in particular have suffered from a number of obstacles that prevent them from carrying

out their duties efficiently and effectively. The most prominent of these obstacles are:

1. Weak of financial resources:

Most local authorities suffer from a semi-permanent deficit in their own financial

resources, which negatively affects their ability to perform their tasks and maintain the

quality of services provided to the population, where many of local authorities rely on

foreign aid.

This weakness is generally attributed to several reasons, including (Al-Farra,

2015):

A set of laws and regulations relating to financial items, which ensures that

municipalities rely on the central authority as a main source of funding, such as

the limited capacity of municipalities to taxation.

59

The bad economic situation in Palestine, resulting a lack of effective productive

sectors, which can provide fixed income for local authorities such as industrial

zones.

Non-obligation of citizens to pay their dues; due to bad economic situation or

other cultural reasons.

2. Weak of administrative and technical capabilities:

Where the low salaries for employees and the lack of incentives provided to them

in local authorities does not help to attract qualified human resources, this leads to

weak technical capabilities to implement the development and vital projects (Al-Farra,

2015).

3. Weak of people participation:

Where most local authorities face a lack of confidence between them and their

citizens, which leads to the evasion of many citizens from the payment of taxes and

fees. All these things have led to weak popular and communal initiative (Abu Al-Ajein,

2010).

4. Political Problems:

The political, historical and current circumstances in Palestine, which are

dominated by the Israeli occupation, which prevent the exercise of some kind of good

governance, whether at the level of the general political system or within the

framework of local government, in addition to the policies of the Israeli occupation

and through repeated incursions have left many problems that prevent the work of local

authorities (Mohammed, 2008).

5. Lack of awareness about the development concept:

Where the lack of awareness about local development, both workers in the

municipalities or supervisors of the work of municipalities, this leads to a negative

note on the municipal administration as soon as the municipality participates in any

developmental activity (Haseeba, 2006).

6. The complexity of municipal work, where there are many political, social and

economic interference (Al-Farra, 2015).

61

7. The reluctance of many donor state institutions to deal with the municipalities of

the Gaza governorates, especially after the winning of Hamas in the legislative

elections in 2006, which adversely affected the size of vital projects

implemented in the Gaza Strip (Al-Farra, 2015).

Factors of the Questionnaire

Through the review of the previous studies, the items of the questionnaire

relating to the title of this research were prepared. In this section, the researchers who

have studied some of these items will be talked about as follows:

3.14.1 Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater Services

Shamia (2012), Jarrar and Abu Bahaa (2012), Sharaf (2005) and Abdul

Ati (2005) talked about challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater

services in their studies, where they confirmed that municipalities suffered from

financial problems including what related to budget, revenues and donations of

donors.

Al-Babili and Abu Ne'ma (2013), CMWU (2009) and PCDCR (2016)

talked about challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater services in

their studies, where they agreed that municipalities suffered from physical

problems including what related to wastewater treatment, networks components,

coverage areas and problems of needed energy for operate treatment plant.

Afifi (2006), PCDCR (2016) and Jaradat (2016) talked about challenges

facing municipalities to provide wastewater services in their studies, where they

agreed that municipalities suffered from technical and environmental problems

including what related to septic tanks spread, effects of wastewater on

groundwater and environment in addition to reuse of wastewater.

The references factors of the first section in the questionnaire (Challenges

Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater Services) can be summarized in

Table (3.4) as follows:

61

Table (3.4): Factors Related to Wastewater Services

First: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater Services

Factors

References

Sh

amia

(2

01

2)

Jarr

ar a

nd

Ab

u B

ahaa

(2

01

2)

Sh

araf

(2

005

)

Ab

du

l A

ti (

20

05

)

Al-

Bab

ili

and

Abu

Ne'

ma

(20

13

)

CM

WU

(20

09

)

Afi

fi (

20

06

)

PC

DC

R (

20

16

)

Qre

naw

i (2

007

)

Al-

Far

ra (

20

15

)

Pal

esti

nia

n W

ater

Au

tho

rity

(2

00

4)

Jara

dat

(2

01

6)

Has

eeba

(20

06

)

Financial Challenges

Lack of provided budget to the

municipalities. √ √ √ √

Decline of revenues, which the

municipalities collect them from their

projects.

√ Lack of funds and donations from donors

to construct wastewater projects. √ √ √

High financial cost to construct

wastewater projects. √ √ √

Decline of sewerage service fees

compared to the cost of service. √

Weakness of citizen's culture for bills

payments. √

Physical Challenges

Inability to wastewater treatment.

√

Damage and wear of sewerage.

√

Lack of sewer. √

Inability of sewerage to cover all area.

√

Lack of the needed energy such as fuel

and electricity to operate treatment plant. √

√

Inability of sewerage to accommodate the

wastewater.

√

Technical and Environmental Challenges

Lack of maintenance operations in the

sewerage. √

64


Factors

References

Sh

amia

(2

01

2)

Jarr

ar a

nd

Ab

u B

ahaa

(2

01

2)

Sh

araf

(2

005

)

Ab

du

l A

ti (

20

05

)

Al-

Bab

ili

and

Abu

Ne'

ma

(20

13

)

CM

WU

(20

09

)

Afi

fi (

20

06

)

PC

DC

R (

20

16

)

Qre

naw

i (2

007

)

Al-

Far

ra (

20

15

)

Pal

esti

nia

n W

ater

Au

tho

rity

(2

00

4)

Jara

dat

(2

01

6)

Has

eeba

(20

06

)

Lack of skilled and experienced laborers

in sewerage. √ √

Dependence of some residents to use

septic tanks due to lack of wastewater

network.

√

Aquifer pollution by increasing the

proportion of salts and nitrates. √

√

√ √

The negative impact of wastewater on the

environment.

√

√

Inability to reuse wastewater for

agricultural purposes.

√

Absence of environmental awareness

department in municipalities.

√

3.14.2 Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply Services

Shamia (2012), Jarrar and Abu Bahaa (2012), Sharaf (2005), Abdul Ati

(2005) and Al-Babili and Abu Ne'ma (2013) talked about challenges facing

municipalities to provide water supply services in their studies, where they

confirmed that municipalities suffered from financial problems including what

related to budget, revenues, funds and donations of donors.

Al-Babili and Abu Ne'ma (2013), Al-Zarqa (2010), Kuhail (1996),

Jaradat (2016), Kuhail and Zorob (1988), Al-Louh and Jaber (2007) and Al-

alawi (2000) talked about challenges facing municipalities to provide water

supply services in their studies, where they agreed that municipalities suffered

from physical problems including what related to water losses, aquifer, salinity

of water, components of system, energy and water wells.

63

Al-Babili and Abu Ne'ma (2013), Al-Zarqa (2010), Jaradat (2016), Al-

Louh and Jaber (2007) and Al-alawi (2000) talked about challenges facing

municipalities to provide water supply services in their studies, where they

agreed that municipalities suffered from technical and environmental problems

including what related amounts of needed water, elevated tanks, managing of

water resources and desalination plants.

The references factors of the second section in the questionnaire

(Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply Services) can be

summarized in Table (3.5) as follows:

Table (3.5): Factors Related to Water Supply Services

Second: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply Services

Factors

References

Sham

ia (

2012)

Jarr

ar a

nd A

bu B

ahaa

(2012)

Shar

af (

2005)

Abdul

Ati

(2005)

CM

WU

(2009)

Al-

Bab

ili

and A

bu N

e'm

a (2

013)

Al-

Zar

qa

(2010)

Kuhai

l (1

996)

Jara

dat

(2016)

Kuhai

l an

d Z

oro

b (

1988)

Al-

Louh a

nd J

aber

(2007)

Al-

alaw

i (2

000)

Pal

esti

nia

n W

ater

Auth

ori

ty (

2004)

Al-

Om

ari

(2004)

Al-

Far

ra (

2015)


Lack of provided budget to the

municipalities. √ √ √

Weakness of citizen's culture for

bills payments. √ √

The financial deficit in the

municipalities due to lack of

revenue.

√ √ √

Decreasing of the imposed fees of

water comparing with the cost of

the service.

√

High financial cost to construct

water supply projects. √

Physical Challenges

62


Factors

References

Sh

amia

(2

01

2)

Jarr

ar a

nd

Ab

u B

ahaa

(2

01

2)

Sh

araf

(2

005

)

Ab

du

l A

ti (

20

05

)

CM

WU

(20

09

)

Al-

Bab

ili

and

Abu

Ne'

ma

(20

13

)

Al-

Zar

qa

(20

10

)

Ku

hai

l (1

99

6)

Jara

dat

(2

01

6)

Ku

hai

l an

d Z

oro

b (

198

8)

Al-

Lo

uh

an

d J

aber

(2

00

7)

Al-

alaw

i (2

00

0)

Pal

esti

nia

n W

ater

Au

tho

rity

(2

00

4)

Al-

Om

ari

(200

4)

Al-

Far

ra (

20

15

)

Increasing the proportion of water

losses as a result of old pipes.

√

The severe shortage of water

quantity in the aquifer.

√ √

Increasing the percentage of salts

in the aquifer.

√ √ √

Decreasing of water quality, which

supplied to citizens.

√ √

Lack of availability of spare parts

used in the system.

√

Limited of water wells.

√

Lack of the needed energy such as

fuel and electricity to operate

water wells.

√ √

The amount of water supplied to

the citizens don't meet their needs.

√ √

Loss of large amounts of water,

caused by illegal encroachments

from some citizens.

√ √

Salinity of drinking and domestic

water.

√ √

Many of the old wells were

stopped.

√


Shortages of supplied water to

citizens. √ √

Lack of elevated tanks, which used

for pumping water to remote areas. √

Increasing of salinity of the water

wells. √

√

Inability of managing the water

resources in terms of quality and

quantity. √ √

65


Factors

References

Sh

amia

(2

01

2)

Jarr

ar a

nd

Ab

u B

ahaa

(2

01

2)

Sh

araf

(2

005

)

Ab

du

l A

ti (

20

05

)

CM

WU

(20

09

)

Al-

Bab

ili

and

Abu

Ne'

ma

(20

13

)

Al-

Zar

qa

(20

10

)

Ku

hai

l (1

99

6)

Jara

dat

(2

01

6)

Ku

hai

l an

d Z

oro

b (

198

8)

Al-

Lo

uh

an

d J

aber

(2

00

7)

Al-

alaw

i (2

00

0)

Pal

esti

nia

n W

ater

Au

tho

rity

(2

00

4)

Al-

Om

ari

(200

4)

Al-

Far

ra (

20

15

)

Slight construction of desalination

plants to meet the needs of the

population for water.

√ √

Weakness of apply the regulations

and laws that control the water

supply sector.

√

3.14.3 Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste Services

Laurent et al., (2009), Sharholy et al., (2008), Burntley (2007), Abu

Shamala (2015) and Rotich et al., (2006) talked about challenges facing

municipalities to provide solid waste services in their studies, where they

confirmed that municipalities suffered from financial problems including what

related to funds from government, revenue, fees and cost of solid waste services

management.

Laurent et al. (2009), Read et al. (2001), Obera and Oyier (2002), Al-

Yaqout et al. (2002) and Bovea et al. (2007) talked about challenges facing

municipalities to provide solid waste services in their studies, where they

confirmed that municipalities suffered from technical and environmental

problems including what related to solid waste disposal, waste containers, served

areas, solid waste trucks and landfills.

Laurent et al., (2009), Abu Shamala (2015) and Bakir (2016) talked about

challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste services in their

researches, where they stated that municipalities suffered from managerial

66

problems including what related to functions and powers for labors, work

specifications and performance of this sector.

The references factors of the third section in the questionnaire

(Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste Services) can be

summarized in Table (3.6) as follows:

Table (3.6): Factors Related to Solid Waste Services

Third: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste Services

Factors

References

Lau

rent

et a

l. (

200

9)

S

har

holy

et

al. (2

00

8)

B

urn

tley

(2

007

)

A

bu S

ham

ala

(20

15

)

Roti

ch e

t al

. (2

006

)

R

ead e

t al

. (2

00

1)

A

l-Y

aqout

et a

l. (

200

2)

B

ovea

et

al.

(20

07

)

O

ber

a an

d O

yie

r (2

00

2)

B

akir

(2016

)


Insufficient government's fund, which needed for waste

collection. √ √

Lack of revenue of waste collection with comparison to

operating cost. √

Lack of citizens obligations to pay fees. √ √ Decreasing of the required budget to maintenance of

waste collection trucks. √

High financial cost to collect and disposal of solid

waste. √ √

Lack of donations whereas it consider one of the

financial resources. √ √

Decreasing of solid waste services fees comparing with

operating cost. √ √


Inability of solid waste disposal safely. √ √ Accumulation of garbage in the waste containers. √ √ √ Inability to use modern technological methods for

waste disposal. √

Weakness of the performed service by the waste

collection trucks whereas they don't cover all regions. √ √

Limited of solid waste collection trucks. √ √

67


Factors

References

Lau

ren

t et

al.

(2

00

9)

S

har

ho

ly e

t al

. (2

00

8)

B

urn

tley

(2

007

)

A

bu

Sh

amal

a (2

01

5)

Ro

tich

et

al.

(20

06

)

R

ead

et

al.

(20

01

)

A

l-Y

aqo

ut

et a

l. (

200

2)

B

ov

ea e

t al

. (2

00

7)

O

ber

a an

d O

yie

r (2

00

2)

B

akir

(2

016

)

Lack of waste landfills. √ √ Increasing the amounts of solid waste as a result of

increasing the population. √ √

Difficulty of collecting waste daily. √ √ Difficulty to locate the suitable places for waste

containers. √ √ √ The existence of waste containers at illegal places. √ √

Managerial Challenges

Lack of clarity of the administrative functions and

powers for labors. √

√

Solid waste sector suffers from a lack of regulatory

laws, which clarify the work specifications. √

Low of salaries and rewards for employees. √

Weakness of performance in emergency and crisis

situations. √ √ Few of waste collecting employees at the municipality. √ Unavailability of a contingency plan for managing

solid waste in crisis time. √

62

Chapter 4

Research Methodology

69

Chapter 4

Research Methodology

This chapter describes the methodology followed to achieve the study aim. The

following techniques was used to achieve the study aim: research Framework, research

period, research population and sample size, data collection, questionnaire design and

content, pilot study, and instruments of validity and Reliability of the research. In this

research, the fundamental approach for data collection is the questionnaire approach.

The purpose of any research is to discover answers to questions through the

application of scientific procedures. In line with this and as stated in chapter 1, the

main purpose of this research is to determine the Challenges Facing Municipalities to

Provide Infrastructure Services in the Gaza Strip.

Research Framework

This means designing a research study that includes the development of a plan

or strategy that will guide data collection and analysis.

The research was designed from sixth phases that illustrated below and as shown

Figure (4.1).

First Phase: Problem Identification

In this phase, the research problem was defined.

Second Phase: Literature Review

The aim of this phase is to review the previous studies about the title of the

suudy, “Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure Services in

the Gaza Strip”, the title topic was reviewed from various sources for example,

academic research journals, papers, reports, conferences, theses and websites in

order to achieve the research objectives.

Third Phase: Pilot Study

The aim of this phase is to ensure that the internal consistency, and the

structure of the questionnaire is valid and the collected data is reliable. Where

20 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to experts who works at the

municipal sector in addition to academic associated professors. After analysis,

71

pilot study test approved that the questionnaire design is valid and that data

collected were reliable. The questionnaire was modified based on the results of

the pilot study and the final version was adopted to be used for the study.

Fourth Phase: Questionnaires Survey

In this phase of the survey, a quantitative approach was utilized as the main

statistical component in the study, to obtain qualitative data using questionnaire.

An extensive sampling strategy will be used to ensure meaningful statistical

analysis. The questionnaire will be designed in forms for municipalities. In order

to obtain reliable and representative quantitative data, the questionnaires were

distributed to all municipalities in the Gaza Strip (25 municipalities), at least 4

persons from each one, including mayors, municipality managers, projects

managers, heads of a Departments and other persons who's related to the study.

Moreover, the targeted group was from different education levels, ages and work

experience years.

Fifth Phase: Data Analysis and Discussion

This phase focused on analysis and discussion of the collected data. The

Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program was used for analysis.

Sixth Phase: Conclusions and Recommendations

This phase includes the research conclusions and recommendations.

71

Stage Tasks Output

Phase (1)

Problem

Identification

Objectives development.

Hypothesis development

Framework development

Topic Selection

Phase (2)

Literature Review

Scientific Journals

Books

Publications

Websites

Initial Questionnaires

Phase (3)

Pilot Study

Consulting

Reviewing experts

Applying statistical tests

Final Questionnaires

Phase (4)

Questionnaires

Survey

Distribution questionnaires

Obtaining

quantitative data on

factors and practices

Phase (5)

Quantitative Data

Analysis

Using SPSS to perform

factor analysis, reliability

and validity analysis,

correlation and regression

analysis.

Results and

discussion of factors

and practices.

Phase (6)

Conclusion and

Recommendations

Result Analysis

Conclusion and

Recommendations

Figure (4.1): Framework of the research methodology

Research Period

The questionnaire distribution and collection was completed in October 2016.

74

Research Population and Sample Size

The research population is all municipalities in the Gaza Strip, where the Gaza

Strip has 25 municipality as describe in the previous chapters.

Sample size is a part of population selected to participate in a research study and

its size refers to the number of the elements to be in a study, which can be individuals,

groups or organizations (Zikmund & Babin, 2010).

In this research, the population is equal to the sample size, where all

municipalities are taken in consideration, and 106 questionnaire were distributed to

persons who's working at the municipalities including three to five questionnaire to

each municipality. The sample include Mayors, Municipalities Managers, Projects

Managers, Heads of a Departments and other. They are different in Scientific degree,

Specialization and Experience years.

Data Collection

The data was collected by using the questionnaire method, which is the most

widely used method for data collection for both descriptive and analytical surveys.

Furthermore, the questionnaire is a fast and easy method of data collection and more

accurate when starting processing and analyzing the collected data.

Questionnaire Design and Contents

After making a review for all studies that focusing on Infrastructure Services in

the Gaza Strip, Municipalities in the Gaza Strip and Challenges they Facing, the

questionnaire with a title (Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure

Services in The Gaza Strip) was designed with all necessary information that can help

to achieve the research objectives, and to support the discussion, results and

recommendations in the research. The questionnaire was contained a covering letter,

that explained the study purpose, the way of filling the questionnaire, the research aim

and the security of the information for encourage high response. In Appendix A and B

there exist a copy of the questionnaire in both Arabic and English languages.

All items follows Likert scale by assigning it with a number from 1 to 5

indicating effect degree of this item, where (5) represents the highest effect degree

73

about an item and (1) represents the lowest effect degree about it as illustrated in Table

(4.1).

Table (4.1): The likert scale

Effect

Degree

Very Low

Effect Low Effect

Medium

Effect Large Effect

Very Large

Effect

Scale 1 2 3 4 5

Weight

Mean 20%-36% 36%-52% 52%-68% 68%-84% 84%-100%

The sections of the questionnaire will verify the objectives in this research

related to (Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure Services in The

Gaza Strip) as the following:

4.5.1 Section One: General Information About the Responding Person

The first section is about the personal characteristics of the respondents.

This part mainly designed to provide general information about the respondents

in terms of the municipality that the person work in and the classification of this

municipality, scientific degree, specialization, job title and experience years.

4.5.2 Section Two: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide

Wastewater Services

This section in the questionnaire aimed to determine the Challenges

facing municipalities to provide wastewater services. This section include three

fields with total of (26) questions.

The First Field is (Financial Challenges), this field contains (8) questions,

which aim to determine the Financial Challenges that related to Wastewater

Sector in the municipalities of the Gaza Strip.

The Second Field is (Physical Challenges), this field contains (7)

questions, which aim to determine the Physical Challenges that related to

Wastewater Sector in the municipalities of the Gaza Strip.

The Third Field is (Technical and Environmental Challenges), this field

contains (11) questions, which aim to determine the Technical and

72

Environmental Challenges that related to Wastewater Sector in the


All questions have been selected after a well review of previous studies.

4.5.3 Section Three: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water

Supply Services


facing municipalities to provide water supply services. This section include three



which aim to determine the Financial Challenges that related to Water Sector in

the municipalities of the Gaza Strip.

The Second Field is (Physical Challenges), this field contains (12)

questions, which aim to determine the Physical Challenges that related to Water

Sector in the municipalities of the Gaza Strip.

The Third Field is (Technical and Environmental Challenges), this field


Environmental Challenges that related to Water Sector in the municipalities of

the Gaza Strip.


4.5.4 Section Four: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid

Waste Services


facing municipalities to provide solid waste services. This section include three



which aim to determine the Financial Challenges that related to Health and

Environment Sector in the municipalities of the Gaza Strip.

The Second Field is (Technical and Environmental Challenges), this field


75

Environmental Challenges that related to Health and Environment Sector in the


The Third Field is (Managerial Challenges), this field contains (9)

questions, which aim to determine the Managerial Challenges that related to

Health and Environment Sector in the municipalities of the Gaza Strip.


Pilot Study

A pilot study for the questionnaire was made before collecting the final data of

the whole sample. The pilot study provides a trial run for the questionnaire, which

involves testing the wordings of questions, clarifying ambiguous questions, and testing

the techniques that were utilized to collect data (Naoum, 2012).

This process included all sections of the questionnaire, where 20 copies of the

questionnaire were distributed to experts who works at the municipal sector in addition

to academic associated professors and people who work at Ministry of Environment.

As a result of the piloting, some questions added in, others modified, deleted and some

were merged.

The questionnaire was modified based on the results of the pilot study and the

final version was adopted to be used for the study.

The pilot study factors were clarified in Table (4.2) as follows:

Table (4.2): The Pilot Study Factors

The Pilot Study Factors


Lack of donor's confidence for providing funds to projects as a

result of political conditions. added

Rarity of private sector contribution to fund wastewater projects. added

Lack of financial resources for municipalities for development. modified

Municipal financial deficit. deleted

Difficulty of providing equipment used in the wastewater

treatment process. added

76


Lack of training and development for staff in the municipality. added

Weakness of apply the regulations and laws that control the

sewage operating sector. added

Difficulty to locate the old pipelines underground. added

Unavailability of a contingency plan for managing sewerage

sector in crisis time. added

Weakness of reducing the odour of sewage. deleted

Increasing of physical damage in sewerage systems. modified

High operating cost of wastewater treatment plants due to lack of

electricity. modified

Weakness of operation wastewater treatment plants. deleted

Pollution of seawater due to discharge of sewage into the sea

without treatment. deleted


Lack of needed fund to improve the supplied water to citizens. added

Rarity of private sector contribution to fund water supply projects. added

Absence of uniform and feasible tariff of water in all

municipalities. added

Lack of necessary periodically tests to monitor water quality. added

Damage and wear of water networks. deleted

Lack of water pipes.

merged &

modified Lack of water pumps.

Lack of spare parts for water pumps.

Lack of used Technology for solving the problems of water sector. added

Lack of maintenance operations in the water networks. added

Difficulty to locate the old pipelines underground. added

Few of water sector employees at the municipality. added

Insufficient attention for developing the labors capabilities in the

water sector. added

Poor of employees' efficiency in the water sector. deleted


77


Rarity of thinking in solid waste recycling projects. added

Lack of waste containers comparing with population. added

Lack of needed energy to operate the municipalities' trucks. added

Lack of skilled and experienced labors in municipalities. added

Weakness of cooperation between the beneficiaries and the

municipalities in waste collection. added

Lack of beneficiaries' interest with the process of waste collection. added

Difficulty to reach waste dumps. deleted

The waste collection process does not include all houses. deleted

Difficulty of waste collection process during the winter. modified

Validity of The Research

Polit and Hungler (1985), argues that the validity refers to the degree to which

the instrument measures what is to be measured. The high validity indicates to absence

of systematic errors in the instrument measuring. When the instrument is valid, it truly

reflects the concept that is supposed to be measured. Validity has a number of different

aspects and assessment approaches. Statistical validity is used to evaluate instrument

validity, which include Criterion-related validity and Structure validity test.

4.7.1 Criterion-Related Validity Test

To test the validity of the questionnaire the internal validity of the

questionnaire was measured by the pilot study sample, which consisted of 20

questionnaires.

It was done by measuring the correlation coefficients (Pearson test)

between each item in one field and the whole filed for all sections of the

questionnaire.

72

4.7.2 Structure Validity Test

Structure validity is the second statistical test that used to test the validity

of the questionnaire structure by testing the validity of each field and the validity

of the whole questionnaire.

It is defined as the degree to which scores of a questionnaire are an

adequate reflection of the dimensionality of the construct to be measured. As

shown in Table (4.3), the significance values are less than 0.01, which indicates

that the correlation coefficients of all the fields are significant at α = 0.01.

Therefore, it can be said that the fields are valid to achieve the aim of the study.

Table (4.3): Structure Validity of The Questionnaire

Section Field

Pearson

Correlation

Coefficient

Sig. (2-tailed) at

0.01 level

Challenges Facing

Municipalities to

Provide Wastewater

Services

Financial Challenges 0.718 0.000

Physical Challenges 0.733 0.000

Technical and Environmental

Challenges 0.826 0.000

Challenges Facing

Municipalities to

Provide Water Supply

Services


Physical Challenges 0.867 0.000



Challenges Facing

Municipalities to

Provide Solid Waste

Services




Managerial Challenges 0.790 0.000

Reliability of The Research

Reliability is the consistency degree to which instruments of assessment create

steady, dependable and symmetrical results.The methods interconnection between

different items on the same test. It measures whether several items that propose to

measure the same general construct produce similar scores. This test is an indication

of good internal consistency of the questionnaire, which is usually measured by

Cronbach's alpha test. For most purposes, the reliability factor above 0.7 is considered

satisfactory.

79

4.8.1 Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha (Cα)

Cronbach's alpha (Cα) is method used to measure the reliability of the

questionnaire between each field and the average of the whole fields of the

questionnaire consistency dependable.

The acceptable range of (Cα) is (0.7 ≤ Cα < 0.8), and excellent for (0.9 ≤

Cα). Generally, alpha coefficient (Cα) ranges in value from 0.0 to 1.0 (Streiner

& Norman, 1989).

Table (4.4) shows that the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha (Cα) values are

in the range from 0.740 and 0.940 for all parts of the sections, while it's range

for all sections from 0.810 and 0.950.

Generally, these ranges is considered high and ensures the reliability of

the questionnaire.

Table (4.4): Cronbach's Alpha method

Section Fields Cronbach’s alpha (Cα)

Challenges Facing

Municipalities to Provide

Wastewater Services

Financial Challenges 0.740

Physical Challenges 0.770


Challenges 0.780

Total 0.810

Challenges Facing


Water Supply Services


Physical Challenges 0.870


Challenges 0.890

Total 0.930

Challenges Facing


Solid Waste Services



Challenges 0.940

Managerial Challenges 0.870

Total 0.950

Normality Test

Many statistics counts the sample as normally distributed when sample size

above 30 (n ≥ 30). Wherefore, as the sample size increase it takes the shape of a normal

21

distributed sample. At this study, the sample size (n = 106 ≥ 30), therefore the data

follow normal distribution.

Another test for normality test is (One -sample K-S test), this test is used when

the sample size is greater than 50. The test results as shown in Table (4.5), the

calculated p-value is greater than the important level of 0.05 (p-value> 0.05), which

indicates that the data follows the normal distribution, and so should be used for border

tests.

Table (4.5): One -sample K-S test for normality

# Section Kolmogorov-

Smirnov Z P-value

1 Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide

Wastewater Services 0.990 0.280


Water Supply Services 1.234 0.095


Solid Waste Services 0.692 0.724

Total 0.884 0.415

21

Chapter 5

Results and Discussion

24

Chapter 5

Results and Discussion

This chapter introduces the results and the discussion of the collected data from

the field surveys of the questionnaires. This chapter divided into six sections. The first

section presents general information about the responding person, which include

governorate of municipality, classification of municipality, scientific degree,

specialization, job title and experience years. The second section presents the results

of likert scale questions related to challenges facing municipalities to provide

wastewater services in the Gaza Strip. The third section presents the results of likert

scale questions related to challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply

services in the Gaza Strip. The fourh section presents the results of likert scale

questions related to challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste services in

the Gaza Strip. The fifth section presents the results of likert scale questions related to

challenges facing municipalities to provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip.

The sixth section presents the fundamental hypothesis about challenges facing

municipalities to provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip.

Respondents Information

This section includes the representation of six questions about the respondent

person; governorate of municipality he works in, classification of municipality he

works in, scientific degree for respondent, specialization of respondent, job title for

respondent and experience years in the municipal sector. The respondents information

shown in Table (5.1).

Table (5.1): Respondents Information

General Information Categories Frequency Percentage %

Governorate of

Municipality

North Gaza 18 17.0

Gaza 19 17.9

Deir Al-Balah 29 27.4

Khan Younis 28 26.4

Rafah 12 11.3

Total 106 100

23

General Information Categories Frequency Percentage %

Classification of

Municipality

A 26 24.5

B 38 35.8

C 42 39.6

Total 106 100

Scientific Degree

Diploma 4 3.80

Bachelor's 88 83.0

Master 12 11.3

Doctorate 2 1.90

Total 106 100

Specialization

Management 31 42.3

Engineering 76 71.7

Total 106 100

Job Title

Mayor/ Vice 14 13.4

Municipality Manager/

Vice 45 23.6

Projects Manager 24 22.6

Head of a Department 34 31.4

Others 11 11.2

Total 106 100

Experience Years

Less than 10 years 11 10.4

From 10 years to less

than 15 years 41 32.7

15 years and more 52 51.9

Total 106 100

5.1.1 Governorate of Municipality

Table (5.1) presents the number and percentage of the respondents

according to the government of municipality of the persons who filled the

questionnaire. It is shown that (18) 17.0% of the respondents from North Gaza

governorate, (19) 17.9% of the respondents from Gaza governorate, (29) 27.4%

of the respondents from Deir Al-Balah governorate, (28) 26.4% of the

respondents from Khan Younis governorate and (12) 11.3% of the respondents

from Rafah governorate.

5.1.2 Classification of Municipality


according to the classification of municipality of the person who filled the

22

questionnaire. It is shown that (26) 24.5% of the respondents are working at

municipality has classification (A), (38) 35.8% of respondents are working at

municipality has classification (B) and (42) 39.6 of them are working at

municipality has classification (C).

5.1.3 Scientific Degree


according to the scientific degree of the person who filled the questionnaire. It

is shown that (4) 3.80% of the respondents have diploma degree, (88) 83.0% of

the respondents have bachelor's degree, (12) 11.3% of the respondents have

master degree and (2) 1.90% of the respondents have doctorate degree. This

indicates that the majority of respondents have high education level.

5.1.4 Specialization


according to the specialization of the person who filled the questionnaire. It is

shown that (30) 28.3% of the respondents specialized in management, (76)

71.7% of the respondents specialized in engineering. This indicates that the

majority of respondents are engineers.

5.1.5 Job Title


according to the job title of the person who filled the questionnaire. It is shown

that (14) 13.2% of the respondents are mayor/ vice, (45) 43.6% of the

respondents are municipality manager/ vice, (24) 44.6% of the respondents are

projects manager, (32) 30.2% of the respondents are heads of departments and

(11) 11.2% of the respondents are others job title including heads of division and

heads of units.

5.1.6 Experience Years


according to the experience years of the persons who filled the questionnaire. It

is shown that (11) 10.4% of the respondents have experience less than 10 years,

25

(41) 38.7% of the respondents have experience from10 years to less than 15

years, and (54) 50.9% of the respondents have experience of 15 years and more.

This indicates that the majority of respondents have high experience years.

Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater Services

This section presents and discuses the results of likert scale questions that

measure the challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater services in the

Gaza Strip.

To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater services

in the Gaza Strip, three questions were asked as follow:

Question One: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide

wastewater services in The Gaza Strip, which related to financial field?

Question Two: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide

wastewater services in the Gaza Strip, which related to physical field?

Question Three: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide

wastewater services in the Gaza Strip, which related to technical and environmental

field?

To answer the previous questions, the mean, standard deviation (SD), and

relative importance index (RII) were calculated for whole section (challenges facing

municipalities to provide wastewater services in the Gaza Strip ) and presented in

Table (5.2), then they calculated for each factor in the three field separately (financial,

physical and technical and environmental field) and presented in the coming Tables.

Table (5.2): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Section Challenges of Providing

Wastewater Services

# Field Mean SD RII % Rank

1 Financial Challenges 4.01 0.45 80.3 1

2 Physical Challenges 3.75 .521 75.1 4

3 Technical and Environmental

Challenges 3.48 .471 69.7 3

Total 37.3 9730 .477 **

26

From Table (5.2), it is shown that, the fields related to challenges facing

municipalities to provide wastewater services vary in strength, where the overall mean

3.72 and overall RII =74.5%.

It is clear that the most effective field is "Financial Challenges" with a mean 4.01

and RII =80.3%.

5.2.1 Challenges of Providing Wastewater Services/ Financial Field

To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater

services in the Gaza Strip, which related to financial field, the mean, standard

deviation (SD), and relative importance index (RII) were calculated for each

factor in the field and presented in Table (5.3).

Table (5.3): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Wastewater/Financial Challenges Field

#

Factor Degree/Percentage

Wastewater


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

1 Lack of provided budget to

the municipalities 63.2 32.1 3.80 0.00 0.90 4.57 0.66 91.4 1

2

Decline of revenues, which

the municipalities collect

them from their projects

39.6 48.1 10.4 1.90 0.00 4.25 0.72 85.0 2

3

Lack of funds and donations

from donors to construct

wastewater projects

34.0 51.9 10.4 3.80 0.00 4.16 0.76 83.2 3

4

Lack of donor's confidence

for providing funds to

projects as a result of

political conditions

18.9 36.8 31.1 11.3 1.90 3.59 0.98 71.8 8

5 High financial cost to

construct wastewater projects 16.0 54.7 26.4 2.80 0.00 3.84 0.72 76.8 7

6

Decline of sewerage service

fees compared to the cost of

service

17.0 57.5 20.8 3.80 0.90 3.86 0.77 77.2 5

7 Weakness of citizen's culture

for bills payments 29.2 39.6 30.2 0.90 0.00 3.97 0.80 79.4 4

27

#


Wastewater


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

8

Rarity of private sector

contribution to fund

wastewater projects

30.2 31.1 33.0 5.70 0.00 3.86 0.92 77.2 6

Total 4.01 0.45 80.3 **

From Table (5.3), it is shown that, the factors of financial challenges field

vary in strength, where the overall mean 4.01 and overall RII =80.3%.

The RII for all factors of the financial challenges field confined between

(71.8-91.4%).

From Table (5.3), it is shown that, the highest two factors according to

Relative importance Index as follows:

The first factor is "Lack of provided budget to the municipalities", with a

mean 4.57 and RII=91.4%. That attributes to almost stopped of international

institutions to support projects in the Gaza Strip, in addition to the siege imposed

on the Gaza Strip, where the municipalities' achievement level to provide their

services is concerned to the size of the budget provided to them, which are

related to the size of external support or support of the Municipal Development

and Lending Fund. This result agree with Abdul Ati (2005), Sharaf (2005) and

Jarrar and Abu Bahaa (2012), who confirmed that the municipalities suffer from

a lack of budget and financial resources for the municipalities.

The second factor is "Decline of revenues, which the municipalities

collect them from their projects", with a mean 4.25 and RII=85.0%. That

attributes to the extent to which municipalities focus on establishment and

implementation of local development projects in partnership with several other

parties such as the private sector in various fields, in order to achieve local

economic development, enhanced financial revenues and support the national

economy. This result agree with Abdul Ati (2005) and Al-Farra (2015), who

22

confirmed that the municipalities suffer from a lack of revenues and municipal

development projects.

From Table (5.3), it is shown that, the lowest two factors according to


The first factor is "Lack of donor's confidence for providing funds to

projects as a result of political conditions", with a mean 3.59 and RII=71.8%.

That refers to the fact that the international finance still flowing into the Gaza

Strip in limited amounts, regardless of the political circumstances in the Gaza

Strip, which consider besieged area by the Israeli occupation, and it requires

international donor support in order to reach a stable situation that ensures a good

life for citizens.

The second factor is "High financial cost to construct wastewater

projects", with a mean 3.84 and RII=76.8%. That refers to the fact that the

infrastructure projects in the Gaza Strip are funded projects based on the external

support, in the sense that the high cost of these projects can cover the costs of

construction.

5.2.2 Challenges of Providing Wastewater Services/ Physical Field


services in the Gaza Strip, which related to physical field, the mean, standard



Table (5.4): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Wastewater/Physical Challenges Field

#


Wastewater

Physical Challenges

Very L

arg

e

Large

Med

ium

Low

Very L

ow

Mean

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex %

Ran

k

1 Inability to wastewater

treatment 39.6 44.3 12.3 3.80 0.00 4.20 0.80 84.0 2

2 Damage and wear of

sewerage 9.40 46.2 34.9 7.50 1.90 3.54 0.84 70.8 5

29

From Table (5.4), it is shown that, the factors of physical challenges field


The RII for all factors of the physical challenges field confined between

(65.0-87.2%).



The first factor is "Lack of the needed energy such as fuel and electricity

to operate treatment plant", with a mean 4.36 and RII=87.2%. That attributes to

the general problem of electricity in the Gaza Strip since 2007, because of

repeated Israeli wars on the Gaza Strip and destruction of infrastructure in the

Gaza Strip. In addition to the siege imposed on the Gaza Strip, where it is

difficult to enter fuel, which is necessary to operate treatment plants that need

large amounts of energy. This result agree with Al-Babili and Abu Ne'ma (2013)

and PCDCR (2016), who confirmed that the municipalities suffer from a lack of

energy and electricity which consider an essential factor to operate treatment

plant in the Gaza Strip.

The second factor is "Inability to wastewater treatment", with a mean

4.20 and RII=84.0%. That attributes to the lack of electricity and energy needed

to operate the treatment plants, which force the municipalities to pump

wastewater to the sea without treatment. In addition to the lack of facilities in

treatment plants as a result of the lack of development of these stations to reach

3 Lack of sewer 8.50 27.4 47.2 14.2 2.80 3.25 0.90 65.0 7

4 Inability of sewerage to

cover all area 18.9 49.1 21.7 10.4 0.00 3.76 0.88 75.2 4

5

Difficulty of providing

equipment used in the

wastewater treatment process

21.7 37.7 37.7 2.80 0.00 3.78 0.82 75.6 3

6

Lack of the needed energy

such as fuel and electricity to

operate treatment plant

51.9 34.9 10.4 2.80 0.00 4.36 0.78 87.2 1

7 Inability of sewerage to

accommodate the wastewater 14.2 32.1 36.8 13.2 3.80 3.40 1.01 68.0 6

Total 3.75 0.52 75.1 **

91

the desired quality of treatment of wastewater. On the other hand, treatment

plants need to experts with high efficiency to manage these stations. In addition

to the limited of treatment plants in the Gaza Strip, where some of these stations

are either fully operational or partially operational with a very low capacity. This

result agree with Afifi (2006), who confirmed that the municipalities suffer from

inability to wastewater treatment, where the WWTP in the Gaza Strip suffer from

lack of facilities and development that help to get high quality of treated

wastewater.



The first factor is "Lack of sewer", with a mean 3.25 and RII=65.0%.

That refers to the fact that sewer can be manufactured locally within the Gaza

Strip. In addition, it is possible to enter the sewer that can't be manufactured in

the Gaza Strip in coordination with the concerned authorities, which often

finance municipal projects.

The second factor is "Inability of sewerage to accommodate the

wastewater", with a mean 3.40 and RII=68.0%. That refers to the fact that many

networks in the Gaza Strip have undergone to continuous development, which

led to an improvement in its capacity, as well as the contribution of maintenance

operations which controlled by the waste water sector in the municipalities to

implementation rapid solutions when a block of network lines.

5.2.3 Challenges of Providing Wastewater Services/ Technical and

Environmental Field


services in the Gaza Strip, which related to technical and environmental field,

the mean, standard deviation (SD), and relative importance index (RII) were

calculated for each factor in the field and presented in Table (5.5).

91

Table (5.5): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Wastewater/Technical and Environmental

Challenges Field

#


Wastewater

Technical and

Environmental Challenges

Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

1 Lack of maintenance

operations in the sewerage 9.40 45.3 31.1 12.3 1.90 3.48 0.90 69.6 7

2

Lack of skilled and

experienced laborers in

sewerage

7.50 28.3 40.6 19.8 3.80 3.16 0.96 63.2 9

3

Lack of training and

development for staff in the

municipality

11.3 24.5 46.2 14.2 3.80 3.25 0.97 65.0 8

4

Weakness of apply the

regulations and laws that

control the sewage operating

sector

4.70 27.4 48.1 15.1 4.70 3.12 0.89 62.4 10

5 Difficulty to locate the old

pipelines underground 7.50 22.6 40.6 23.6 5.70 3.03 1.00 60.6 11

6

Dependence of some residents

to use septic tanks due to lack

of wastewater network

20.8 31.1 30.2 15.1 2.80 3.52 1.07 70.4 5

7

Aquifer pollution by

increasing the proportion of

salts and nitrates

17.0 56.6 19.8 6.60 0.00 3.84 0.78 76.8 2

8

The negative impact of

wastewater on the

environment

22.6 57.5 18.9 0.00 0.90 4.01 0.71 80.2 1

9 Inability to reuse wastewater

fkor agricultural purposes 22.6 39.6 35.8 1.90 0.00 3.83 0.80 76.6 3

10

Absence of environmental

awareness department in

municipalities

16.0 34.9 37.7 11.3 0.00 3.56 0.90 71.2 4

11

Unavailability of a

contingency plan for

managing sewerage sector in

crisis time

9.40 47.2 29.2 13.2 0.90 3.51 0.88 70.2 6

Total 3.48 0.47 69.7 **

94

From Table (5.5), it is shown that, the factors of technical and

environmental challenges field vary in strength, where the overall mean 3.48 and

overall RII =69.7%.

The RII for all factors of the technical and environmental challenges field

confined between (60.6-80.2%).



The first factor is "The negative impact of wastewater on the

environment", with a mean 4.01 and RII=80.2%. That attributes to the spread of

unpleasant odors, which hurt the population. Untreated water can seep into the

bottom soil layers causing pollution in the aquifer. In addition, the closures of

wastewater tanks from agricultural land, which adversely affect to soil fertility

and agricultural products. On the other hand, large quantities of wastewater are

pumped directly into the sea without treatment, causing pollution in seawater

and harms fish wealth in the sea. It causes many diseases to citizens as a result

of swimming in contaminated water. This result agree with Afifi (2006) and

Jaradat (2016), who confirmed that the wastewater has a negative impact on the

environment and cause pollution around.

The second factor is "Aquifer pollution by increasing the proportion of

salts and nitrates", with a mean 3.84 and RII=76.8%. That attributes to the fact

that there is an increase in the concentration of soluble salts and nitrates due to

the excessive withdrawal from the aquifer, in addition to sea water intrusion.

Run the water wells with a capacity greater than the natural capacity of the tank,

increases the salinity problem in the aquifer. On the other hand the leakage of

wastewater into the groundwater reservoir, led to increases the salinity of the

groundwater. As well as excessive use of fertilizer and agricultural pesticides,

which eventually leak into the reservoir. This result agree with Afifi (2006),

Jaradat (2016) and Shamia (2012), who confirmed that the aquifer has a high

percentage of salts and nitrates.



93

The first factor is "Difficulty to locate the old pipelines underground",

with a mean 3.03 and RII=60.6%. That refers to the fact that many municipal

areas have a shop drawing that clarify the location on infrastructure elements

including pipes and manholes. In addition to the good knowledge of the

municipality in the ways of finding the lines and identify places of faults, if any.

The second factor is "Weakness of apply the regulations and laws that

control the sewage operating sector", with a mean 3.12 and RII=62.4%. That

attributes to the municipal monitor to sectors that manage the wastewater sector

and make sure that the staff in this sector apply all rules and laws that clarify the

functions and powers for employees in the municipality.

Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply Services


measure the challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply services in the

Gaza Strip.

To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply services


Question One: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide water

supply services in the Gaza Strip, which related to financial field?

Question Two: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide water

supply services in the Gaza Strip, which related to physical field?

Question Three: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide water

supply services in the Gaza Strip, which related to technical and environmental field?

To answer the previous questions, the mean, standard deviation (SD), and

relative importance index (RII) were calculated for whole section (challenges facing

municipalities to provide water supply services in the Gaza Strip ) and presented in

Table (5.6), then they calculated for each factor in the three field separately (financial,

physical and technical and environmental field) and presented in the coming Tables.

92

Table (5.6): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Section Challenges of Providing Water

Supply Services



2 Physical Challenges 3.70 0.48 73.9 4


Challenges 3.58 0.49 71.6 3

Total 3.74 .399 74.7 **


municipalities to provide water supply services vary in strength, where the overall

mean 3.74 and overall RII =74.7%.


and RII =80.3%.

5.3.1 Challenges of Providing Water Supply Services/ Financial Field

To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply




Table (5.7): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Water Supply/Financial Challenges Field

#


Water Supply


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

1 Lack of provided budget to

the municipalities 50.9 39.6 9.40 0.00 0.00 4.42 0.66 88.4 1

2 Weakness of citizen's

culture for bills payments 37.7 49.1 13.2 0.00 0.00 4.25 0.67 85.0 2

3

The financial deficit in the

municipalities due to lack

of revenue

34.0 54.7 9.40 1.90 0.00 4.21 0.69 84.2 3

4

Lack of needed fund to

improve the supplied water

to citizens

26.4 50.9 20.8 0.90 0.90 4.01 0.78 80.2 4

95

From Table (5.7), it is shown that, the factors of financial challenges field



(74.8-88.4%).



The first factor is "Lack of provided budget to the municipalities", with a

mean 4.42 and RII=88.4%. That related with the lack of support and funds from

donors to improve the performance of municipal services, in addition to the siege

imposed on the Gaza Strip, as the budget allocated to municipalities is not

enough to cover the costs of municipalities to provide services and development

projects in order to reach a state of self-sufficiency. This result agree with Abdul

Ati (2005), Sharaf (2005) and Jarrar and Abu Bahaa (2012), who confirmed that

the municipalities suffer from a lack of budget and financial resources for the

municipalities.

The second factor is "Weakness of citizen's culture for bills payments",

with a mean 4.25 and RII=85.0%. That refers to the bad economic situation in

the Gaza Strip due to spread of poverty and unemployment among the citizens,

because of the siege imposed on the Gaza Strip. On the other hands, it can be

said that some citizens who are able to pay bills are not satisfied with the quality

5

Decreasing of the imposed

fees of water comparing

with the cost of the service

18.9 52.8 26.4 0.00 1.90 3.87 0.78 77.4 6

6

High financial cost to

construct water supply

projects

18.9 53.8 24.5 2.80 0.00 3.89 0.73 77.8 5

7

Rarity of private sector

contribution to fund water

supply projects

20.8 37.7 36.8 3.80 0.90 3.74 0.87 74.8 8

8

Absence of uniform and

feasible tariff of water in all

municipalities

17.9 46.2 31.1 3.80 0.90 3.76 0.82 75.2 7

Total 4.02 0.47 80.3 **

96

of services provided by municipalities and therefore they do not pay their dues.

This result agree with Abdul Ati (2005), who confirmed that many citizen don't

pay their bills to the municipalities due to bad economic situation in the Gaza

Strip.



The first factor is "Rarity of private sector contribution to fund water

supply projects", with a mean 3.74 and RII=74.8%. That refers to the fact that

municipal projects are funded projects by donors that depend mainly on the

amount of funding from these parts without the need for private sector financing.

If there is funding from the private sector's capital, it is for a financial return to

the private sector as a result of the contribution to support municipal projects.

The second factor is "Absence of uniform and feasible tariff of water in

all municipalities", with a mean 3.76 and RII=75.2%. That attributes to the fact

that water tariffs in municipalities are basically semi-uniform and the simple

difference in water tariff of municipalities due to the difference in the places of

municipalities in the Gaza Strip and the different of water resources for

municipalities, depending on the available possibilities to the municipalities to

provide the needed water to citizens, in addition to the number of water wells

belonging to each municipality. All of the previous led to a difference in the

price of cubic meter of water from one area to another inside the Gaza Strip. Not

to mention that the water tariff amount is set in partnership with the Palestinian

Water Authority.

5.3.2 Challenges of Providing Water Supply Services/ Physical Field


services in the Gaza Strip, which related to physical field, the mean, standard



97

Table (5.8): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Water Supply/Physical Challenges Field

#


Water Supply

Physical Challenges

Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

1

Increasing the proportion of

water losses as a result of old

pipes

17.9 56.6 17.0 7.50 0.90 3.83 0.85 76.6 5

2 The severe shortage of water

quantity in the aquifer 34.9 50.0 13.2 1.90 0.00 4.18 0.73 83.6 2

3 Increasing the percentage of

salts in the aquifer 33.0 46.2 19.8 0.90 0.00 4.11 0.75 82.2 3

4 Decreasing of water quality,

which supplied to citizens 28.3 38.7 29.2 2.80 0.90 3.91 0.88 78.2 4

5 Lack of availability of spare

parts used in the system 11.3 42.5 39.6 5.70 0.90 3.58 0.80 71.6 9

6 Limited of water wells 16.0 40.6 33.0 7.50 2.80 3.59 0.94 71.8 8

7

Lack of the needed energy

such as fuel and electricity to

operate water wells

44.3 41.5 14.2 0.00 0.00 4.30 0.71 86.0 1

8

The amount of water

supplied to the citizens don't

meet their needs

11.3 41.5 39.6 6.60 0.90 3.56 0.82 71.2 10

9

Loss of large amounts of

water, caused by illegal

encroachments from some

citizens

16.0 40.6 34.9 8.50 0.00 3.64 0.85 72.8 7

10 Salinity of drinking and

domestic water 18.9 42.5 30.2 5.70 2.80 3.69 0.94 73.8 6

11 Many of the old wells were

stopped 6.60 26.4 48.1 10.4 8.50 3.12 0.98 62.4 11

12

Lack of necessary

periodically tests to monitor

water quality

2.80 15.1 53.8 19.8 8.50 2.84 0.89 56.8 12

Total 3.70 0.48 73.9 **

From Table (5.8), it is shown that, the factors of physical challenges field


92

The RII for all factors of the physical challenges field confined between

(56.8-86.0%).



The first factor is "Lack of the needed energy such as fuel and electricity

to operate water wells", with a mean 4.30 and RII=86.0%. That refers to the

general problem of electricity in the Gaza Strip since 2007, because of repeated

Israeli wars on the Gaza Strip and destruction of infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.

In addition to the siege imposed on the Gaza Strip, where it is difficult to enter

fuel, which is necessary to operate municipalities' water wells, which need large

amounts of energy. This result agree with Al-Louh and Jaber (2007) and Al-

Babili and Abu Ne'ma (2013), who confirmed that the municipalities suffer from

a lack of energy and electricity which consider an essential factor to operate

water wells in the Gaza Strip.

The second factor is "The severe shortage of water quantity in the

aquifer", with a mean 4.18 and RII=83.6%. That related with the overdraft of

groundwater reservoir, which leads to a state of imbalance in the groundwater

reservoir, where it is withdrawn from the groundwater reservoir is greater than

the amount of rain water that compensates for the shortage of water reservoir.

This result agree with Kuhail (1996) and Jaradat (2016), who confirmed that the

aquifer suffer from shortage of water, where the coastal aquifer consider an

essential factor for water in the Gaza Strip.



The first factor is "Lack of necessary periodically tests to monitor water

quality", with a mean 2.84 and RII=56.8%. That refers to the fact that

municipalities in partnership with the Palestinian Water Authority are monitor

the quality of the water by conducting periodic tests of water wells run by the

municipalities of the Gaza Strip to verify the validity of water for human use,

where water is one of the most basic needs of people's lives.

99

The second factor is "Many of the old wells were stopped", with a mean

3.12 and RII=62.4%. That attributes to the fact that municipalities organize

works in water wells and distribute the burden on all the wells of the

municipality, where the water wells stop working when increasing the salinity

in these wells. Municipalities are running alternative water wells to meet the

need of the population of water in case of water stopped in one of its wells.

5.3.3 Challenges of Provide Water Supply Services/ Technical and

Environmental Field





Table (5.9): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Water Supply/Technical and

Environmental Challenges Field

#

Factor Degree/Percentage Water Supply

Technical and


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

1

Shortages of supplied water to

citizens 11.3 48.1 34.0 5.70 0.90 3.63 0.80 72.6 4

2

Lack of used Technology for

solving the problems of water

sector

21.7 56.6 17.9 3.80 0.00 3.96 0.74 79.2 2

3

Lack of maintenance

operations in the water

networks

5.70 30.2 47.2 14.2 2.80 3.22 0.86 64.4 11

4

Lack of elevated tanks, which

used for pumping water to

remote areas

10.4 39.6 42.5 7.50 0.00 3.53 0.78 70.6 6

5 Increasing of salinity of the

water wells 17.0 48.1 27.4 5.70 1.90 3.73 0.88 74.6 3

6 Difficulty to locate the old

pipelines underground 9.40 39.6 33.0 13.2 4.70 3.36 0.99 67.2 10

111

#


Water Supply

Technical and


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

7

Inability of managing the

kwater resources in terms of

quality and quantity

12.3 30.2 42.5 14.2 0.90 3.39 0.91 67.8 9

8

Slight construction of

desalination plants to meet the

needs of the population for

water

30.2 42.5 25.5 0.90 0.90 4.00 0.83 80.0 1

9

Weakness of apply the

regulations and laws that

control the water supply sector

12.3 37.7 40.6 8.50 0.90 3.52 0.85 70.4 7

10 Few of water sector

employees at the municipality 11.3 44.3 36.8 7.50 0.00 3.59 0.79 71.8 5

11

Insufficient attention for

developing the labors

capabilities in the water sector

11.3 31.1 50.0 7.50 0.00 3.46 0.80 69.2 8

Total 3.58 0.49 71.6 **



overall RII =71.6%.





The first factor is "Slight construction of desalination plants to meet the

needs of the population for water", with a mean 4.00 and RII=80.0%. As a result

of the recent rapid increase in the population of the Gaza Strip, the water has not

been sufficient for this population, which necessitated the establishment of

desalination plants to meet the population's need for water. That refers to the

slight construction of desalination plants in the Gaza Strip to fact that

desalination projects are economically costly projects and require substantial

funding for these projects. In addition, these projects require a well-trained

111

professional staff to manage desalination projects. It is worth mentioning that,

many small desalination projects are investment projects owned by people for

profit. This result agree with Al-Louh and Jaber (2007) and Shakilia (2013), who

confirmed that the municipalities suffer from lack of desalination plants which

help to compensate of water shortages in the Gaza Strip.

The second factor is "Lack of used Technology for solving the problems

of water sector", with a mean 3.96 and RII=79.2%. Technology can be used to

solve water problems such as water desalination technologies to meet people's

need for water or wastewater treatment technologies, which will save large

quantities of water for human use through the exploitation of treated water for

agricultural purposes. That attributes to the fact that many municipalities lack to

modern technology because of the siege imposed on the Gaza Strip from the

difficulty of introducing modern technological tools and equipment. Some

equipment needs a well-trained professional staff to handle this equipment,

making it easier for municipalities to manage their water resources well.



The first factor is "Lack of maintenance operations in the water

networks", with a mean 3.22 and RII=64.4%. That refers to the development of

municipal water networks in many areas of influence, and carry out regular

maintenance procedures when there are any problems in the water networks to

ensure the delivery of water to citizens well.

The second factor is "Difficulty to locate the old pipelines underground",

with a mean 3.36 and RII=67.2%. That attributes to the fact that many municipal

areas have a shop drawing that clarify the location of infrastructure elements. In

addition to the good knowledge of the municipality in the ways of finding the

lines and identify places of faults, if any.

114

Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste Services


measure the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste services in the

Gaza Strip.

To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste services


Question One: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid

waste services in the Gaza Strip, which related to financial field?

Question Two: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid

waste services in the Gaza Strip, which related to technical and environmental field?

Question Three: What is the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid

waste services in the Gaza Strip, which related to managerial field?

To answer the previous question, the mean, standard deviation (SD), and relative

importance index (RII) were calculated for whole section (challenges facing

municipalities to provide solid waste services in the Gaza Strip ) and presented in Table

(5.10), then they calculated for each factor in the three field separately (financial,

technical and environmental and managerial field) and presented in the coming Tables.

Table (5.10): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Section Challenges of Providing Solid

Waste Services




Challenges 3.83 0.52 76.7 4

3 Managerial Challenges 3.54 0.53 70.8 3

Total 3.82 .399 76.4 **


municipalities to provide solid waste services vary in strength, where the overall mean

3.82 and overall RII =76.4%.


and RII =82.3%.

113

5.4.1 Challenges of Providing Solid Waste Services/ Financial Field

To identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste




Table (5.11): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Solid Waste/Financial Challenges Field

#


Solid Waste


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

1

Insufficient government's

fund, which needed for waste

collection

51.9 39.6 6.60 1.90 0.00 4.42 0.70 88.4 1

2

Lack of revenue of waste

collection with comparison

to operating cost

49.1 43.4 5.70 1.90 0.00 4.40 0.69 88.0 2

3 Lack of citizens obligations

to pay fees 31.1 56.6 11.3 0.90 0.00 4.18 0.66 83.6 4

4

Decreasing of the required

budget to maintenance of

waste collection trucks

29.2 63.2 7.50 0.00 0.00 4.22 0.57 84.4 3

5 High financial cost to collect

and disposal of solid waste 28.3 59.4 12.3 0.00 0.00 4.16 0.62 83.2 5

6

Lack of donations whereas it

consider one of the financial

resources

27.4 47.2 24.5 0.90 0.00 4.01 0.75 80.2 6

7

Decreasing of solid waste

services fees comparing with

operating cost

20.8 37.7 35.8 4.70 0.90 3.73 0.88 74.6 8

8 Rarity of thinking in solid

waste recycling projects 24.5 41.5 24.5 9.40 0.00 3.81 0.92 76.2 7

Total 4.11 0.45 82.3 **

From Table (5.11), it is shown that, the factors of financial challenges

field vary in strength, where the overall mean 4.11 and overall RII =82.3%.

112


(74.6-88.4%).



The first factor is "Insufficient government's fund, which needed for

waste collection", with a mean 4.42 and RII=88.4%. After the recent wars in the

Gaza Strip and the devastating effects of those wars in all areas and fields, which

burden the government that already exhausted of high indebtedness in many

areas, which adversely affected at the provided projects to the citizen and in the

forefront of those projects solid waste projects. That attributes to the lack of the

share of each municipality of government funds, which are administered mainly

by the Ministry of Local Government, which directly supervises the work of

municipalities in the Gaza Strip, in addition to the siege imposed on the Gaza

Strip, which depends on donor funding in the establishment of vital projects. It

should be noted that solid waste collection, recycling and disposal projects

require large budgets led by countries to promote these projects, which are

primarily national projects. This result agree with Laurent et al., (2009),

Sharholy et al. (2008) and ARIJ (2009), who confirmed that the municipalities

generally suffer from lack of government's fund which necessary for waste

collection process.

The second factor is "Lack of revenue of waste collection with

comparison to operating cost", with a mean 4.40 and RII=88.0%. That refers to

the fact that solid waste collection, transfer, disposal and treatment needs a large

budget barely covered by municipalities. Although the financial return from this

process is very small compared to needed budget, the municipalities seek to

provide this service to the population to avoid the spread of epidemics among

the citizens. This result agree with Laurent et al., (2009) and ARIJ (2009), who

confirmed that the municipalities generally suffer from lack of waste collection's

revenue which help to continue providing this service.



115

The first factor is "Decreasing of solid waste services fees comparing

with operating cost", with a mean 3.73 and RII=74.6%. That attributes to the

fact that the fees of solid waste services imposed by municipalities on citizens is

low and can be considered a token fee, while the return of this service does not

cover the costs of operating the solid waste collection process, and many citizens

do not pay these fees on the pretext of inability and unemployment among the

citizens because of the siege imposed on the Gaza Strip.

The second factor is "Rarity of thinking in solid waste recycling

projects", with a mean 3.81 and RII=76.2%. That refers to the fact that the idea

of solid waste recycling is an existing idea and many major countries apply this

idea. If we look at the reality of the Gaza Strip from the possibility of

implementing this idea, we note many obstacles that prevent the Gaza Strip from

applying this idea because of the siege imposed on the Gaza Strip. Where

recycling projects need a large budget that is difficult to provide in addition to

modern technological equipment for the sorting of solid waste into types that can

be recycled and benefit to achieve financial returns that contribute to the

development of the national economy.

5.4.2 Challenges of Providing Solid Waste Services/ Technical and

Environmental Field





116

Table (5.12): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Solid Waste/Technical and

Environmental Challenges Field

#


Solid Waste

Technical and


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Low

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

1 Inability of solid waste

disposal safely 32.1 55.7 6.60 4.70 0.90 4.13 0.81 82.6 1

2 Accumulation of garbage in

the waste containers 23.6 46.2 20.8 9.40 0.00 3.84 0.90 76.8 7

3

Inability to use modern

technological methods for

waste disposal

28.3 41.5 24.5 5.70 0.00 3.92 0.87 78.4 5

4

Weakness of the performed

service by the waste

collection trucks whereas

they don't cover all regions

12.3 51.9 27.4 6.60 1.90 3.66 0.85 73.2 10

5 Limited of solid waste

collection trucks 28.3 48.1 19.8 1.90 1.90 3.99 0.86 79.8 4

6 Lack of waste landfills 30.2 30.2 35.8 2.80 0.90 3.86 0.92 77.2 6

7

Increasing the amounts of

solid waste as a result of

increasing the population

27.4 46.2 26.4 0.00 0.00 4.01 0.74 80.2 3

8 Difficulty of collecting waste

daily 18.9 47.2 28.3 4.70 0.90 3.78 .84 75.6 8

9

Difficulty to locate the

suitable places for waste

containers

16 25.5 50.0 8.50 0.00 3.49 0.87 69.8 12

10 Lack of waste containers

comparing with population 12.3 41.5 37.7 6.60 1.90 3.56 0.86 71.2 11

11

Lack of needed energy to

operate the municipalities'

trucks

29.2 49.1 17.9 3.80 0.00 4.04 0.79 80.8 2

12 The existence of waste

containers at illegal places 17.9 43.4 31.1 7.50 0.00 3.72 0.85 74.4 9

Total 3.83 9773 76.7 **

117



overall RII =76.7%.





The first factor is "Inability of solid waste disposal safely", with a mean

4.13 and RII=82.6%. Everyone knows that the health of the citizen is strongly

linked to the cleanliness of the surroundings. It is noted that there is a lack of

projects that support the issue of solid waste disposal or recycling and utilization.

Many municipalities are disposing of solid waste in ways that are not suitable

according to the available resources, which leads to an environmental disaster

that contributes to the spread of many serious diseases among citizens. That

related with the siege imposed on the Gaza Strip, where waste collection sites

are located in areas close to the border, it is difficult to collect and dispose of

waste in these areas. Not to mention the lack of technological capabilities that

help in the process of waste disposal or recycling. This result agree with Laurent

et al., (2009), Read et al. (2001), Abu Al-Ajein (2011) and ARIJ (2009), who

confirmed that the municipalities in the third-world countries suffer from

inability of solid waste disposal safely according to available facilities.

The second factor is "Lack of needed energy to operate the

municipalities' trucks", with a mean 4.04 and RII=80.8%. As a result of the siege

imposed on the Gaza Strip, which led to serious disasters in many aspects of the

life. One of the disasters that hit the municipalities is lack of needed energy and

fuel that supposed to be supplied for the municipalities to operate the various

sectors of the municipality and one of these sectors is public health. This, in turn,

led to almost complete cessation of municipal trucks, which force the

municipalities in the Gaza Strip to use animal carts. In addition to the lack of

sufficient budget to buy fuel to operate municipal trucks.

112



The first factor is "Difficulty to locate the suitable places for waste

containers", with a mean 3.49 and RII=69.8%. That refers to the fact that

municipalities distribute waste containers in an orderly way in suitable places to

serve the population in each region. The waste containers places shall be shown

in the urban planning to each municipality, where they should be in suitable

places and does not affect at the life of the residents with any damage.

The second factor is "Lack of waste containers comparing with

population", with a mean 3.56 and RII=71.2%. That attributes to the fact that the

municipalities distribute waste containers in an orderly way to serve the

population of each region, and the number of containers in each region set after

studying the population in these areas, thus reduce waste accumulation around

containers. Not to mention the follow-up of public health departments in the

municipalities for this matter and manage that well, including the periodic

unloading of containers and the transfer of waste to disposal sites.

5.4.3 Challenges of Providing Solid Waste Services/ Managerial Field


services in the Gaza Strip, which related to managerial field, the mean, standard



Table (5.13): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Solid Waste/Managerial Challenges Field

#


Solid Waste


Very L

arg

e

Large

Med

ium

Low

Very L

ow

Mean

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex %

Ran

k

1

Lack of clarity of the

administrative functions and

powers for labors

6.60 27.4 51.9 12.3 1.90 3.25 0.83 65.0 8

119

#


Solid Waste


Very

La

rge

La

rg

e

Med

ium

Low

Very

Lo

w

Mea

n

SD

Rela

tive

Ind

ex

%

Ra

nk

2

Solid waste sector suffers

from a lack of regulatory

laws, which clarify the work

specifications

2.80 37.7 47.2 8.50 3.80 3.27 0.81 65.4 7

3

Lack of skilled and

experienced labors in

municipalities

2.80 27.4 54.7 13.2 1.90 3.16 0.76 63.2 9

4 Low of salaries and rewards

for employees 12.3 53.8 25.5 6.60 1.90 3.68 0.85 73.6 3

5

Weakness of performance in

emergency and crisis

situations

12.3 50.9 27.4 9.40 0.00 3.66 0.82 73.2 4

6

Few of waste collecting

employees at the

municipality

24.5 44.3 25.5 5.70 0.00 3.88 0.85 77.6 1

7

Weakness of cooperation

between the beneficiaries

and the municipalities in

waste collection

14.2 32.1 49.1 4.70 0.00 3.56 0.79 71.2 6

8

Lack of beneficiaries' interest

with the process of waste

collection

13.2 40.6 36.8 8.50 0.90 3.57 0.86 71.4 5

9

Unavailability of a

contingency plan for

managing solid waste in

crisis time

16.0 55.7 22.6 5.70 0.00 3.82 0.77 76.4 2

Total 3.54 0.53 70.8 **

From Table (5.13), it is shown that, the factors of managerial challenges

field vary in strength, where the overall mean 3.54 and overall RII =70.8%.

The RII for all factors of the managerial challenges field confined

between (63.2-77.6%).



111

The first factor is "Few of waste collecting employees at the

municipality", with a mean 3.88 and RII=77.6%. That refers to the fact that the

general view of the Palestinian society towards dustmen is disgusting view that

led to reluctance of many young people to work in this field, thus in turn led to

the lack of sufficient number of workers. Not to mention the high unemployment

among young people. This result agree with Laurent et al. (2009), who confirmed

that the municipalities generally suffer from few of waste collecting employees

due to socially reasons mostly.

The second factor is "Unavailability of a contingency plan for managing

solid waste in crisis time", with a mean 3.82 and RII=76.4%. That refers to the

fact that the Gaza Strip is witnessing a special emergency situation and live in a

continuous state of emergency resulting from the Israeli occupation and its

repeated military operations against the Gaza Strip. The Gaza Strip is also facing

emergency situations caused by air depressions. In these emergencies, the

municipalities should have a significant role in dealing with emergencies and an

important role by providing services to citizens to overcome emergencies or

through direct dealing with these cases and mitigate them. The municipalities of

the Gaza Strip are making clear efforts and harnessing all their available

resources during emergencies in an attempt to provide their services to citizens.

Despite the recurrence of these emergencies, the municipalities did not fully

control the emergency. The researcher attributed this to the lack of the necessary

resources, inadequate budget allocated for emergencies, shortage of human

resources working during emergencies and absence of training programs for

technical staff working during emergencies. In addition, the setting plans are not

effective to avoid emergencies. This result agree with Bakir (2016), who

confirmed that the municipalities in the Gaza Strip suffer from unavailability of

a contingency plans which consider helpful for manageing municipal sectors in

crisis time.



111

The first factor is "Lack of skilled and experienced labors in

municipalities", with a mean 3.16 and RII=63.2%. That attributes to the fact that

municipalities make training courses and awareness of the employees in this

section and thus develop the skills of the workers for the effective management

of the department.

The second factor is "Lack of clarity of the administrative functions and

powers for labors", with a mean 3.25 and RII=65.0%. That refers to the fact that

municipalities monitor the departments that manage the work of the public health

sector, and ensure that workers in this sector apply all laws and regulations,

which show the powers of everyone who works in this field. In addition to make

training courses to clarify the functions and powers of municipal workers.

Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Infrastructure Services


measure the challenges facing municipalities to provide infrastructure services in the

Gaza Strip.

To identify the most effective challenge facing municipalities to provide

infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip, one question was asked as follow:

Question One: What is the most effective challenge facing municipalities to

provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip (wastewater, water supply and solid

waste)?

To answer the previous question, the mean, standard deviation (SD), and relative

importance index (RII) were calculated for whole sections (wastewater, water supply

and solid waste) and presented in Table (5.14).

Table (5.14): Mean, SD, RII and Rank for Whole Sections Challenges of Providing


# Section Mean SD RII % Rank

1 Wastewater Challenges 3.74 1.39 72.5 3

2 Water Supply Challenges 3.74 1.39 74.7 4

3 Solid Waste Challenges 3.82 1.39 76.4 1

114

From Table (5.14), it is shown that, the most effective challenge facing

municipalities to provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip is "Solid Waste

Challenges" with a mean 4.82 and RII =76.4%.

That refers to the fact that solid waste poses a real threat to the environment in

the Gaza Strip, where the high rates of solid waste and the establishment of landfills,

negatively affect at the soil and therefore its impact on groundwater causes

exacerbation of the environmental problems in the Gaza Strip and the threat of the

natural life in the Gaza Strip. Not to mention that it needs high costs to collect them in

addition to the scarcity of land due to the high population density in the Gaza Strip.

Fundamental hypotheses About Challenges Facing Municipalities to

Provide Infrastructure Services

Fundamental hypothesis related to respondents information: There are no

statistically differences at significant level α = 0.05 about the challenges facing

municipalities to provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to respondents

information (government of municipality, classification of municipality,

specialization, job title and experience years).

Hypothesis 1: H0: There are no statistically differences between the respondents at

significant level α = 0.05 about the challenges facing municipalities to provide

infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to government of municipality.

To test the hypothesis, One Way ANOVA test was used and the results

illustrated in Table (5.15).

From Table (5.15), it's clear that there are significant differences between

respondents about the challenges facing municipalities to provide infrastructure

services in the Gaza Strip due to government of municipality in the following fields

(Wastewater/ Physical Challenges, Water Supply/ Financial Challenges and Solid

Waste/ Financial Challenges), where the p-value ≤ 0.05 in the previous fields. The null

hypothesis can be rejected (H0 is rejected), which means that there are significant

differences between respondents about the challenges facing municipalities to provide

infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to government of municipality at

significant level α ≤ 0.05.

113

Table (5.15): One Way ANOVA Test for Challenges Facing Municipalities to

Provide Infrastructure Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Government of

Municipality

P-

value

F.

value

Mean

Square df

Sum of

Squares Source Field

0.57 0.73

0.15 4 0.59 Between Groups Wastewater/

Financial

Challenges

0.20 101 20.32 Within Groups

105 20.90 Total

0.04 2.52


Physical

Challenges 0.25 101 25.41 Within Groups

105 27.95 Total

0.86 0.33


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 22.85 Total

0.67 0.59

0.08 4 0.32 Between Groups Wastewater

Services 0.13 101 13.54 Within Groups

105 13.86 Total

0.00 4.90

0.95 4 3.80 Between Groups Water Supply/

Financial

Challenges


105 23.35 Total

0.22 1.48


Physical

Challenges


105 24.04 Total

0.91 0.25


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 25.53 Total

0.67 0.59

0.09 4 0.36 Between Groups Water Supply


105 15.72 Total

0.00 4.04

0.72 4 2.89 Between Groups Solid Waste/

Financial

Challenges


105 20.97 Total

0.18 1.59


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 28.83 Total

0.31 1.21


Managerial

Challenges


105 29.46 Total

0.50 0.84

0.13 4 0.52 Between Groups Solid Waste


105 16.21 Total

To identify the difference between respondents, Scheffe’ test was used and the

results illustrated in Table (5.16).

112


respondents as follow:

1. Differences between North Gaza and Deir Al-Balah in the fields (Wastewater/

Physical Challenges and Water Supply/ Financial Challenges) in favor of North

Gaza Governorate, which mean that North Gaza Governorate suffer from

previous challenges more than Deir Al-Balah Governorate.

2. Differences between North Gaza and Khan Younis in the fields (Water Supply/

Financial Challenges and Solid Waste/ Financial Challenges) in favor of North

Gaza Governorate, which mean that North Gaza Governorate suffer from

previous challenges more than Khan Younis Governorate.

3. Differences between Deir Al-Balah and Khan Younis in the field (Wastewater/

Physical Challenges) in favor of Khan Younis Governorate, which mean that

Khan Younis Governorate suffer from previous challenge more than Deir Al-

Balah Governorate.

4. Differences Khan Younis and Rafah in the field (Water Supply/ Financial

Challenges) in favor of Rafah Governorate, which mean that Rafah Governorate

suffer from previous challenge more than Khan Younis Governorate.

Table (5.16): Scheffe Test for Multiple Comparisons- Government of Municipality

*. The mean difference is significance at the 0.05 level.



infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to classification of municipality.

Solid Waste/

Financial

Challenges

Water Supply/

Financial

Challenges

Wastewater/

Physical

Challenges

Governorate of Municipality

0.213 0.272 0.284 Gaza

North Gaza 0.196 0.315* 0.419* Deir Al-Balah

0.424* 0.530* 0.098 Khan Younis

-0.052 0.059 0.261 Rafah

-0.017 0.043 0.135 Deir Al-Balah

Gaza 0.210 0.258 -0.185 Khan Younis

-0.265 -0.213 -0.022 Rafah

0.227 0.214 -0.320* Khan Younis Deir Al-Balah

-0.248 -0.256 -0.157 Rafah

-0.476 -0.471* 0.163 Rafah Khan Younis

115



services in the Gaza Strip due to classification of municipality in the following field

(Wastewater/ Physical Challenges), where the p-value ≤ 0.05 in the previous field. The

null hypothesis can be rejected (H0 is rejected), which means that there are significant

differences between respondents about the challenges facing municipalities to provide

infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to classification of municipality at

significant level α ≤ 0.05.

Table (5.17): One Way ANOVA Test for Challenges Facing Municipalities to

Provide Infrastructure Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Classification of

Municipality

P-

value

F.

value

Mean

Square df

Sum of


0.19 1.69


Financial

Challenges


105 20.90 Total

0.01 5.35


Physical


105 27.95 Total

0.73 0.36


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 22.85 Total

0.14 2.04



105 13.86 Total

0.38 0.99


Financial

Challenges


105 23.35 Total

0.08 2.54


Physical

Challenges


105 24.04 Total

0.08 2.58


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 25.53 Total

0.25 1.39



105 15.78 Total

0.73 0.32


Financial

Challenges


105 20.97 Total

0.53 0.64 0.18 2 0.353 Between Groups

116

P-

value

F.

value

Mean

Square df

Sum of


0.28 103 28.48 Within Groups Solid Waste/

Technical and

Environmental

Challenges 105 28.83 Total

0.45 0.78


Managerial

Challenges


105 29.46 Total

0.39 0.96



105 16.21 Total





1. Differences between Classification of Municipality "A" and Classification of

Municipality "B" in the field (Wastewater/ Physical Challenges) in favor of

Classification of Municipality "B", which mean that Classification of

Municipality "B" suffer from previous challenge more than Classification of

Municipality "A".

2. Differences between Classification of Municipality "A" and Classification of

Municipality "C" in the field (Wastewater/ Physical Challenges) in favor of

Classification of Municipality "C", which mean that Classification of

Municipality "C" suffer from previous challenge more than Classification of

Municipality "A".

Table (5.18): Scheffe Test for Multiple Comparisons- Classification of Municipality




infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to specialization.

Wastewater/ Physical Challenges Classification of Municipality

-0.396* B A

-0.326* C

0.070 C B

117

To test the hypothesis, Independent Sample T-test was used and the results


From Table (5.19), it's clear that there are no significant differences between


services in the Gaza Strip due to specialization, where the p-value > 0.05 in all fields.

The null hypothesis can't be rejected (H0 is not rejected).

Table (5.19): Independent Sample T-test for Challenges Facing Municipalities to

Provide Infrastructure Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Specialization



infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to job title.

P- value T. test SD Mean Specialization Field

0.146 -1.464 1.23 3.91 Management Wastewater/ Financial

Challenges 1.25 2.15 Engineering

0.458 0.745 1.54 3.21 Management Wastewater/ Physical


0.856 -0.182 1.26 3.27 Management Wastewater/ Technical

and Environmental


0.718 -0.362 1.37 3.71 Management

Wastewater Services 1.36 3.73 Engineering

0.822 -0.225 1.53 2.11 Management Water Supply/

Financial Challenges 1.25 2.14 Engineering

0.467 -0.730 1.25 3.62 Management Water Supply/

Physical Challenges 1.29 3.74 Engineering

0.275 -1.098 1.52 3.51 Management

Water Supply/

Technical and

Environmental


0.361 -0.917 1.21 3.62 Management

Water Supply Services 1.32 3.76 Engineering

0.571 -0.568 1.53 2.12 Management Solid Waste/ Financial


0.973 0.034 1.29 3.22 Management

Solid Waste/

Technical and

Environmental


0.388 -0.867 1.53 3.27 Management Solid Waste/

Managerial Challenges 1.53 3.57 Engineering

0.603 -0.521 1.2 3.79 Management

Solid Waste Services 1.23 3.91 Engineering

112

To test this hypothesis, job title was merged in groups as follows:

Group 1 (Senior Management Employees), which contains (Mayor/ Vice and

Municipality Manager/ Vice).

Group 2 (Projects Managers), which contains (Projects Manager).

Group 3 (Management Employees), which contains (Heads of Departments and

Others).





services in the Gaza Strip due to job title in the following field (Wastewater/ Physical

Challenges), where the p-value ≤ 0.05 in the previous field. The null hypothesis can

be rejected (H0 is rejected), which means that there are significant differences between


services in the Gaza Strip due to job title at significant level α ≤ 0.05.

Table (5.20): One Way ANOVA Test of Challenges Facing Municipalities to

Provide Infrastructure Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Job Title.

P-

value

F.

value

Mean

Square df

Sum of


0.48 0.73


Financial

Challenges


105 20.90 Total

0.01 5.17


Physical


105 27.95 Total

0.39 0.96


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 22.85 Total

0.06 2.96



105 13.86 Total

0.17 1.80


Financial

Challenges


105 23.35 Total

0.09 2.48


Physical

Challenges


105 24.04 Total

119

P-

value

F.

value

Mean

Square df

Sum of


0.21 1.57


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 25.53 Total

0.12 2.14



105 15.72 Total

0.30 1.20


Financial

Challenges


105 20.97 Total

0.11 2.23


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 28.83 Total

0.19 1.68


Managerial

Challenges


105 29.46 Total

0.10 2.37



105 16.211 Total





1. Differences between Senior Management Employees and Management

Employees in the field (Wastewater/ Physical Challenges) in favor of Senior

Management Employees, which mean that Senior Management Employees

consider the (Wastewater/ Physical Challenges) is the most difficult challenge

facing municipalities to provide infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip.

2. Differences between Projects Managers and Management Employees in the field

(Wastewater/ Physical Challenges) in favor of Projects Managers, which mean

that Projects Managers consider the (Wastewater/ Physical Challenges) is the

most difficult challenge facing municipalities to provide infrastructure services

in the Gaza Strip.

141

Table (5.21): Scheffe Test for Multiple Comparisons- Job Title.




infrastructure services in the Gaza Strip due to experience years.



From Table (5.22), it's clear that there are no significant differences between


services in the Gaza Strip due to experience years, where the p-value > 0.05 in all

fields.

The null hypothesis can't be rejected (H0 is not rejected).

Table (5.22): One Way ANOVA Test of Challenges Facing Municipalities to

Provide Infrastructure Services in The Gaza Strip Due to Experience Years.

P-

value

F.

value

Mean

Square df

Sum of


0.35 1.05


Financial

Challenges


105 20.90 Total

0.17 1.83


Physical

Challenges


105 27.95 Total

0.11 2.23


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 22.85 Total

0.08 2.59



105 13.86 Total

0.39 0.94


Financial

Challenges


105 23.35 Total

0.95 0.05


Physical

Challenges


105 24.04 Total

0.43 0.84 0.21 2 0.41 Between Groups

Wastewater/ Physical Challenges Job Title

-0.051 Projects Managers Senior Management

Employees 0.296* Management Employees

0.347* Management Employees Projects Managers

141

P-

value

F.

value

Mean

Square df

Sum of


0.24 103 25.12 Within Groups Water Supply/

Technical and

Environmental

Challenges 105 25.53 Total

0.84 0.18



105 15.72 Total

0.74 0.30


Financial

Challenges


105 20.97 Total

0.87 0.14


Technical and

Environmental

Challenges


105 28.83 Total

0.84 0.17


Managerial

Challenges


105 29.46 Total

0.87 0.14



105 16.21 Total

144

Chapter 6

Conclusions and

Recommendations

143

Chapter 6

Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter includes the conclusions and recommendations that would assist to

improve the infrastructure services provided by the municipalities in the Gaza Strip,

and help the municipalities to face their challenges in order to get better sevices. The

first objective of this study was to identify the challenges facing municipalities to

provide wastewater services in the Gaza Strip. The second objective was to identify

the challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply services in the Gaza Strip.

The third objective was to identify the challenges facing municipalities to provide solid

waste services in the Gaza Strip.

Conclusions

This part of the thesis concludes the fundamental findings of the research per

objective, based on the opinions of the respondents as follows:

6.1.1 Findings Related to The First Objective

The first objective in this thesis is (to identify the challenges facing

municipalities to provide wastewater services in the Gaza Strip). This objective

include three sub objectives as follows:

1. Identify The Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater

Services in The Gaza Strip, Which Related to Financial Field.

The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of provided

budget to the municipalities" and "Decline of revenues, which the municipalities

collect them from their projects".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of donor's

confidence for providing funds to projects as a result of political conditions "and

"High financial cost to construct wastewater projects".

It is clear that the municipalities have problems related to funds and

budget in addition to revenues problems; this is due to the special situation of

the Gaza Strip because of the Israeli siege imposed on the Gaza Strip.

142


Services in The Gaza Strip, Which Related to Physical Field.

The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of the needed

energy such as fuel and electricity to operate treatment plant" and "Inability to

wastewater treatment".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of sewer" and

"Inability of sewerage to accommodate the wastewater".

It is clear that the municipalities have problems related to energy and

power in addition to wastewater treatment problems and equipment problems;

this is due to the special situation of the Gaza Strip because of the Israeli siege

imposed on the Gaza Strip, which prevent entry of tools and fuel that necessary

for municipalities to help them to provid their services.


Services in The Gaza Strip, Which Related to Technical and

Environmental Field.

The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "The negative

impact of wastewater on the environment" and "Aquifer pollution by increasing

the proportion of salts and nitrates".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Difficulty to locate

the old pipelines underground" and "Weakness of apply the regulations and laws

that control the sewage operating sector".

It is clear that the municipalities have problems related to environment

and aquifer pollution in addition to regulations and laws problems; this is due to

leakage of sewage into the groundwater reservoir that affect negatively at

environment and aquifer.

6.1.2 Findings Related to The Second Objective

The second objective in this thesis is (to identify the challenges facing

municipalities to provide water supply services in The Gaza Strip). This

objective include three sub objectives as follows:

145

1. Identify The Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply


The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of provided

budget to the municipalities" and "Weakness of citizen's culture for bills

payments".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Rarity of private

sector contribution to fund water supply projects" and" Absence of uniform and

feasible tariff of water in all municipalities".


budget in addition to bills payments problems; this is due to the special situation

of the Gaza Strip because of the Israeli siege imposed on the Gaza Strip, where

the municipalities lack to financial self-sufficiency, in addition to inability to pay

bills pretext of spread poverty and unemployment among citizens.


Services in The Gaza Strip, Which Related to Physical Field.

The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of the needed

energy such as fuel and electricity to operate water wells" and "The severe

shortage of water quantity in the aquifer".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of necessary

periodically tests to monitor water quality" and "Many of the old wells were

stopped".

It is clear that the municipalities have problems related to energy and

power in addition to water aquifer problems and water wells problems; this is

due to the special situation of the Gaza Strip because of the Israeli siege imposed

on the Gaza Strip, which prevent entry of tools and fuel that necessary for

municipalities to help them to provid their services. Beside that the overdraft of

the groundwater reservoir which led to state of imbalance in the groundwater

reservoir.

146




The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Slight

construction of desalination plants to meet the needs of the population for water"

and "Lack of used Technology for solving the problems of water sector".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of

maintenance operations in the water networks" and "Difficulty to locate the old

pipelines underground".

It is clear that the municipalities have problems related to projects

construction and lack of water in the Gaza Strip to meet people needs, in addition

to maintenance problems; this is due to the special situation of the Gaza Strip

because of the Israeli siege imposed on the Gaza Strip, which prevent entry of

tools and equipment that necessary for municipalities to construct new projects

including desalination plants projects, which need high budget and modern

technology. Beside that the lack of necessary tools that help at maintenance

operations.

6.1.3 Findings Related to The Third Objective

The third objective in this thesis is (to identify the challenges facing

municipalities to provide solid waste services in the Gaza Strip). This objective

include three sub objectives as follows:

1. Identify The Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste


The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Insufficient

government's fund, which needed for waste collection" and "Lack of revenue of

waste collection with comparison to operating cost".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Decreasing of solid

waste services fees comparing with operating cost" and "Rarity of thinking in

solid waste recycling projects".

147


budget in addition to revenue problems and recycling projects; this is due to the

special situation of the Gaza Strip because of the Israeli siege imposed on the

Gaza Strip, where the municipalities lack to financial self-sufficiency, in

addition to lack of revenue and inability to pay bills pretext of spread poverty

and unemployment among citizens. Be side that the Gaza Strip lack to any

recycling project.




The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Inability of solid

waste disposal safely" and "Lack of needed energy to operate the municipalities'

trucks".

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Difficulty to locate

the suitable places for waste containers" and "Lack of waste containers

comparing with population ".

It is clear that the municipalities have problems related to waste disposal,

energy and fuel problems in addition to waste containers problems; this is due to

the special situation of the Gaza Strip because of the Israeli siege imposed on the

Gaza Strip, which prevent entry of energy and fuel that necessary for

municipalities to operate solid waste collection trucks. Beside that the locations

of solid waste disposal is near to borders, which difficult to reach them and there

is not modern technology that help to get rid of solid safely.


Services in The Gaza Strip, Which Related to Managerial Field.

The highest challenges related to this sub objective is "Few of waste

collecting employees at the municipality" and "Unavailability of a contingency

plan for managing solid waste in crisis time".

142

The lowest challenges related to this sub objective is "Lack of skilled and

experienced labors in municipalities" and "Lack of clarity of the administrative

functions and powers for labors".

It is clear that the municipalities have problems related to employees and

contingency plans, in addition to skills and experience problems; this is due to

spread the high unemployment among young people and lack of skills for the

employees in addition to lack of the necessary resources, inadequate budget

allocated for emergencies and shortage of human resources working during

emergencies.

Recommendations

These recommendations are suggested to the municipalities in the Gaza Strip in

order to improve the quality of services provided to citizens, as follows:

1. Search for private financial resources in municipalities away from grants.

2. The need to find practical solutions with the donor through employ of specialized

staff to attract donors to finance municipal projects.

3. The need to establish vital projects that return financial revenues to the

municipalities to meet the needs of the municipalities for high budgets in order

to continue to provide services to citizens.

4. The need to publish manuals on the functions of municipalities and services

provided to citizens and urged citizens to pay their bills in order to help

municipalities to provide their services.

5. The need to work on the treatment of wastewater for use in agricultural purposes

instead of using potable water for agricultural purposes.

6. The need to work on finding practical and effective solutions for the treatment

of wastewater in the Gaza Strip by employing specialized staff in this field, and

work on the entry of equipment and tools, which needed for the facilities of

treatment plants. In addition to preventing environmental pollution resulting

from the pumping of wastewater into the sea.

7. The need to find alternative solutions to electricity through the use of solar

energy in the operation of treatment plant facilities in order to ensure the

continuation of work and reduce the water crisis in the Gaza Strip.

149

8. The need for the competent authorities to improve the efficiency of the treatment

plants and to work on entry of all the necessary tools to help the continuation of

the work of treatment plants in the Gaza Strip.

9. The need to examine the treated wastewater according to international standards

before discharge to the sea.

10. The need to establish sewage networks and develop the existing networks to

cover all areas of the Gaza Strip, taking into consideration the absorption of

increased wastewater.

11. The need to rationalization of water consumption in the Gaza Strip and to

awareness citizens about the need to preserve these resources.

12. Establishment of several water projects to collect and utilize rainwater or

injecting it into the groundwater reservoir.

13. The need to establish desalination plants in many areas of the Gaza Strip to help

to meet the needs of the population for water.

14. The need to adopt policies that preserve the coastal aquifer in the Gaza Strip as

it is the only source of water in the Gaza Strip and reduce the excessive

withdrawal of water tank to reduce the problems of salinity and pollution in the

aquifer.

15. The need to intensify efforts between the water sectors in the Gaza Strip and

distribution of powers between the municipalities, The Palestinian Water

Authority and the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility.

16. The need to construct solid waste recycling projects in order to reduce the

amount of waste and produce materials that can be used for various purposes,

not to mention that these projects return profit that helps the development of the

national economy.

17. The need to prepare a regular plan for the work of municipal trucks in the transfer

and disposal of solid waste effectively.

18. The need to promote awareness programs and social values in the preservation

of hygiene to manage waste disposal better.

19. The need to pay attention to geographical and human sides and take into

consideration when choosing the sites of landfills.

131

20. The need to develop a wise strategic plan for the management of municipal

services in emergencies situations.

21. The need for municipalities to raise awareness of their employees for their

functions and determine the powers of each employee.

22. The need to employ high professional cadres in the projects.

131

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134

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132

Appendices

139

Appendix A: English version




Graduate Studies عمادة البحث العلمي والدراسات العليا

Faculty of Engineering ة الهـنـدســــــــــــــــــــةـــــــــــــــليـك

Master of Infrastructure ماجستيــــــــر البنيـــــة التحتيـــــــــة

Questionnaire for municipalities in the Gaza Strip

Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide


in the Gaza Strip

Researcher


Supervisor

Dr. Bassam A. Tayeh

121

Gentlemen\

Peace, mercy and blessings of Allah

This questionnaire aims to study the following:

First: challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater services.

Second: challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply services.

Third: challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste services.

This questionnaire is a part of a supplementary research required for a master's

degree in civil engineering/ infrastructure, from the Islamic University of Gaza,

supervised by Dr. Eng. Bassam Tayeh .

Please kindly we request your assistance in mobilizing the required data with level of

accuracy and honesty as usual in your work, knowing that the information will be used

for scientific research only.

Content of Questionnaire:

This questionnaire consists of four parts, which are as follows:

Part I: General Information.

Part II: Challenges facing municipalities to provide wastewater services.

Part III: Challenges facing municipalities to provide water supply services.

Part IV: Challenges facing municipalities to provide solid waste services.

And you all are thanked and appreciated for your contribution in supporting

the scientific research

Researcher


121

Please tick √ against the option that is convenient for you and please take into account

and place in front of only one option.

Part I: General Information

1. Governorate of Municipality:

North Gaza Gaza Deir Al-Balah

Khan Younis Rafah

2. Classification of Municipality According to Ministry of Local Government:

A B C

3. Scientific Degree:

Diploma Bachelor's Master Doctorate

4. Specialization:

Management Engineering

5. Job Title: Mayor/ Vice Municipality Manager/ Vice

Pojects Manager Head of a Department

Others(explain) ……….

6. Experience Years: Less than 10 years From 10 years to less than 15 years

15 years and more

124

First: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater

Services

# Item

Degree

Ver

y l

arg

e

Larg

e

Med

ium

Low

Ver

y l

ow

Financial Challenges 1 Lack of provided budget to the municipalities. 2

Decline of revenues, which the municipalities

collect them from their projects.

3 Lack of funds and donations from donors to

construct wastewater projects.

4 Lack of donor's confidence for providing funds to

projects as a result of political conditions.

5 High financial cost to construct wastewater

projects.

6 Decline of sewerage service fees compared to the

cost of service.

7 Weakness of citizen's culture for bills payments. 8

Rarity of private sector contribution to fund

wastewater projects.

Physical Challenges

1 Inability to wastewater treatment. 2 Damage and wear of sewerage. 3 Lack of sewer. 4 Inability of sewerage to cover all area. 5

Difficulty of providing equipment used in the

wastewater treatment process.

6 Lack of the needed energy such as fuel and

electricity to operate treatment plant.

7 Inability of sewerage to accommodate the

wastewater.

Technical and Environmental Challenges 1 Lack of maintenance operations in the sewerage. 2

Lack of skilled and experienced laborers in

sewerage.

123

First: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Wastewater

Services

# Item

Degree

Ver

y l

arg

e

Larg

e

Med

ium

Low

Ver

y l

ow

3 Lack of training and development for staff in the

municipality.

4 Weakness of apply the regulations and laws that

control the sewage operating sector.

5 Difficulty to locate the old pipelines underground. 6

Dependence of some residents to use septic tanks

due to lack of wastewater network.

7 Aquifer pollution by increasing the proportion of

salts and nitrates.

8 The negative impact of wastewater on the

environment.

9 Inability to reuse wastewater for agricultural

purposes.

10 Absence of environmental awareness department in

municipalities.

11 Unavailability of a contingency plan for managing

sewerage sector in crisis time.

122

Second: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply

Services

# Item Degree

Ver

y l

arg

e

Larg

e

Med

ium

Low

Ver

y l

ow

Financial Challenges 1 Lack of provided budget to the municipalities. 2 Weakness of citizen's culture for bills payments. 3

The financial deficit in the municipalities due to

lack of revenue. 4

Lack of needed fund to improve the supplied water

to citizens. 5

Decreasing of the imposed fees of water comparing

with the cost of the service. 6

High financial cost to construct water supply

projects. 7

Rarity of private sector contribution to fund water

supply projects. 8

Absence of uniform and feasible tariff of water in

all municipalities. Physical Challenges

1 Increasing the proportion of water losses as a result

of old pipes. 2 The severe shortage of water quantity in the aquifer. 3 Increasing the percentage of salts in the aquifer. 4

Decreasing of water quality, which supplied to

citizens. 5

Lack of availability of spare parts used in the

system. 6 Limited of water wells. 7

Lack of the needed energy such as fuel and

electricity to operate water wells. 8

The amount of water supplied to the citizens don't

meet their needs. 9

Loss of large amounts of water, caused by illegal

encroachments from some citizens. 10 Salinity of drinking and domestic water.

125

Second: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Water Supply

Services

# Item Degree

Ver

y l

arg

e

Larg

e

Med

ium

Low

Ver

y l

ow

11 Many of the old wells were stopped. 12

Lack of necessary periodically tests to monitor

water quality. Technical and Environmental Challenges

1 Shortages of supplied water to citizens. 2

Lack of used Technology for solving the problems

of water sector. 3

Lack of maintenance operations in the water

networks. 4

Lack of elevated tanks, which used for pumping

water to remote areas. 5 Increasing of salinity of the water wells. 6 Difficulty to locate the old pipelines underground. 7

Inability of managing the water resources in terms

of quality and quantity. 8

Slight construction of desalination plants to meet

the needs of the population for water. 9

Weakness of apply the regulations and laws that

control the water supply sector. 10 Few of water sector employees at the municipality. 11

Insufficient attention for developing the labors

capabilities in the water sector.

126

Third: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste

Services

#

Item

Degree

Ver

y l

arg

e

Larg

e

Med

ium

Low

Ver

y l

ow


1 Insufficient government's fund, which needed for

waste collection. 2

Lack of revenue of waste collection with

comparison to operating cost. 3 Lack of citizens obligations to pay fees. 4

Decreasing of the required budget to maintenance

of waste collection trucks. 5

High financial cost to collect and disposal of solid

waste. 6

Lack of donations whereas it consider one of the

financial resources. 7

Decreasing of solid waste services fees comparing

with operating cost. 8 Rarity of thinking in solid waste recycling projects.

Technical and Environmental Challenges 1 Inability of solid waste disposal safely. 2 Accumulation of garbage in the waste containers. 3

Inability to use modern technological methods for

waste disposal.

4

Weakness of the performed service by the waste

collection trucks whereas they don't cover all

regions. 5 Limited of solid waste collection trucks. 6 Lack of waste landfills. 7

Increasing the amounts of solid waste as a result of

increasing the population. 8 Difficulty of collecting waste daily. 9

Difficulty to locate the suitable places for waste

containers.

127

Third: Challenges Facing Municipalities to Provide Solid Waste

Services

#

Item

Degree

Ver

y l

arg

e

Larg

e

Med

ium

Low

Ver

y l

ow

10 Lack of waste containers comparing with

population. 11

Lack of needed energy to operate the

municipalities' trucks. 12 The existence of waste containers at illegal places.


1 Lack of clarity of the administrative functions and

powers for labors. 2

Solid waste sector suffers from a lack of regulatory

laws, which clarify the work specifications. 3

Lack of skilled and experienced labors in

municipalities. 4 Low of salaries and rewards for employees. 5

Weakness of performance in emergency and crisis

situations. 6

Few of waste collecting employees at the

municipality. 7

Weakness of cooperation between the beneficiaries

and the municipalities in waste collection. 8

Lack of beneficiaries' interest with the process of

waste collection. 0

Unavailability of a contingency plan for managing

solid waste in crisis time.

122

Appendix B: Arabic version




Graduate Studies والدراسات العلياعمادة البحث العلمي

Faculty of Engineering ة الهـنـدســــــــــــــــــــةـــــــــــــــليـك

Master of Infrastructure ماجستيــــــــر البنيـــــة التحتيـــــــــة

مقدمة الىإستبانة

في قطاع غزةبلديات العاملين في ال

البلديات في تقديم خدمات البنية التحتية في التحديات التي تواجه قطاع غزة

الباحث

فريد النيرب عبدالله

المشرف

تايه عبدالرحمن د7 بسام

129

/ ادة الكرامالـــسـ

:بعدو طيبة تحية

يلي:إن هذه االستبانة تهدف إلى دراسة ما خدمات الصرف الصحي في قطاع غزة.أوال: التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم

ثانيا: التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات المياه في قطاع غزة. ثالثا: التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات النفايات الصلبة في قطاع غزة.

لمدنية/ البنى ا وهذه االستتتبانة جزء من البحث التكميلي الالزم لنيل درجة الماجستتتير في الهندستتة ، تحت اشراف د. م. بسام تايه.التحتية من الجامعة اإلسالمية بغزة

بالمستتاعدة في تعبئة البيانات المطلوبة بمستتتوى الدقة واألمانة المعهودة نرجو من ستتيادتكم التكرم في عملكم علما أن المعلومات ستستخدم للبحث العلمي فقط.

مكونات االستبانة:

ستبانة من أربعة أجزاء وهي كما يلي:تتكون هذه اال

:معلومات عامة. الجزء األول

:التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات الصرف الصحي الجزء الثاني.

:لمياه.التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات ا الجزء الثالث

:نفايات الصلبة.ت الالتحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدما الجزء الرابع

ولكم كل الشكر والتقدير على مساهمتكم في دعم البحث العلمي7

الباحث

عبدالله فريد النيرب

151

مقابل الخيار الذي ترونه مناسباً ونرجو مراعاة وضعها أمام خيار واحد فقط7 √الرجاء وضع إشارة

عامةالجزء األول: معلومات

7 المحافظة التي تتبع لها البلدية:1

رفح خان يونس غزة الوسطى شمال غزة

حسب تصنيف وزارة الحكم المحلي: تصنيف البلدية التي تعمل بها 37

A B C

:الدرجة العلمية 37

دكتوراه ماجستير بكالوريوس دبلوم

التخصص: 47

تخصصات هندسية إدارية تخصصات

المسمى الوظيفي: 77

/ نائبمدير بلدية / نائبرئيس بلدية

غير ذلك. وضح ...... رئيس قسم مدير دائرة المشاريع

سنوات خبرة العمل في البلديات: 67

سنة فأكثر 15 سنة 15سنوات إلى أقل من 11من سنوات 11أقل من

151

خدمات الصرف الصحي أوال: التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم

الفقرة الرقم

الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

غيرةص

جد رة

صغي ا

تحديات مالية قلة الميزانية المقدمة للبلديات 1

2 انخفاض اإليرادات التي تقوم البلدية بجبايتها من

المشاريع القائمة عليها

3 قلة التمويل والمنح المقدمة من الجهات المانحة

مشاريع الصرف الصحي إلنشاء

4 انعدام ثقة الممولين الخارجيين بتقديم مشاريع

)ظروف سياسية(ممولة

5 مشاريع الصرف إلنشاءالتكاليف المالية العالية

الصحي

6 انخفاض رسوم خدمات الصرف الصحي

المفروضة مقارنة بتكاليف الخدمة

7 ضعف ثقافة دفع الفواتير المستحقة لدى

المواطنين

8 ندرة مساهمة القطاع الخاص بتمويل مشاريع

الصرف الصحي التابعة للبلديات

تحديات فيزيائية ضعف القدرة على معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي 1 وجود تلف واهتراء في شبكات الصرف الصحي 2 قلة توفر انابيب الصرف الصحي 3

4 عدم تغطية شبكات الصرف الصحي لجميع

المناطق

5 صعوبة توفير المعدات المستخدمة في عملية

معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي

154

خدمات الصرف الصحي أوال: التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم

الفقرة الرقم

الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

غيرةص

جد رة

صغي ا

6 قلة وجود الطاقة الالزمة من وقود وكهرباء

لتشغيل محطات المعالجة

7 عدم قدرة شبكات الصرف الصحي على استيعاب

مياه الصرف الصحي

وبيئية تحديات فنية قلة عمليات الصيانة في شبكات الصرف الصحي 1

2 الصرفقلة الخبرة والمهارة للعاملين في مجال

الصحي

قلة التدريب والتطوير للكادر العامل في البلدية 3

4 القوانين واألنظمة التي تنظم عمل تطبيق ضعف

قطاع الصرف الصحي

5 صعوبة تحديد أماكن الخطوط القديمة تحت

األرض

6 اعتماد بعض السكان على استخدام الحفر االمتصاصية لعدم وجود شبكة صرف صحي

7 تلوث الخزان الجوفي بزيادة نسبة االمالح

والنترات

8 التأثير السلبي لمياه الصرف الصحي غير

المعالجة على البيئة

9 عدم القدرة على إعادة استخدام مياه الصرف

الصحي في األغراض الزراعية

عدم وجود دائرة للوعي البيئي في البلديات 10

11 قطاع الصرف إلدارةعدم وجود خطة طوارئ

الصحي وقت الكوارث واألزمات

153

ثانيا: التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات المياه

الرقم الفقرة

الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

رة صغي

رة صغي

جدا

تحديات مالية قلة الميزانية المقدمة للبلديات 1

2 ضعف ثقافة دفع الفواتير المستحقة لدى

المواطنين العجز المالي في البلديات نتيجة قلة اإليرادات 3

4 قلة الدعم والتمويل الالزمين لتحسين تزويد

المواطنين بالمياه

5 انخفاض رسوم خدمات المياه المفروضة مقارنة

بتكاليف الخدمة مشاريع التغذية بالمياه إلنشاءالتكاليف العالية 6

7 ندرة مساهمة القطاع الخاص بتمويل مشاريع

المياه التابعة للبلديات

8 عدم وجود تعرفة مائية موحدة ومجدية في جميع

البلديات تحديات فيزيائية

1 زيادة نسبة الفاقد السنوية من المياه نتيجة قدم

األنابيب المستخدمة منذ سنوات طويلة النقص الحاد في كمية المياه في الخزان الجوفي 2 زيادة نسبة االمالح في الخزان الجوفي 3 المزودة للمواطنينانخفاض جودة المياه 4 قطع الغيار المستخدمة في النظامقلة توفر 5 قلة عدد اآلبار المغذية بالمياه 6

152



الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

رة صغي

رة صغي

جدا

7 قلة وجود الطاقة الالزمة من وقود وكهرباء

لتشغيل آبار المياه

8 كمية المياه التي تصل الى المواطنين ال تلبي

احتياجاتهم

9 فقدان كمية كبيرة من إمدادات المياه الناجمة عن تعديات غير قانونية من بعض المواطنين

10 ملوحة المياه المخصصة للشرب واالستهالك

المنزلي توقف عمل العديد من اآلبار القديمة 11

12 لمراقبة قلة اجراء الفحوصات الدورية الالزمة

جودة المياه وبيئيةتحديات فنية

نقص كمية المياه الواصلة للمواطنين 1

2 التكنولوجيا المتطورة في إيجاد عدم استخدام

الحلول للمشاكل التي تواجه قطاع المياه قلة عمليات الصيانة في شبكات المياه 3

4 التقوية لضخ المياه إلى المناطق قلة محطات

النائية زيادة ملوحة ابار المياه 5

6 صعوبة تحديد أماكن الخطوط القديمة تحت

األرض

7 ضعف القدرة على إدارة مصادر المياه من حيث

النوعية والكمية بطريقة ناجحة اقتصاديا

155



الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

رة صغي

رة صغي

جدا

8 تحلية مياه البحر لسد حاجة قلة انشاء محطات

السكان للمياه

9 ملع القوانين واألنظمة التي تنظمتطبيق ضعف

قطاع المياه قلة العاملين في قطاع المياه 10

11 قلة االهتمام بتنمية قدرات العاملين في قطاع

المياه

156

ثالثا: التحديات التي تواجه البلديات في تقديم خدمات النفايات الصلبة

الرقم

الفقرة

الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

رة صغي

جدا رة

صغي

تحديات مالية

1 قلة التمويل الحكومي الالزم لعملية جمع

النفايات

2 قلة العائد من عميلة جمع النفايات بحيث ال

تغطي تكاليف التشغيل

3 قلة التزام المواطنين بدفع المستحقات المترتبة

عليهم

4 ضعف الميزانية الالزمة لعملية صيانة شاحنات

جمع النفايات

5 ارتفاع تكلفة عملية جمع النفايات الصلبة

منهاوالتخلص

6 حيث تعد أحدالتبرعات والهبات من الخارج قلة

موارد الماليةمصادر ال

7 انخفاض رسوم خدمات النفايات الصلبة مقارنة

بتكاليف التشغيل ندرة التفكير في مشاريع إعادة تدوير النفايات 8

وبيئية تحديات فنية

1 ضعف القدرة على التخلص من النفايات

الصلبة بشكل امن حاوياتتراكم القمامة في ال 2

3 ضعف القدرة على استخدام االساليب

التكنولوجية الحديثة للتخلص من النفايات

4 جمع شاحناتضعف الخدمة التي تؤديها

المناطق جميعالنفايات بحيث ال تغطي

157


الرقم

الفقرة

الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

رة صغي

جدا رة

صغي

قلة عدد شاحنات جمع النفايات 5 نقص المدافن الصحية للنفايات 6

7 زيادة كمية النفايات الصلبة نتيجة زيادة عدد

السكان يومياصعوبة عملية جمع النفايات 8

9 حاوياتصعوبة تحديد األماكن المناسبة ل

النفايات قلة عدد الحاويات مقارنة بعدد السكان 10 البلديات شاحناتلقلة وجود الطاقة الالزمة 11 النفايات في أماكن غير قانونية حاوياتوجود 12

تحديات إدارية

1 قلة وضوح المهام والصالحيات االدارية

للعاملين

2 من عدم توفر قطاع النفايات الصلبة يعاني

قوانين تنظيمية توضح مواصفات العمل

3 ضعف الخبرات والمهارات لدى العاملين في

البلديات ضعف نظام االجور والمكافآت للعاملين 4 ضعف االداء في حاالت الطوارئ واالزمات 5 قلة عدد العاملين في مجال جمع النفايات 6

7 ضعف التعاون بين المستفيدين والبلديات في

عملية جمع النفايات قلة اهتمام المستفيدين بعملية جمع النفايات 8

152


الرقم

الفقرة

الدرجة

جدارة

كبي

بيرةك

طة وس

مت

رة صغي

جدا رة

صغي

9 النفايات الصلبة إلدارةعدم وجود خطة طوارئ وقت الكوارث واألزمات

challenges facing municipalities to provide infrastructure ... · dr. bassam a. tayeh assistant...

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