chap1- intro geophys note

8/17/2019 Chap1- Intro Geophys Note

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GEOPHYSICS (SKPP 4253)

LECTURER:

PROF. DR. RADZUAN JUNIN

ROOM: N 06 (101-01)


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GEOPHYSICS (SKPP 4253)

(Geofizik)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION

• Definitin: Investigating te Ea!t" #sing te$eto%s an% te&ni'#es of Psi&s

• T! t"#e$:

%. P&'eene'%* +e#,"$i$: St#% of te Ea!t * #sing $eto%s of +si&s ,e%#&e te +si&a- +!o+e!ties of te Ea!t an% its inte!na-&onstit#tion f!o$ te +si&a- +eno$ena

asso&iate% .it it" s#& as geo$agneti& fie-%


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INTRODUCTION

. A##*ie/e#*'%tin +e#,"$i$: /oinvestigate s+e&ifi&" !e-ative- s$a--0s&a-e an%sa--o. feat#!es .i& a!e +!es#$e% to e1ist

.itin te ea!ts &!#stses s#!fa&e $eto%s to $eas#!e te +si&a- +!o+e!ties of te s#*s#!fa&e Ea!t" in o!%e! to%ete&t o! infe! te +!esen&e an% +osition of o!e

$ine!a-s" %!o&a!*ons" geote!$a- !ese!voi!s"g!o#n%.ate! !ese!voi!s" an% ote! geo-ogi&a-st!#&t#!es


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A##*i%tin f A##*ie/ +e#,"$i$

• /e te&ni'#es a!e #se% in te fie-%s of:

Eninee'in e#,"$i$

• St#% on soi- $e&ani&s (g!o#n% +!o+e!ties)

• P!ovi%e %eve-o+$ent +-ans Eni'n2ent%* e#,"$i$

• St#% on %is+osa- .aste site

• onito!ing .aste %e+osits6-o&ation of &onta$ination

E#*'%tin e#,"$i$• Sea!& fo! e&ono$i& %e+osits (in&-#%e $ine!a-"

g!o#n% .ate!" oi- an% gas)

• onito! f-#i% f-o.


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QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.


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QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.


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Met,/$ in A##*ie/ +e#,"$i$

• Seis$i& $eto%s" !ef-e&tion an% !ef!a&tion

seis$o-og: $ain $eto% in +et!o-e#$ e1+-o!ation

• G!avit $eto%: +et!o-e#$ e1+-o!ation• E-e&t!i&a- s#!veing: $ine!a- e1+-o!ation

• agneti& s#!veing: $ine!a- 7 +et!o-e#$

e1+-o!ation• E-e&t!o$agneti& s#!veing: envi!on$enta-

geo+si&s

• 8o!eo-e geo+si&s: .e-- -ogging


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Atie %n/ P%$$ie

• P%$$ie: eas#!e nat#!a-- o&!!ing +eno$ena

G!avit fie-%

agneti& fie-%

Seis$i& a!!iva-s 0 ea!t'#akes

• Atie: /!ans$it a signa- into te s#*s#!fa&e an%

!e&o!% .at &o$e *a&k

Seis$i& a!!iva- e1+-osions E-e&t!i&a- !!ent

E-e&t!o$agneti& .aves


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Met,/$ f +e#,"$i%* 3&'e"


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Ref*etin 3ei$2i Met,/

• ost e1tensive- #se% *ase% on a+-i&ation

• ses te +!in&i+-es of seis$o-og to esti$ate te

+!o+e!ties of te Ea!t9s s#*s#!fa&e f!o$ !ef-e&te%seis$i& .aves /e $eto% !e'#i!es a &ont!o--e%

seis$i& so#!&e of ene!g

• 8 noting te ti$e (t!ave- ti$e) it takes fo! a

!ef-e&tion to a!!ive at a !e&eive!" it is +ossi*-e toesti$ate te %e+t of te feat#!e tat gene!ate% te

!ef-e&tion


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• ,e+t of +enet!ation #+ to 2" ft

• Can %ete&ts -ito-og an% gas %i!e&t-

• ;ef-e&tion seis$i& se&tion i$ages a!e '#ite

si$i-a! to geo-ogi& &!oss0se&tions


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• ,e+t of +enet!ation #+ to 2" ft

• Can %ete&ts -ito-og an% gas %i!e&t-

• ;ef-e&tion seis$i& se&tion i$ages a!e '#ite

si$i-a! to geo-ogi& &!oss0se&tions


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Ref'%tin 3ei$2i Met,/

• ti-ise% !ef!a&te% .aves to $a+ s#*s#!fa&e

st!#&t#!e

• /o !e&o!% seis$i& signa- at -a!ge %istan&e f!o$so#!&e +oint as &o$+a!e% to %e+t

• 3 fo! oi- +!os+e&ting *#t

as no. *een !e+-a&e% * te !ef-e&tion $eto%

• In !e&ent ea!s" o.eve!" as fo#n% in&!easing #se

in &ivi- enginee!ing +!o?e&ts fo! *e%!o&k

investigation


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+'%it" Met,/

• eas#!e$ents of te g!avitationa- fie-% at a se!ies

of %iffe!ent -o&ations ove! an a!ea of inte!est

• /e o*?e&tive is to asso&iate va!iations .it%iffe!en&es in te %ist!i*#tion of %ensities an%

en&e !o&k t+es (%ense an% &o$+a&te% !o&ks .i--

give ige! g!avitationa- att!a&tion as &o$+a!e% to

+o!o#s !o&ks)

• s#a-- #se% in +!e-i$ina! s#!ve


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M%neti Met,/

• eas#!e$ent of te -o&a- geo$agneti& fie-% +!o%#&e%

* te va!iations in te intensit of $agnetization in

!o&k fo!$ations

• Se%i$enta! !o&k as -ess $agneti& as &o$+a!e% to

igneo#s an% $eta$o!+i& !o&ks

• /o $a+ s#*s#!fa&e st!#&t#!e of *ase$ent o! sea!&

$agneti& $ine!a-s s#& as $agnetite• s#a-- #se% in +!e-i$ina! s#!ve

•


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E*et'i 4 E*et'2%neti Met,/$

• E*et'i%* 2et,/ to get info!$ation on fo!$ation o! !o&k

*o% tat as e-e&t!i&a- &on%#&tivit

• Seve!a- t+es: In%#&e Po-a!ization (IP) .en

e-e&t!oni&a-- &on%#&ting $ine!a-s (o! $eta-s) o! &-a$ine!a-s (%#e to ion e1&ange) a!e +!esent in te g!o#n%

• Se-f Potentia- (SP) $es#a!ing te nat#!a- +otentia-

%iffe!en&es .i& gene!a-- e1ist *et.een an t.o +oints

on te g!o#n%" %#e to e-e&t!o&e$i&a- a&tions in !o&ks" egs#-fite an% g!a+ite o!es

• E-e&t!o$agnet $eas#!ing nat#!a- o! in%#&e%

e-e&t!o$agneti& fie-%


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A##*i%tin f 3ei$2i 3&'e"

A++-i&ation S#ita*-e $eto%

•E1+-o!ation fo! $eta--i&$ine!a-s

•E1+-o!ation fo! non0$eta--i&$ine!a-

•E1+-o!ation fo! +et!o-e#$ 7&oa-

•G!o#n% .ate! •Enginee!ing site st#%

S" G" " (E)

" E" E" SP 7 IP

S" (E)" (G)

E" E" S" (G)

E" S" E" (G)" ()


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5'ief Hi$t'" f +e#,"$i%* Met,/$

in Pet'*e&2 In/&$t'"

8efo!e Seis$i& E1iste%


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5'ief Hi$t'" f +e#,"$i%* Met,/$

in Pet'*e&2 In/&$t'"

• /e fi!st t!ia- to sea!& Boi-0*ea!ing st!#&t#!e .asinvo-ve% g!avit $eto%

• =>22 0 /o!sion *a-an&e .as te fi!st te&ni'#e#se% in G#-f Coast" SA /en" fo--o.e% *!ef!a&tion seis$i& $eto%

• =>24 a++-i&ation of *ot te&ni'#es .e!e

s#&&essf#-- i%entifie% sa-t %o$e st!#&t#!e


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5'ief Hi$t'" f +e#,"$i%* Met,/$ in

Pet'*e&2 In/&$t'"

• =>2 !ef-e&tion seis$i& $eto% .as esta*-ise%

• =>2D !ef!a&tion seis$i& .as int!o%#&e% in I!an

an% s#&&essf#-- !e&ove!e% oi- *ea!ing -i$estonest!#&t#!e (As$a!i -st)

• =>3s e1tensive #se% of !ef-e&tion seis$i&

• =>45 seis$i& s#!ve as *een int!o%#&e% tooffso!e" in G#-f Coast an% Ca-ifo!nia offso!e


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Pet'*e&2 In/&$t'"

• =>5 o&ean s#!ve .as int!o%#&e% in te G#-f ofe1i&o" Ca-ifo!nia se-f an% a!a&ai*o -ake

• =>5 Bta+e0!e&o!%e% %ata .as fi!st int!o%#&e%

• =>3 %igita- !e&o!%ing .as int!o%#&e% an%%igita- &o$+#te! as *een #se% to +!o&ess seis$i&%ata to !e+-a&e ana-og#e sste$

• -ate =>s offso!e seis$i& s#!ve .as fi!stint!o%#&e% in a-asia


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Pet'*e&2 In/&$t'"

• => E11on sot te fi!st 3, s#!ve ove! te

F!ien%s.oo% fie-% nea! Ho#ston" SA

• =>D4 =st

3, seis$i& s#!ve sot offso!eSa!a.ak (,35)

• =>> in a-asia" Hi0;es 3, inte!+!etation

• =>>5 4, Seis$i& i$age of ,;I fie-%" .e!eeffe&ts of stea$ in?e&tion a!e vis#a-ize% in te

seis$i& %ata


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/i$e a+se Seis$i& (4,)

S-ei+ne! CO2 Sto!age

S-ei+ne! nat#!a- gas &ontains > CO2

Cont!a&t: 25 CO2

CO2 sto!e%J a*o#t =/ ann#a--

• CO2 in?e&te% into te ti&k tsi!a F$

D0== $ %e+t *e-o. sea -eve-

Po!osit 3504

Pe!$ea*i-it 205 ,a!&• CO2 in?e&tion =>>022

• /i$e0-a+se seis$i&: =>>4" =>>>" 2=" 22 (an% 25)


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/i$e a+se Seis$i& (4,)

S-ei+ne! CO2 Sto!age

4D seismic cross-section images of injected CO2 at the Sleipner CO2

sequestration project, offshore Norway !he "##4 image is $efore CO2

injection, the su$sequent images are after injection of a$out " %%t&y

CO2 !he effects of the injected CO2 are 'ery strong in the seismic

images

chap1- intro geophys note

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