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Title

The Chandra X-Ray The Chandra X-Ray Observatory: The Observatory: The Past, the Present, Past, the Present,

and the Futureand the Future

The Chandra X-Ray The Chandra X-Ray Observatory: The Observatory: The Past, the Present, Past, the Present,

and the Futureand the FutureWednesday, January 12, 2005

• Martin C. Weisskopf

• Harvey Tananbaum

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• R. Giacconi – Chairman

• M. Weisskopf – Vice Chairman

• A. Opp (NASA HQ) – Ex Officio– E. Boldt (GSFC) S. Bowyer (UCB)– G. Clark (MIT) A. Davidsen (JHU)– G. Garmire (CIT) B. Kraushaar (Wisc)– R. Novick (Columbia) S. Shulman (NRL)– H. Tananbaum (SAO) A. Walker (Stanford)– K. Pounds (Leicester) J. Truemper (MPE)

SSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLE – THE FIRST SWGEOPLE – THE FIRST SWGSSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLE – THE FIRST SWGEOPLE – THE FIRST SWG

First SWG

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SSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLEEOPLESSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLEEOPLE

Second

SWG

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TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19761976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19761976

Beginning

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Beginning

TTHE HE RREALEAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19631963TTHE HE RREALEAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19631963

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TTHE HE OOPTICSPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS

TMA 1 (1985) &

2 (1989)

VETA (1991)

Optics

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TTHE HE OOPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEMPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEMPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEM

Optics

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TTHE HE OOPTICSPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS

Optics

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Mon/Tue July 19/20Mon/Tue July 19/20

Sensor spike - hydrogen in Sensor spike - hydrogen in the engine compartmentthe engine compartment

Wed/Thurs JulyWed/Thurs July 21/2221/22

LightningLightning in the vicinity in the vicinity

Thurs/Fri JulyThurs/Fri July 22/2322/23

Launch!Launch!

Launch

LLAUNCHAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH

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FFIRST IRST LLIGHTIGHTFFIRST IRST LLIGHTIGHT

First Light

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CCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA A ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA A A

Tananbaum et al. 1999 Hwang et al. 2004Hwang et al. 2004

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TTHE HE RREALEAL F FIRST IRST LLIGHT - IGHT - “LEON X-1”“LEON X-1”TTHE HE RREALEAL F FIRST IRST LLIGHT - IGHT - “LEON X-1”“LEON X-1”

Leon X1

Weisskopf et al. 2005

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SSOLAR OLAR SSYSTEM YSTEM OOBJECTSBJECTSSSOLAR OLAR SSYSTEM YSTEM OOBJECTSBJECTS

Jupiter & its moons

Earth’s Moon

Optical: Gendler; X-ray: J.Drake et al.Optical: Gendler; X-ray: J.Drake et al.

Elsner et al. 2002Gladstone et al. 2002

Solar System

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30 D30 DORADUSORADUS30 D30 DORADUSORADUS30

Doradus

B. Brandl, L. Townsley, et al. 2005

19’

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CCRAB RAB NNEBULAEBULACCRAB RAB NNEBULAEBULA

Weisskopf et al. 2000; Hester et al. 2002

Crab Movi

e

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Pavlov et al. 2003

Vela Pulsa

r

VVELA ELA PPULSARULSARVVELA ELA PPULSARULSAR

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TTHEHE P PUZZLINGUZZLING C CASEASE OFOF RX J1856.5-3754 RX J1856.5-3754TTHEHE P PUZZLINGUZZLING C CASEASE OFOF RX J1856.5-3754 RX J1856.5-3754

Burwitz et al. 2003

RX J185

6

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CCIRCINUS IRCINUS X-1X-1CCIRCINUS IRCINUS X-1X-1

Circinus X1

Brandt & Schulz 2000; Schulz & Brandt 2002

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XX--rraay y BBiinnaarriieess

VVELA ELA X-1X-1VVELA ELA X-1X-1

M.Sako

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SS 433SS 433SS 433SS 433

XX--rraay y BBiinnaarriieess

Marshall, Canizares, and Schulz 2002, Migliari et al. 2002, Lopez et al. 2005

6.5’’

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GGLOBULAR LOBULAR CCLUSTERS – LUSTERS – 4747 TTUCUCGGLOBULAR LOBULAR CCLUSTERS – LUSTERS – 4747 TTUCUC

Heinke et al. 2005 Heinke et al. 2005

Globular

Clusters

2.5’

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48’

Wang et al. 2002

Galactic Ctr -1-

GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -1-ENTER -1-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -1-ENTER -1-

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Galactic Ctr -HT-

GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -zoom in-ENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -zoom in-ENTER -zoom in-

Baganoff et al. 2003

8.4’

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HRC Image of Nuclear

Region of M31

HRCHRC IIMAGE OF MAGE OF NNUCLEAR UCLEAR RREGION OF EGION OF M31M31HRCHRC IIMAGE OF MAGE OF NNUCLEAR UCLEAR RREGION OF EGION OF M31M31

Garcia et al. 2004

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D. Wang et al. 2001

NGC 4631 & NGC 4697

SSPIRAL & PIRAL & EELLIPTICAL LLIPTICAL GGALAXIESALAXIESSSPIRAL & PIRAL & EELLIPTICAL LLIPTICAL GGALAXIESALAXIES

Sarazin et al. 2002

NGC 4631NGC 4631 NGC 4697NGC 4697

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AnteAntennaennae

TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE

Red = Fe

Fabbiano et al. 2004

Green = Mg

Blue = Si

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Komossa et al. 2002

NGC 6240NGC 6240 NGC 6240NGC 6240

NGC NGC 62462400

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NGC 6240NGC 6240 NGC 6240NGC 6240

NGC NGC 62462400 SpecSpectratra

Komossa et al. 2002

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NGC 6240NGC 6240 NGC 6240NGC 6240

NGC NGC 62462400 MoviMoviee

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Forman et al. 2004

JJETSETSJJETSETS

JetsJets

Siemiginowska et al. 2003

M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 4.3

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CCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTHCDF

N

Brandt, Garmire et al. 2003

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Brandt & Hasinger 2004

Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources

OptiOptical-cal-X-X-ray ray BrigBrightnehtness ss for for CDF CDF SourSources ces

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Silverman et al. 2004

Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources OptiOptical-cal-X-X-ray ray BrigBrightnehtness ss for for CDF CDF SourSources ces

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CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs

• Black Hole finding machines: x-rays pass through gas and dust - Brandt & Hasinger, Barger et al, Silverman et al, & others

• AGN sky density ~ 7000 per sq deg for CDFs

• Faint x-ray sources diverse - BLAGN, NELG, ALG

• No longer simply Type 1 = broad lines, blue colors, & unobscured Type 2 = narrow lines, red colors, & obscured

- Some BLAGN show x-ray absorption - Some NELG and red BLAGN (2MASS) not absorbed - Optically dull galaxies (Elvis 1981) reincarnated as XBONGs, with no hint from opt lines & colors. Lx as high as 1044 - More absorbed objects (1023-1024) detectable above 5 keV?

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Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs -2-

CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNssCCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss

• SMBH grow in "anti-hierarchical" way

Most massive (107.5 - 109 Mo) form early and feed often - More frequent mergers and more gas available at high z - High luminosity, BLAGN, & numbers peak at z ~2.5

More moderate (106 - 107.5 Mo) form later and grow more slowly - Less luminous (~100x) & numbers peak at z ~1

• Relevant factors

History of host galaxy, growth of SMBH, & gas supply

(In)efficiency of radiation processes – impact on MBH from Lx

Roles of jets as well as accretion disk

Presence of obscuring torus and viewing geometry

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Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs -3-

CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNssCCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss

• Relativistically broadened Fe lines (XMM - Streblyanska et al.)

Detected in summed spectra for both BLAGN and NELG

Average abundances 3 times solar

Analyze infalling gas and track black hole spin versus z

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SSEARCHINGEARCHING FOR FOR MMISSINGISSING BBARYONSARYONS IN THEIN THE WHIMWHIMSSEARCHINGEARCHING FOR FOR MMISSINGISSING BBARYONSARYONS IN THEIN THE WHIMWHIM

MKN421

Mkn 421

Nicastro et al. 2004 Nicastro et al. 2004

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MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421

McNamara et al. 2005

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CCHANDRAHANDRA O OBSERVATIONSBSERVATIONS OFOF C CLUSTERSLUSTERS TOTO S STUDYTUDY

DDARKARK M MATTERATTER & D & DARK ARK EENERGYNERGY CCHANDRAHANDRA O OBSERVATIONSBSERVATIONS OFOF C CLUSTERSLUSTERS TOTO S STUDYTUDY

DDARKARK M MATTERATTER & D & DARK ARK EENERGYNERGY Dark Matter

and Dark Energy

Allen et al. 2004

z=0.08 z=0.78z=0.31

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RRATIOATIO OFOF B BARYONICARYONIC TOTO D DARKARK M MATTERATTER VSVS R REDSHIFTEDSHIFTRRATIOATIO OFOF B BARYONICARYONIC TOTO D DARKARK M MATTERATTER VSVS R REDSHIFTEDSHIFTRatio of Baryonic to

Dark Matter vs Redshift

Allen et al. 2004

SCDM Cosmology CDM Cosmology

V

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DDARKARK MMATTERATTER && DDARKARK EENERGYNERGY PPARAMETERSARAMETERSDDARKARK MMATTERATTER && DDARKARK EENERGYNERGY PPARAMETERSARAMETERSDark Matter

and Dark Energy

Parameters

Allen et al. 2004

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XX-RAY-RAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAPXX-RAY-RAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAPX-ray Astronomy Roadmap

First Black Holes & Galaxies

Black Hole Event horizon

First Clusters of Galaxies

MAXIM

20-100 times increased sensitivity

for spectroscopy

Constellation-X

3 m2

5-15 arc sec

Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee-Taylor Survey & Q2C report as high priority

mission for this decade50-150 m2

0.1-1 arc sec

10 Million times finer imaging

0.1-1.0 m2

0.1 micro arc sec

MAXIM

1000 times deeper X-ray imaging

Generation-X

0.1-0.35 m2

0.5-90 arc sec

Chandra

XMM-Newton

Astro-E2

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Closing

Slide