chanhu-daro inscriptions (selected rebus meluhha readings) (s. kalyanaraman august 4, 2013)

8/22/2019 Chanhu-Daro Inscriptions (Selected Rebus Meluhha Readings) (S. Kalyanaraman August 4, 2013)

1/13

1

Chanhu-daro inscriptions (Selected rebus Meluhha

readings)

Chanhu-daro40A 6306 Chanhu-daro40B

bhaasix (G.) Rebus: bhaafurnace (Santali)

ayo fish (Mu.) Rebus: aya (alloyed) metal (G.)

kolmo three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge (Telugu)

mfive (count). Rebus 1: Md. moenmassages, mixes . (CDIAL 9890)

Pa. mdan-- f. blending (?)(CDIAL 10356). Rebus 2: mauabooth, shed

me body ' (Mu.) Rebus: meiron (Ho.)

kolom sprout Rebus: kolami smithy, forge (Telugu)

) Pa. kuilabent, n. bend Rebus: kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 partstin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230)

koain arithmetic, one (Santali); rebus: ko. artisans workshop (Kuwi)

ayo fish (Mu.); rebus: aya(alloyed) metal (G.) Fish + corner, aya koa, metal

turned, i.e., forged.

Fish + scales aya s (amu) metllic stalks of stone ore. s, cognate with aciron

(Tocharian) may be a determinative of iron as the metal. Hence, the ligatured glyph

may connote iron or stony metal.


2/13

2

dula pair (Kashmiri) Rebus: dulcast (metal). )) Pa. kuilabent, n. bend Rebus:

kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Skt.) (CDIAL

3230). Thus, the pair of oval glyphs read: dul kuilabronze cast metal.

dula pair Rebus: dul cast (metal)

kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kram. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka

kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe).

khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant

Pict-40 Ox-antelope with a long tail; a trough in front. 6121

koiyum heifer(G.) koe heifer (Telugu) [kha] m A young bull, abullcalf. Rebus:[ kaa ] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) koworkshop

(G.)

sangaa lathe (G.) Rebus: jagaentrusment articles.

Glyph: loa= a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali)

Rebus: loiron (Assamese, Bengali); loairon (Gypsy) lauha= made of copper or iron

(Gr.Sr.); metal, iron (Skt.)




Chanhudaro Seal obverse and reverse. The oval sign of this Jhukar culture

seal is comparable to other inscriptions. Fig. 1 and 1a of Plate L. After Mackay, 1943

Glyph shown together with stong of scorpion on Urseal 1. Rebus:[kha] ingot,

wedge;A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Maratthi) khof

alloy (Lahnda) Hence[khasa] a(& from ) Alloyed--a


3/13

3

metal. (Marathi) Bshk. khoembers , Phal.khoashes, burning coal ; L. kho

alloyed , aw. khoforged ; P.khom. base, alloy M.khoalloyed , (CDIAL

3931) Kor. (O.)

Glyph: tagaru ram (Tulu) Rebus: tagarm tin (Kota). damgar merchant (Akkadian)

Another antelope is looking back. Hieroglyph of looking back connoting an artisan.

Thus the seal shows that the holder of the seal is a artisan and trader in tin ingots:

[krammaru] krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. .

or krammarinsu. V. a. To turn, send back, recall. To

revoke, annul, rescind. . krammara. Adv. Again.

or Same as . krm back(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145)

Kho. Krm back NTS ii 262 with (?) (CDIAL 3145)[Cf. Ir. *kamakaor *kamraka --

back in Shgh. mback , Sar. omEVSh 26] (CDIAL 2776) cf. Sang. kamak

back , Shgh. om(< *kamak G.M.) back of an animal , Yghn. Kama neck (CDIAL

14356). Kr, kr neck (Kashmiri) Kal.Gneck ; Kho. Go front of neck, throat .

Gala m. throat, neck MBh. (CDIAL 4070) Rebus: karmra smith, artisan (Skt.)

kamar smith (Santali)

Chanhudaro. Seal impression. Fig. 35 of Plate LII. After Mackay, 1943.

6235 tagaraka tabernae montana(Skt.) Rebus: tagara tin (Ka.)




Chanhudaro17a 6122


4/13

4

koiyum heifer(G.) koe heifer (Telugu) [kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf.

Rebus:[ kaa ] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) koworkshop (G.)




me body ' (Mu.) Rebus: meiron (Ho.)

One horned body. me body ' (Mu.) Rebus: meiron (Ho.)kouhorn Rebus: ko

workshop. Thus, komeiron workshop.

Glyph shown as an ingot. Rebus:[kha] ingot, wedge;A mass of metal(unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Maratthi) khof alloy (Lahnda) Hence

[khasa] a(& from ) Alloyed--a metal. (Marathi) Bshk. kho

embers , Phal.khoashes, burning coal ; L. khoalloyed , aw. khoforged ;

P. khom. base, alloy M.khoalloyed , (CDIAL 3931) Kor. (O.)

Chanhudaro2 6128

koiyum heifer(G.) koe heifer (Telugu) [kha] m A young

bull, a bullcalf. Rebus:[ kaa ] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ko

workshop (G.)

sangaa lathe (G.) Rebus: jagaentrusment articles.

ranku liquid measure. Rebus: ranku tin (Cassiterite)

tagaraka tabernae montana(Skt.) Rebus: tagara tin (Ka.)


5/13

5




Chanhudaro15a 6213

koain arithmetic, one (Santali); rebus: ko. artisans workshop (Kuwi)

Ka. guu, gui eyeball, egg; guasu anything round; gui a circle, halo. Tu. kuu

testicles of dogs, cats, etc. Te. g(r)uu eyeball, egg; guusu a circle, round;

goa cylindrical stone; gui halo round the sun or moon. Kol. gu (pl. gul) testicle.Nk. (Ch.)gu (pl. -l) egg; kanta gua eyeball; ?gaa stone, pestle made of

stone. Go. (Ko.) gui variety of small bead (Voc. 1114). Kona guu eyeball, egg,

testicle (< Te.); guru, (Sova dial.) gurzupupil, eyeball. Kuwi(Su.) guu egg (< Te.). Cf.

1695 Ta. kuu. / Cf. Skt. guik-, gua- globe, ball, pill gu1 m. globe, ball

MBh., guik-- f. kernel VarBrS., gula-- m. glans penis ,l-- f. pill lex.,lik-- f.

globule Kd. [Cf.gla -- 1, *ga -- ] Pa. gua-- cluster inml--g, guik-- f.

little ball ; Pk.gui-- f. pellet ,gulia-- m., i-- f. ball ; A.guri minute particle

, gur, gulsinker on fishing net or line ; B.guglobe, mouthful ; Or.gu, gu pill

, goipebble ,guround clod ; Mth.guribead ; H.guriyf. glass bead ,gulm.

ball, bullet ,gullm. small pellet ; Si.guiyapill, ball, lump . (CDIAL 4181) Rebus:

Ko. guy temple Te. koika hamlet; gui temple; guise hut, cottage,

hovel. Kol. (SR) gutemple. Pa. gui temple, village resthouse. Ga. (Oll.)

gui temple. Go.(Ko.) gui, (Mu.) gui, (S. Ko.) gui temple; gu(Ph.) temple, (Tr.)

(DEDR 1655) See Turner, CDIAL, no. 3232, ku-, no. 3493, ka-, no. 3233, kuumba-,

for most of the Skt. Forms.

Glyph: taai mechanism made of split bamboo for scaring away parrots from grain

fields (Ta.); tae a thick bamboo or an areca-palm stem, split in two (Ka.) (DEDR


6/13

6

3042)Rebus: toxin, to.xn goldsmith (To.); tagold- or silver-smith (Ta.); taaravu

gold- or silver-smith (Te.); *haakra brass-worker (Skt.)(CDIAL 5493).

kmsako, kmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kasa= bronze (Te.) kas1 m.

metal cup AV., m.n. bell -- metal N. kasr maker of brass pots ; A. khr worker in

bell metal ; B. ksri pewterer, brazier, coppersmith , Or. Ksr; H. kasr m.

maker of brass pots ; G.ksr, kas m. coppersmith ; M. ksr, ksm. worker in

white metal , ksr m. contemptuous term for the same . (CDIAL 2989) Vikalpa:

P. kaghm. large comb ,rebus: kgar portable brazier (Kashmiri)




Chanhudaro22a 6115

Glyph shown as an ingot. Rebus:[kha] ingot, wedge;A mass of metal

(unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Maratthi) khof alloy (Lahnda) Hence

[khasa] a(& from ) Alloyed--a metal. (Marathi) Bshk. kho

embers , Phal.khoashes, burning coal ; L. khoalloyed , aw. khoforged ;

P. khom. base, alloy M.khoalloyed , (CDIAL 3931) Kor. (O.)

Alternative: ( ) Pa. kuilabent, n. bend Rebus: kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts

copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230) dula pair (Kashmiri)

Rebus: dul cast (metal). Thus, cast bronze.

kolomsprout; kolom= cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolma hoo= a variety of

the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolmorice plant (Mu.) Rebus: kolamifurnace,smithy

(Te.) Together, the glyph reads: Bronze furnace, smithy.


7/13

7

Glyph: koiflag (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus: koworkshop (Kuwi)

dula pair (Kashmiri) Rebus: dul cast (metal).kolomsprout; kolom= cutting, graft; to

graft, engraft, prune; kolma hoo= a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolmo

rice plant (Mu.) Rebus: kolamifurnace,smithy (Te.) Thus together, the glyphs read:

cast bronze furnace, smithy

Ku. khupeg Rebus: kui furnace.

Chanhudaro23 6402

6131This is the only text on a large Chanhu-daro seal and occurs together with

one-horned young bull glyph.

Kur. ka a stool. Malt. kano stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: ka = a furnace, altar

(Santali.lex.)

Mth.agarroad , H.agarf., agrm., G. agarf. (CDIAL 5523) Rebus: damgarmerchant (Akkadian) Thus, together the composite glyph reads: kadamgar

merchant with furnace.

Chanhudaro21a 6209 Fish + scales aya s (amu) metllic stalks of stone ore. s,cognate with aciron (Tocharian) may be a determinative of iron as the metal.

Hence, the ligatured glyph may connote iron or stony metal.


8/13

8

kankarim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kram. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka



kuiwater-carrier(woman) (Telugu); rebus: kuhi furnace, smelter (Santali)

Thus, together, the composite glyph reads: kui kankafurnace scribe.

kut.i, kut.hi, kut.a, kut.ha a tree (Kaus'.); kud.a tree (Pkt.); kur.a_ tree; kar.ek tree, oak(Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). kut.ha, kut.a (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kut.ha_ra, kut.ha,kut.aka = a tree (Skt.lex.) kut., kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khut. = id. (Or.)kut.amu = a tree (Te.lex.)Rebus: kut.hi a furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron; kolheko kut.hieda kolessmelt iron (Santali) kut.hi, kut.i (Or.; Sad. kot.hi) (1) the smelting furnace of theblacksmith; kut.ire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) thename ofe_kut.i has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bathfor softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace;kut.hi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith ismade of mud, cone-shaped, 2 6 dia. At the base and 1 6 at the top. The hole in the

centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6 to 7 in dia.

At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is

inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the

molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari.lex.) kut.hi = a factory; lil kut.hi = an indigo

factory (H.kot.hi)(Santali.lex.Bodding) kut.hi = an earthen furnace for smelting iron;

make do., smelt iron; kolheko do kut.hi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an

earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellows; tehen:ko kut.hi yet kana, they

are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. kot.hi_) (Santali.lex. Bodding) kut.t.hita


9/13

9

= hot, sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of

metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kut.t.akam, kut.t.ukam =

cauldron (Ma.); kut.t.uva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudga_

to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d); gudva, gu_du_vwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715).

da_ntar-kut.ha = fireplace (Sv.); ko_ti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.); kot.ha_house with mud roof and walls, granary (P.); kut.hi_ factory (A.); kot.ha_ brick-builthouse (B.); kut.hi_ bank, granary (B.); kot.ho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse(G.); kot.hi_ lare earthen jar, factory (G.); kot.hi_ granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546).kot.ho = a warehouse; a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collected; kot.hi_ a

store-room; a factory (G.lex.) kod. = the place where artisans work (G.lex.)Rebus: kuhia furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron; kolheko kut.hiedakoles smelt

iron (Santali) kuhi, kui (Or.; Sad. kohi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith;

kut.ire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of

kui has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for

softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; ku hi-

o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of

mud, cone-shaped, 2 6 dia. At the base and 1 6 at the top. The hole in the centre,

into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6 to 7 in dia. At the

base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as

seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows

out into a cavity (Mundari.lex.) kuhi= a factory; lil kuhi= an indigo factory

(H.kot.hi)(Santali.lex.Bodding) kuh= an earthen furnace for smelting iron; make do.,

smelt iron; kolheko do kut.hi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen

furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellows; tehen:ko kuhi yet kana, they are

working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. koh) (Santali.lex. Bodding) kuhita = hot,

sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of


10/13

10

metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kuakam, kuukam =

cauldron (Ma.); kuuva = big copper pot for heating water

(Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudga_ to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d); gudva,

gu_du_vwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715). dntar-kuha = fireplace

(Sv.); kti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.); kot.ha_ house with

mud roof and walls, granary (P.); kuth factory (A.); koh brick-built house (B.); kuh

bank, granary (B.); koho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.); kohlare

earthen jar, factory (G.); kohgranary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koho = a warehouse;

a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collected; koha store-room; a factory

(G.lex.) ko = the place where artisans work (G.lex.)

Water-carrier glyph shown on Chanhujo-daro seal is depicted vividly as a hieroglyph on

a Gadd seal (Ur.): Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); [After Edith Porada, 1971,

Remarks on seals found in the Gulf States.Artibus Asiae33 (4): 331-7: pl.9, fig.5];

Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke

across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the

right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head

(denoting supernatural?). The two celestial objects depicted on either side of the water-

carriers head can be interpreted as a phonetic determinant: kplanet. The whole

object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting

of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an

'hieroglyphic' seal. enclosure signs of the field: Rebus: kol = metal (Ta.) Two k

planets; rebus: kuhi kol kin = two furnaces for metal vessels.

This is Sign 12 kui = a woman water-carrier (Te.) kui = to drink; drinking, beverage

(Ta.); drinking, water drunk after meals (Ma.); kud.t- to drink (To.); kui to drink; drinking


11/13

11

(Ka.); kui to drink (Kod.); kui right, right hand (Te.); kuintoxicating liquor

(Skt.)(DEDR 1654).

kola, kolum = a jackal (G.) kolhuyo (Dh.Des.); kulho, kolhuo (Hem.Des.); kros.t.r. (Skt.)kul seren = the tigers son, a species of lizard (Santali) kolo, kolea_ jackal (Kon.lex.)Jackal: kur..i-nari jackal (Kur-r-a_. Tala. Ve_t.an-valam. 13)(Ta.); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) kul

tiger; kul dander den of tiger; an.d.kul to become tiger; hudur. to growl as tiger; maran.

d.at.kap kul a big-headed tiger (Santali.lex.) ko_lupuli = a big, huge tiger, royal or

Bengal tiger; ko_lu = big, great, huge (Te.lex.) kula tiger; syn. of maran: kula, burukula,

kamsikula, the striped royal tiger; syn. of maran: kula, lar.okula, the brown royal tiger

without stripes; syn. of hur.in: kula, soncita, leopard: sin:kula = the lion; kindorkula,

kinduakula = the panther; tagukula (lit. the shaggy tiger), the hyena; d.urkula, a smaller

feline animal, which when attacking a man bites him in the knee, probably a tiger-cat;

kula-bin: collective noun for all dangerous animals; kulabin:-o to become infested by

dangerous animals; kla (Khasi.Rongao) tiger (Mundari.lex.) kros.t.r. = jackal (RV.);

kro_s.t.u = id. (Pa_.n.); kro_s.t.r. = crying (BhP.); kot.t.hu, kot.t.huka, kotthu, kotthuka =

jacka (Pali); kot.t.hu (Pkt.); kot.a (Si.); kot.iya = leopard (Si.); ko_lhuya, kulha = jackal

(Pkt.); kolha_, kola_ jackal; adj. crafty (H.); kohlu~, kohlu_ jackal (G.); kolha_, kola_

(M.)(CDIAL 3615). Fr. krus = cry, call; kro_sati cries out (RV)(CDIAL 3613). Kot.ho = a

call, a messenger; kot.ha invitation; kot.han.u = to send for (S.)(CDIAL 3614). Kos to

abuse, curse, blame (Gypsy); kosna_ to curse (H.); kosn.a_ (P.); akos to abuse

(Gypsy); krosati cries out (RV)(CDIAL 3612). krosa shout (VS); kuru_ voice, word

(Pas); kosa_ curse (H.)(CDIAL 3611). kul. = the tiger, filis tigris; kul en:ga = tigress; kulserenthe tigers song, a species of lizard (Santali)

Rebus: kol metal (Ta.) kol = pan~calo_kam (five metals) (Ta.lex.) kol = pan~calo_kam(five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals:


12/13

12

copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver,

copper, tin (lead), and iron (dha_tu; Na_na_rtharatna_kara. 82; Man:gara_jas

Nighan.t.u. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a

language akin to that of Santals (Santali) kol = kollan-, kamma_l.an- (blacksmith orsmith in general)(Ta.lex.) kollar = those who guard the treasure (Ta.lex.) cf. golla

(Telugu) khol, kholi_ = a metal covering; a loose covering of metal or cloth (G.) [Thesemant. expansions to kolla_puri or kolha_pur and also to 'kolla_ppan.t.i' a type of carthave to be investigated further].

kol working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan-blacksmith (Ta.); kollanblacksmith, artificer(Ma.)(DEDR 2133)

Text 6118 erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) er-agu =obeisance (Ka.), ir_ai (Ta.) er-agisu = to bow, to be bent; to make obeisance

to; to crouch; to come down; to alight (Ka.lex.) cf. arghas = respectful reception of a

guest (by the offering of rice, du_rva grass, flowers or often only of

water)(SBr.14)(Skt.lex.) erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.)

Allographs (from epigraphs of Mohenjodaro):

m0478Bt erga = act of clearing jungle (Kui) [Note imageshowing two men carrying uprooted trees].

eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) he_raka = spy (Skt.); e_ra = to spy (Kui); er =to see (Malt.); he_ru = spy (Pkt.); he_riu = spy (Kl.); hero (G.); heru~ spying (G.);

hern.e~ to spy (M.); herna_ (H.); herai (Oaw.)(CDIAL 14165). heriya_m = prying,

peeping; heravum = to spy (G.lex.) ere = to see, behold; erye to peep, spy (Malt.); her tolook at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.); e_ra spying, scouting (Kui); he_rikiyali to see (Kuwi); e_rna_ (i_ryas) to see, look, lok for (Kur.)(DEDR 903).


13/13

13

m0480At Sign 45 seems to be a kneeling

adorant offering a pot (Sign 328 ) Signs

45/46 seem to ligature the pictorial of a kneeling-

adorant with sign 328

Rebus: eraka, er-aka any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.) eruvai copper (Ta.); ere dark red(Ka.)(DEDR 446). erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal(Ka.lex.) Metal: akka, aka (Tadbhava of arka) metal; akka metal (Te.) arka = copper(Skt.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.)erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Te.lex.)erakaddu = any cast thng; erake hoyi = to pour meltted metal into a mould, to cast (Ka.);cf. arika = rice beer (Santali.lex.) er-e = to pour any liquids; to pour (Ka.); ir-u (Ta.Ma.);

ira- i_i (Ta.); er-e = to cast, as metal; to overflow, to cover with water, to bathe (Ka.); er-

e, ele = pouring; fitness for being poured(Ka.lex.) erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) eh-kam

any weapon made of steel (Cu_t.a_.); eh-ku steel; eh-ku-pat.utal to melt, to soften(Cilap. 15, 210, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) eraka, era, era = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.) erako molten cast(Tu.lex.) eh-kam any weapon made of steel (Cu_t.a_.); eh-ku steel; eh-ku-pat.utal tomelt, to soften (Cilap. 15, 210, Urai.)(Ta.lex.)

chanhu-daro inscriptions (selected rebus meluhha readings) (s. kalyanaraman august 4, 2013)

Documents