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Holes Essentials of Human

Anatomy & Physiology

David Shier

Jackie Butler

Ricki Lewis

Created by Lu Anne Clark

Professor of Science, Lansing Community College

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*See PowerPoint image slides for all figures and tables

pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Chapter 1

Lecture Outlines*


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Chapter 1Introduction to

Human Anatomy and

Physiology


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Introduction:

The early students of anatomy andphysiology were most likely concerned

with treating illnesses and injuries.

Early healers relied on superstitions andmagic.



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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy deals with the structure(morphology) of the body and its parts,in other words, what are things called?

Physiology studies the functions ofthese parts or asks the question, howdo they work?

The two disciplines are closely interrelatedbecause the functional role of a part dependson how it is constructed.



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Anatomists rely on observationand dissection, while physiologistsemploy experimentation.

It is more common to discover newinformation about physiology butanatomical discoveries are beingmade as well.



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Characteristics of Life

Fundamental characteristics of lifeare traits shared by all organisms.



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Characteristics of life include:

1. Movement (internal or gross)

2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)

3. Growth (increase in size without change in shape)

4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)

5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)



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6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms)

7. Absorption (movement of substances through membranesand into fluids)

8. Circulation (movement within body fluids)

9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically differentforms)

10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)

Taken together, these 10 characteristicconstitute metabolism.



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Requirements of Organisms:

Life depends on the availability of thefollowing:a. Water (required for metabolic reactions, for transport of

substances, for temperature regulation)b. Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materialsfor building new living matter)

c. Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients)

d. Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs therate at which reactions occur)

e. Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of air orfluids)

Both the quality and quantity of thesefactors are important.



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Homeostasis:

Maintenance of a stable internal environment is calledhomeostasis.

Homeostasis is regulated through control systems

which have receptors, a set point and effectors incommon. Examples include:

a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate bodytemperature in a manner similar to the

functioning of a home heating thermostat.

b. Another homeostatic mechanism employspressure-sensitive receptors to regulate bloodpressure.



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Many of the body's homeostatic

controls are negative feedbackmechanisms.

Each individual uses homeostatic

mechanisms to keep body levelswithin a normal range; normalranges can vary from one

individual to the next.


C i htTh M G Hill C i I P i i i d f d ti di l


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Levels of Organization:



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5. Cells are the basic living unit.

6. Tissues are groups of cells functioningtogether.

7. Groups of tissues form organs.

8. Groups of organs function together as organsystems.

9. Organ systems functioning together make upan organism.



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The chapters that follow considerhuman structure and function atthese various levels.



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Organization of the HumanBody

Major features of the human bodyinclude its cavities, membranes,

and organ systems.


CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies Inc Permission required for reproduction or display


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Body Cavities:

The body can be divided into an appendicularportion (upper and lower limbs) and an axialportion (head, neck, and trunk), which includesa dorsal and a ventral cavity. Organs withinthese cavities are called viscera.



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a. The dorsal cavity can be divided into the

cranial cavity and vertebral canal.b. The ventral cavity is made up of a thoraciccavity and an abdominopelvic cavity,separated by the diaphragm.

i. The mediastinum divides the thoraxinto right and left halves.

ii. The abdominopelvic cavity can bedivided into the abdominal cavity andthe pelvic cavity.

c. Smaller cavities within the head includethe oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities,and middle ear cavities.



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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

Membranes:

1. The thoracic cavity is lined with pleura; theparietal pleura lines the cavities while the

visceral pleura covers the lungs. A thin layerof serous fluid separates the two layers.

2. The heart is surrounded by pericardium. The visceral pericardium covers the heartand the parietal pericardium makes up an

outer sac. Serous fluid separates the twolayers.

3. Peritoneum lines the abdominopelviccavity; a parietal peritoneum lines the wallwhile visceral peritoneum covers the organs.



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Support and Movementa. The skeletal system, made up ofbones and ligaments. It supports,protects, provides frameworks,

stores inorganic salts, and housesblood-forming tissues.

b. The muscular system consists of the

muscles that provide bodymovement, posture, and body heat.



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Integration and Coordinationa. The nervous system consists of thebrain, spinal cord, nerves, and senseorgans. It integrates information

incoming information from receptorsand sends impulses to muscles andglands.

b. The endocrine system, including all

of the glands that secrete hormones,helps to integrate metabolicfunctions



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Transporta. The cardiovascular system, made upof the heart and blood vessels,distributes oxygen and nutrients

throughout the body while removingwastes from the cells.

b. The lymphatic system, consisting oflymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,

thymus, and spleen, drains excesstissue fluid and includes cells ofimmunity.



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Absorption and Excretion

a. The digestive system is made up ofthe mouth, esophagus, stomach,intestines and accessory organs. It

receives, breaks down, and absorbsnutrients.



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b. The respiratory system exchanges

gases between the blood and air andis made up of the lungs andpassageways.

c. The urinary system, consisting of thekidneys, ureters, bladder, andurethra, removes wastes from theblood and helps to maintain water

and electrolyte balance.



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Reproduction

a. The reproductive system produces neworganisms.

i. The male reproductive systemconsists of the testes,accessory organs, and vesselsthat conduct sperm to the penis.

ii. The female reproductive systemconsists of ovaries, uterine tubes,uterus, vagina, and externalgenitalia. The femalereproductive system also houses the

developing offspring.



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Anatomical TerminologyRelative Positions:1. Terms of relative position are used to

describe the location of a part

relative to another part.2. Terms of relative position include:superior, inferior, anterior, posterior,medial, lateral, proximal, distal,

superficial (peripheral), and deep.



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Body Sections:

1. A sagittal section divides the bodyinto right and left portions.

2. A transverse section divides thebody into superior and inferiorportions. It is often

called a cross section.

3. A coronal section divides the body

into anterior and posterior sections.


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Body Regions

1. The abdominal area can be dividedinto nine regions.

2. Terms used to refer to various bodyregions are depicted in Fig. 1.13.

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