chapt 1 - jd

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Class Name,Instructor Name

Date, Semester

Bartollas/Schmalleger, Juvenile Delinquency, 9e

Chapter 1Adolescence & Delinquency


1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

Compare the treatment of adolescents in the past to the treatment of adolescents today.

Describe the youths most likely to become delinquent and their behaviors.

Define the terms juvenile delinquency and adolescence.

Describe status offenses and how they are handled.

Summarize the treatment of delinquents.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

1.6 Summarize the three themes of the text.

Compare the treatment of adolescents in the past to the treatment of adolescents in the future.

Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

1.1

4

Treatment of Adolescents

Today’s concept of childhood is a relatively new phenomenon.

Legal Protections for Juveniles

Children’s Rights

Movement

Compulsory

Education Laws

Childhood Labor

1.1

5

Past Behavior

• Children were treated as small adults.

• Children were expected to work at a young age.

• Education was considered to be of minor significance.

• Adolescent girls were expected to marry and raise a family.

• Parents had minimal emotional attachment to their children.

• Children were punished as adults.

• Children had few rights.

Current Behavior

• Adolescence is seen as preparation for adulthood.

• Employment, if expected, is after school or on weekends.

• Education is compulsory.

• Adolescent girls are experiencing growing equality.

• Parents have a high emotional investment in their children.

• Children are protected by the state and are separated from adults.

• Special legal protections exist for children.

Treatment of Adolescents1.1

Describe the youths most likely to become delinquent and their behaviors.


1.2

7

High-Risk Juveniles

The population of children in the United States is increasing and becoming more racially and ethnically diverse.

Juvenile

• A youth at or below the upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction in a particular state.

1.2


1.2

Problem Behaviors Leading to Delinquency

9

• High-risk juveniles often experience multiple difficulties:

– Frequently socialized in economically stressed families and communities

– Often have history of physical abuse and sexual victimization – Typically have educational and vocational difficulties– Are prone to becoming involved in alcohol and drug abuse

High-Risk Juveniles1.2

10

High-Risk Juveniles

• Adolescent problem behaviors are interrelated:– Involvement in one problem behavior is generally indicative

of some participation in other socially undesirable behaviors.

• High risk youth tend to become involved in behaviors that contribute to unintentional injury and violence:

– Not wearing a seat belt– Carrying a weapon– Drinking and driving

• Delinquency is one of the problems with which almost all high-risk adolescents become involved.

1.2

Define the terms juvenile delinquency and adolescence.


1.3

12

Juvenile Delinquency Defined

Juvenile Delinquency

• An act committed by a minor that violates the penal code of the government with authority over the area in which the act occurs

• The juvenile court codes in every state define what constitutes juvenile delinquency and the conditions under which the state can legitimately intervene in a juvenile’s life.

1.3

13

Adolescence Defined

Adolescence

• The life interval between childhood and adulthood; usually the period between twelve and eighteen years

– This term did not exist prior to the 1930s. – Within this period, youngsters experience many biological

changes and develop new attitudes, values, and skills that will carry into their young adult years.

1.3

14

Juvenile Court Intervention

The courts can have jurisdiction in relation to three categories of juvenile behavior.

Delinquency

DependencyNeglect

1.3

15

Juvenile Court Intervention

• Delinquency– When a youth has been accused of committing an act, which

would be considered criminal, if they were an adult– When a youth has been accused of committing a status

offense

• Dependency/Neglect– If a court determines that a child is being deprived of needed

support and supervision

Juvenile Court Intervention1.3

Describe status offenses and how status offenders are handled.


1.4

17

Status Offenders

Parens Patriae

• A medieval English doctrine that sanctioned the right of the Crown to intervene in natural family relations whenever a child’s welfare was threatened

• Under parens patriae, the state assumed the parental role over juvenile lawbreakers.

– The philosophy of the juvenile court is based on this legal concept.

1.4

18

Besides committing many of the same crimes as adults, juveniles can also be arrested for status offenses.

• A status offense is an offense that is illegal for underage persons but not for adults.

– Status offenses include curfew violations, incorrigibility, running away, truancy, and underage drinking.

– In some jurisdictions, children in need of supervision are also known as status offenders.

1.4 Status Offenders

19

Why do status offenders behave the way they do?

• Status offenders often place the blame for their problems on parental figures.

• The parents of status offenders often view their children as defiant, demanding, and obnoxious.


1.4

Should status offenders be separate from delinquents in terms of

institutional placement?

Status Offenders

21

Deinstitutionalization of status offenders

• The removal of status offenders from secure detention facilities

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

• A federal law that established a juvenile justice office within the then existing Law Enforcement Assistance Administration to provide funds for the prevention and control of youth crime

– Requires status offenders to be kept separate from delinquents in secure facilities, in order to receive funding

– Violations of this requirement are not uncommon


1.4

Should the juvenile court have jurisdiction over status offenders?

Status Offenders

23

Decriminalization of status offenses

• Some states have removed the juvenile court’s jurisdiction over status offenses.

– It is unlikely that this will be a widespread movement.


1.4

Child WelfareSystem

Juvenile Justice System

vs.

Status Offenders

25

Crossover Youth

• Juveniles in both the child welfare and delinquency systems

– Many of these youth experience co-occurring mental health and drug and alcohol abuse problems.


Summarize the treatment of delinquents.


1.5

The ReformAgenda

Era

The SocialControl &JuvenileCrime

Era

TheContemporary

Period

Treatment of Delinquents1.5

The Juvenile Rights

Era

The Housesof Refuge

Era

The ColonialPeriod

The Juvenile Courts

Era

History of societal responses to juvenile delinquency into the

United States

28

Delinquent behavior takes place in a social context.

• It is within this context that social and structural conditions influence:

– The development of delinquency– The definition of delinquency– The reform and punishment of delinquents– Policy decisions about preventing delinquency

1.5 Treatment of Delinquents


1.5

The Social Context of Delinquency

Summarize the three themes of this text.


1.6

Three Themes1.6

ThreeThemes

Delinquency Prevention

DelinquencyAcross theLife Course

Delinquency and Social

Policy

32

Delinquency Prevention

• Resiliency: The capacity to regain personal power and develop a strong core sense of self in the face of poverty, severe family hardship, and community devastation

– Youth can learn resiliency when they live in environments that:

1. Offer caring and supportive relationships,2. Hold high expectations for behavior and attitudes, and3. Provide opportunities for meaningful participation.

Three Themes1.6

33

Developmental Life Course Theory

• A framework suggesting that four key factors determine the shape of the life course:

Three Themes1.6

Timing of LivesHuman Agency

Linked Lives

Location in Time

and Place

34

Developmental Life Course Theory

• Holds that human development and aging are lifelong processes, and that people are rational actors who make decisions as they go through life

– The choices can be influenced by turning points that change or modify the strength of social ties.

– Crime is more likely to occur when an individual’s ties to the wider society are disrupted.

1.6 Three Themes

35

Delinquency and Social Policy

• Asks what can be done to improve the quality of young people’s lives

• Provides ideas for effectively treating and controlling youth crime

• Social programs based on evidence derived from research are evidence-based.

– The two basic tools of social science are research and theory.

1.6 Three Themes


1.1

The history of responses to juvenile misbehavior displays a

pattern in which society has removed authority from thefamily and given it to juvenile authorities while

simultaneouslygrowing dissatisfied with the official handling of juvenile

crime.

The legal context for dealing with delinquency stems from the

early philosophy of parens patriae and provides for the juvenile

court to become a substitute parent for wayward children.

Historically, the task of the juvenile court has been to reconcile

the best interests of the child with the adequate protection of

society.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

1.2

Adolescents most likely to become delinquents are high-risk

youths who are involved in multiple problem behaviors.Characteristic problem behaviors include school failure

anddropout, teenage pregnancy and fatherhood, and drug use

andother forms of delinquency.


1.3

1.4

1.5

Juvenile delinquency refers to an act committed by a minor that violates the penal code of the government with authority over the area in which the act occurs.

Adolescence is the life interval between childhood and adulthood; usually the period between twelve and

eighteen years.

Although they sometimes commit the same crimes as adults, juveniles may also be apprehended for status

offenses, behaviorsthat would not be defined as criminal if adults engaged in

them.

Although the public is child-centered, there is a growing concern

about serious juvenile crime, and a “get-tough” attitudehas come to characterize recent public awareness.

CHAPTER SUMMARY


1.6

One of the book’s themes, the social context of delinquency,

focuses on the environments in which young people find themselves and considers how these contexts influence

the likelihood of delinquent behavior.

Another theme is delinquency across the life course, which examines the extent and causes of delinquency as

well as the methods to control it.

A third theme is delinquency and social policy, whichlooks at the process of proposing and enacting means

by whichyoungsters in our society can realize their potential and

leadproductive and satisfying lives while ensuring safety

and securityfor all.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

chapt 1 - jd

Education

juvenile delinquency

juvenile lawbreakers

juvenile court codes

learning objectivesafter

population of children

adolescence defined1

treatment ofadolescents

pearson higher education