Changes in the Medieval Ages

Ch. 14, Sec. 2

Pgs. 387-392

What do we get from this time?

• Guilds aka Unions

• Banks

• Insurance

• Exchange systems

• CREDIT!

Growing food supply

• Warmer climate = more places to farm = more ppl

• Better harness 4 horse = Switch to horses instead of oxen = more farming

• 3 field system: used 2/3rds of land instead of 1/2 – Food production increased– Well-fed ppl: children resist disease & lived longer– European pop. GREW!

Guilds (NC)

• Who: skilled craftsmen• What:organization of individuals in the same

business or occupation working to improve the economic & social conditions of its members

• Where: Europe• When: 1100s• Why: these set standards for quality of work,

wages, & working conditions; provided security-- these were the first Workers’ Unions

Commercial Revolution

• Who:

• What: more trade goods & new ways of doing business led to a time of expansion of trade & business

• Where: Europe

• When:

• Why: (next slide)

Why is the C.R. imp?

1) Self-sufficient manor = Local markets now

2) More trade = trade routes across Europe & to Asia

- Foreign goods became popular

3) Bills of exchange = exchange coin systems

4) Letters of Credit = Credit cards?

5) Banking

6) Towns = Cities

7) Serfs = city workers

Move to the cities!

• Population grew = trade boomed

• = Move from villages to cities!!

• BUT:

• No sewer

• Never bathed, lacked fresh air/ clean H2O

• Serfs ran away to work in cities

Revival of Learning

• Crusades = contact w. Byzantine & Muslims (who’ve been learning all this time)

• = Europeans wanna learn now!

• = superior technology (ships, navigation, weapons) from Muslims!

• = Universities!! = Literature!! … such as…

Masterpieces that are still read today:

• The Divine Comedy

• The Canterbury Tales

• The Book of the City of Ladies

Thomas Aquinas

• Who: Catholic scholar and philosopher• What: a scholar that argued the most

basic religious truths can be proved by logical argument.

• Where: Europe• When: mid-1200s• Why: wrote “Summa Theologicae”

about religious truths;

England & France Develop

CH. 14, Sec 3

Pgs. 393- 397

First off- you need to know the meaning of:

• Central Gov’t: a guy at the top of the gov’t in charge, has more power than those below him in the bureaucracy– Ex.: What we’re going to start talking about until

NOW.. The USA is an example..

• De-centralized gov’t: local leaders have more power.. This would be like if the governor of Florida had more power than the President..– Ex.: Feudalism- all the local Nobles had power, the

Kings were weak

What do we get from this time?

• Jury trials

• Common Law

• Legal rights

Background..

• Before: Weak central gov’t, Feudalism, no trade, backwardness

• Now: Stronger central gov’ts, Feudalism going away, BOOMING trade, forwardness– 1st strong central gov’ts: England & France

England

• Many Ppl invaded trying to take over• One last invasion: • William the Conqueror, The Duke of Normandy

(from Normans) [NC]• Battle of Hastings - SUPER IMPORTANT!!! :

William won, took over, declared England his personal property

• = unified control of England & LAID FOUNDATIONS FOR CENTRAL GOV’T!!

After William…

• Henry II gained a lot of land in France for England = more power

• He strengthened the courts of Justice:– Collected taxes– Settled lawsuits– Punished crimes– STARTED the Jury! 12 people/neighbours

who judged crimes

• So… In England they start laying the foundations for a central gov’t- (one guy at the top and everyone else below him).. The next few things are how they do it…

1. Common Law (NC)

• Who: English• What: unified body of law created in England

to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punished crimes.

• Where: England• When: started in 1100s• Why: the principles of English Common Law

are the basis for law in many English-speaking countries - aka US!

2. The Magna Carta (NC)• Who: King John & his nobles• What: King John overtaxed his nobles, they got

upset & revolted forcing him to sign this• When: 1215• Where: England• Why: the most celebrated document of English

History - limits power of the king & guarantees basic political rights: no taxation w.o representation, & jury trial ; one of the cornerstones of democratic gov’t; the guaranteed rights are part of modern liberties & justice

3. Parliament (NC)• Who: King Edward I created it; English• What: legislative group that consists of 2

groups: nobles (House of Lords) & commoners (House of Commons) that help to make decisions for the country

• Where: England• When: 1295 -present• Why: laid the groundwork for the gov’t

today, put a check on the Royal power- so it didn’t get too powerful/abusive

… and then there’s….

FRANCE!!

Capetian Dynasty

• Hugh Capet- Duke, started dynasty after Carolingians died out– Hugh and his successors- WEAK!

• BUT… gradually gained more and more land = eventually POWERFUL!!

• … and this is how…

Philip II

• Goal: Weaken the English Kings

1) Took Normandy from England- TRIPLED the French lands!!! = POWERFUL!

2) Strengthened Central gov’t:

- Est. Royal officials to go around to the districts/areas of France to preside over the courts & get taxes for the King

French Gov’t…

• Louis IX (9th): gov’t became STRONGER!

• Created a French Appeals court- could overturn decisions of local courts!

• = Monarchy/king more powerful• = Feudal lords weaker!! • … their example of Rights for the

People… ---> (next slide)

Estates-General (NC)

• Who: Philip IV started it, French people• What: group that met to help the French King

approve policies: 1st Estate(group) - Clergy; 2nd Estate: Nobles; 3rd Estate- Commoners

• Where: France• When: 1302- • Why: like Parliament in England- increased

royal power agsnt. Nobles, didn’t limit Royal power like Parliament did tho; KEY role in starting the French Revolution later on in the 1700s