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Changes leading to 1890 Firing of Bismarck change of foreign policy in Germany Ending of British and French isolation Rise of Japan

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Kaiser William II (Germany) 1890 fired Bismarck based on political differences Weltpolitik world politic Wanted to establish Germany as a GLOBAL power and compete with GB and France Establish Germanys place in the sun Diverged away from Bismarcks continental policy Unraveled Bismarcks web of alliances and agreements not compatible with Williams vision of Germany

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Lapse of Reinsurance Treaty (1890) Germany allowed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to expire Wanted to sure up relationship with AH and not have conflicting goals with Russia (Balkans) Wanted to pursue relationship with GB GB foreign policy conflicted with Russia Russia wanted to continue treaty

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Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) Late 1880s and early 1890s French investment in Russia increased in response to German economic moves against Russia ex. Russian grain tariff 1892 France and Russia signed military treaty Pledged mutual aid if either attacked by Germany Pledged mobilization if either attacked by a member of the Triple Alliance 1894 formalized alliance Ended French isolation

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British Foreign Policy Imperialistic rivalries ended with France after the Fashoda Crisis (1898) Development of German rivalry Kruger telegram and William IIs support for Boers in the Boer War (1895) Berlin-Baghdad RR William II wanted to finance/construct RR in OE to build trade in Middle East (1898) Anglo-German Naval rivalry

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Anglo-German Naval Rivalry German naval construction bills 1897/1900 German began to build navy to rival the naval power of GB GB increased naval spending Development of dreadnought class battleship Created arms race

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British-Japanese Naval Alliance 1902 GB and Japan signed naval alliance with Japan Allowed GB to remove naval presence from Pacific and concentrate closer to the Atlantic to help counter German naval build-up Also gave GB ally against potential Russian threat in China Ended the splendid isolation of GB

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Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) (See Russo-Japanese Powerpoint with the rise of Modern Japan)

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Japan:Meiji Era (1868-1912) Modernization of Japan based on western economics and politics Centralized govt. Emperor with full authority - ministers Parliament Constitution & legal system Currency

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Army modeled on Prussian army Navy modeled on British navy Economic: RR, telegraph, steamship Industry and factories exports increase Demand for raw materials (empire)

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Why modernize? Check foreign influence in Japan did not want to become China US and European countries strong-armed trade rights in Japan (1850s) Japanese port cities bombarded by US and European nations Emperor forced to sign and confirm trade treaties

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Lacked political unity Lacked military power Modernize or become European colony adopt western technology to promote Japan

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Russo-Japanese Rivalry Manchuria and Korea regions of competition

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Sino-Japanese War (1894) Japan vs. China Japanese victory! Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895): Korea independent nation (formally a part of China) Japan took control of economic interests in Korea Japan annexed Formosa (modern Taiwan) Japan received economic concessions in Manchuria and control of Port Arthur (Liaotung peninsula) Mining rights

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Russia-Japan Rivalry Japanese interests in Manchuria competed with Russia Russia RR in Manchuria that connected Vladivostok to Trans-Siberian RR, and mining interests European nations forced Japan to concede Manchuria back to China Russia leased Liaotung peninsula from China (1898) built RR to connect Port Arthur to Trans-Siberian RR

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Russian Interests Needed a foreign political distraction Czar losing support at home Manchuria and Korea support port of Vladivostok RR connecting Vladivostok and Manchuria (Port Arthur) trade rights, mining rights

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Japanese Interests Need for raw materials to boost industrialization New markets Asian mainland Great Power status Did not want to see Russia gain economic concessions from China 1902 Japan/Great Britain sign alliance GB anticipated conflict with Russia

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Russo-Japanese War - 1904 Japan attacked Port Arthur Manchuria region of war Battle of Mukden Japan won Russia could not support troops via land trans-Siberian RR not complete Battle of Tsushima Strait Japanese navy defeated Russian navy Upset!

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Treaty of Portsmouth - 1905 US involvement Pres. T. Roosevelt US did not want to see Russia or Japan become powerful challenge interests in China Portsmouth, New Hampshire US, Japan, Russia met

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Effects and Outcomes Concessions: Japan: Received Port Arthur Liaotung Peninsula preferred position in Manchuria Korea = protectorate Southern half of island of Sakhalin Japan Great Power in the East challenged European supremacy

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Russia: Shifted political/foreign focus to Europe Balkans region Czar lost prestige questioned ability to rule Revolution of 1905 Loss viewed as shock to Europe

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Rise of Asian nationalism revolts in Asian countries against European powers and rulers supported by European powers

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French Foreign Policy French-Italian Agreement (1898) Economic agreement ended tariff and France supported Italy with loans for economic development Italy recognized Morocco as French sphere of influence France recognized Tripoli as Italian sphere of influence Anglo-French Agreement (1904) France recognized Egypt as British protectorate England recognized Morocco as French sphere of influence Northern Morocco went to Spain Siam = neutral buffer between Burma (GB) and French Indo- China

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The First Moroccan Crisis (1905) Jan. 1905 French sent mission to Fez, Morocco to stabilize Morocco and protect French business interests William II (Ger.) landed in Tangiers, Morocco to meet with the sultan and voice his support for Moroccan independence Protect German business interests in Morocco Test the new entente between France and GB GB supported France in Morocco against Germany

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Anglo-French Military Staff Talks (1905) British and French military commanders discuss plans for unified military action on the continent Extended commitment to each other Germany = enemy

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The Algeciras Conference (Jan. 1906) International Conference in Algeciras, Spain to resolve the Moroccan Crisis Morocco recognized as French sphere of influence and be under the policing of France and Spain France controlled the Bank of Morocco gave France control of economic development Entente between GB and France strengthened Germanys position in Morocco weakened Received no support from Italy and luke-warm support from AH

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Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) Great Britain and Russia resolve imperialistic rivalries mostly in the Middle East Both powers stay out of Tibet Russia recognized Afghanistan as GB sphere of influence Persia divided into three zones North = Russian sphere of influence Middle = neutral sphere of influence South = GB sphere of influence secured India Agreed to bar Germany from Persia Germany began pushing into the Middle East by cultivating relationship in Iraq Berlin to Baghdad RR

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Entente between GB and Russia created the ability for the Triple Entente to exist GB had ententes with France and Russia France and Russia had alliance Acted as political balance to Triple Alliance

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New Tendencies in Foreign Policy Need for allies to offset threat from other nations and other alliance blocs (balance of power) Cannot be isolated Restricted foreign policy flexibility of involved nations Increase in armaments size and expenditures Beginning of arms races New draft laws to increase service time to increase size of trained military Increase of influence of military leaders in government Joint war plans between countries Creation of war plans Military leaders increasingly advising govt. action

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Militarism Discussion Discuss the idea of an arms race and militarism as a deterrent to war. Include the concept of balance of power. Discuss the idea of an arms race and militarism as a contributor to war.

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The Bosnian Crisis (1908) The Buchlau Meeting Izvolsky Russia wanted to open the Straits to Russian warships for access to the Med Sea Aehrenthal AH wanted to annex Bosnia Both agreed to support each others claims provided announced at the same time Aehrenthal announced the annexation of Bosnia without the consent of Russia Izvolsky had not discussed with the Czar or secured support of GB and France Annexation received negative reaction from other Great Powers England, France, Russia

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Serbia mobilized army to protest annexation Wanted to annex Bosnia themselves because of Serbian population in Bosnia Austria mobilized army Germany supported Austria with verbal/military support GB supported Russia with verbal support France failed to support Russia Russia too weak from Russo-Japanese war to challenge Germany and defend interests of Serbia Austria allowed to annex Bosnia

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2 nd Moroccan Crisis (1911) The Panther Incident 1911 France sent troops into Fez (Morocco) to put down rebellion against Sultan and protect French settlers Morocco effectively became a protectorate Germany sent the Panther (gunboat) to Agadir (port) as a show of force against French moves Demanded France give the French Congo to Germany as compensation Claimed violation of Algeciras agreement

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GB and Russia supported France against Germany AH failed to strongly support Germany Effects: Germany received 100,000 square miles of worthless territory in the Congo Morocco = French protectorate Viewed as diplomatic defeat for Germany

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The Libyan War (the Tripoli War) 1911 Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire and invaded Tripoli Italy won (1912) Annexed Tripoli and Libya

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Haldane Conference (1912) Lord Haldane British minister of war went to Germany to discuss the issue of the naval race Germany wanted British neutrality in a German war with France in exchange for modifications to German naval build up Conference failed British / French naval agreement France concentrate navy in Mediterranean Sea GB concentrate navy in English channel / North Sea

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The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) 1912- Creation of the Balkan League Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro Cooperate if attacked, prevent Great Powers from seizing territory in Balkans, unified stance against the Ottoman Empire 1 st Balkan War (1912) Balkan League attacked OE in Balkan peninsula Victorious

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London Conference Sponsored by the Great Powers to control distribution of territory Creation of Albania Prevented Serbia access to Adriatic Sea and limited Serb power on peninsula Supported by AH Serbia received expanded territory on the peninsula

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2 nd Balkan War Bulgaria attacked Serbia over Balkan territory Serbia supported by Rumania and OE Serbia won the conflict Bulgaria lost further territory Albania maintained Great Powers (Russia and AH) did not intervene in either war mostly due to diplomatic efforts of England and Germany

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M.A.I.I.N Causes of WWI Militarism Alliance System Imperialism Industrialism Nationalism Other causes identified by IB: The desire for revenge Economic factors Specifically Balkan Nationalism Treaties Ideology

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Militarism The use of the military as a tool of foreign policy The increased influence of the military in the government and society The build up of military forces land armies and navies Maintained balance of power among European nations

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Alliance System Military agreements between countries typically defensive if one country is attacked others will join to aid the attacked country Maintained balance of power Intended to offset the threat of war

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Imperialism Extension of political, economic, and social influence abroad to foreign regions/countries Often involves the creation of colonies/empires OR the annexation of new territory Raw materials to support industrialization Competition GB and France established empires Germany weltpolitik create empire

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Industrialism Rapid production of goods using machines Supports and supplies large armies Supports technological development of military Coincides with the development of the factory system and urbanization concentration of labor Requires large amounts of raw materials

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Nationalism Putting the interests of your own country ahead of the international interests (collective good) What is best for my country at this time? Also applies to groups of people who seek independence from a controlling group/country

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the Balkan Powder Keg Why would the Balkan peninsula be referred to as a powder keg leading up to World War I? Rivalry between AH and Russia Pan-Slavism Rivalry between AH and Serbia AH annexed Bosnia Serbia wanted to annex Bosnia and increase power and influence in Balkan peninsula Issue of Albania supported by AH Nationalist movements new Balkan nations breaking away from the Ottoman Empire Balkan wars

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Exercise: Historians typically sight the above five causes as the long term causes for WWI. Find historical events that support each of the five causes as long term causes. Cite examples from the Age of Imperialism through June 28, 1914 to support your answers.