chapter 010revised fall2015 faculty

7/23/2019 Chapter 010revised Fall2015 Faculty

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Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Understanding Research forEvidence-Based Practice

Chapter 10: Background

and the Research Problemh! "sk #hat $uestion%hat &o e

"lread! 'no()

Revised b! *!dia +reiner ,all 01.




&efinition

A research problem is a knowledge gapthat warrants filling and can beaddressed through systematic study

– Something we do not know

– Something that has importance

– Something that potentially can be

answered




/ources of research problems:

• PR"C#CE

• Questions about our clients and their health• May be specific practice questions…

• Best technique for trach care

• May be broader conte!tual questions…

• "hat personal factors impact response toanalgesics




/ources of research problemscont23:

• #4E5R6 7 an abstract e8planationdescribing ho( different factors orphenomena relate

• #esearch may test one or more of the

relationships proposed in a theory

• #esearch may ser$e as the basis forde$elopment of a theory




#heoretical kno(ledge development

nductive kno(ledge

%se obser$ations and facts generatedthrough research to generate theory

&eductive kno(ledge

&roposing a theory regarding aphenomenon of interest and seekingobser$ations and facts to support the

relationships proposed




Research9 #heor!9 and Practice


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,rom problem to purpose

'he background and literature re$iewshould pro$ide a trail of thought that leadsus from the general research problem to

the more specific research purpose(



,rom problem to purposecont23

'hree purposes for the background and

literature re$iew

)( &ro$ide conte!t and rationale for theproblem

*( +efine the problem

,( Summari-e e!isting knowledge about

the problem



Providing the conte8tfor a problem

•'he background section should gi$e ageneral description of the healthconcern deri$ed from theory or

practice(•'he conte!t for the problem oftenestablishes why we. as nurses. care

about it(



Background sections

•/nclude reference to e!isting literature

about the problem such as scholarlypapers. research studies. or clinicalcase studies

•May include a description of thetheoretical basis for the problem



"pplication of theor! to a problem

#heoretical frame(ork 0 anunderlying structure that describeshow aspects of a problem interrelatebased on de$eloped theories

Conceptual frame(ork 0 underlyingstructure made up of concepts andindicating the relationships among the

concepts



#heor!9 theoretical frame(ork9 andconceptual frame(ork are all termsreferring to something thatprovides a description of proposed

relationships among abstractcomponents that are aspects of theresearch problem2

RE;E;BER



,rom problem to purpose

After refining and establishing the conte!t

we arri$e at the #1S1A#23 &%#&4S1(

Research purpose 0 a clear statement

of factors that are going to be studiedto shed knowledge on the researchproblem



E8ample#esearch problem 0 5ow6birth6weight infants

#efinement 0 Maternal factors affecting birth weight

smoking

nutrition

age

#esearch purpose 0 to describe the nutritional

patterns of pregnant adolescents



5ther language used in reports

• /pecific aims

• Research <uestions

• Research ob=ectives

All refer to a statement of the $ariablesrelated to the broad research question

that is to be studied(



,rom problem to purpose toliterature re$iew

'he literature revie( is a synthesis ofthe literature that describes what isknown or has been studied regarding

the particular research purpose orquestion(



#he literature revie(

•/s more than a simple listing ofrele$ant research

•/ncludes a synthesis of what has been

done to pro$ide a different or newfocus on the research problem



" literature revie(

• Should pro$ide current and up6to6date

knowledge about the $ariables to bestudied

5iterature should be7

• 8rom primar! sources 0 sources ofinformation as originally written

• "hy Because secondar! sources aresomeone else9s description and are more

prone to error in presentation



$uestion

'ell whether the following statement is 'rue or 8alse(

&rimary sources include information from an article that isthe author9s own work and ideas(




"ns(er

'rue

&rimary sources are sources of information that areoriginally written. whereas secondary sources are basedon interpretation or insights by another author(




" literature revie(

•Should pro$ide references from peer6

re$iewed :ournals

•Peer revie( 0 the information ormanuscript is read and critiqued by two or

more qualified peers of the researcher toensure the quality ofthe work




,rom problem to purpose toliterature revie( to hypotheses

•'he hypothesis is a predictionregarding relationships or effects ofselected $ariables(

•3ypotheses are appropriate only inquantitati$e methods(




Research problem to h!pothesis




#!pes of h!potheses

• >ull h!pothesis 0 a prediction of the absence ofa relationship or effect

– 3;7 there will be <4 relationship betweenstress and sleep

• Research h!pothesis 0 a prediction of thepresence of a relationship or effect

– 3)7 as stress increases. a patient9s sleep willdecrease




#!pes of h!potheses

• >ondirectional h!pothesis 0 a predictionof a relationship without any prediction of

how that relationship will be related

– i(e(. there will be a relationship betweenstress and sleep

• &irectional h!pothesis 0 a prediction of arelationship that includes the nature of thatrelationship

– i(e(. as stress increases. a patient9s sleep

will decrease




$uestion

"hich one of the following is a nondirectional hypothesis

A( As height increases. weight will increase(

B( 'here is a relationship between health and well6being(

2( /f income is low. po$erty is high(

+( As spirituality decreases. healing decreases(




"ns(er

B( 'here is a relationship between health and well6being(

'his nondirectional hypothesis relates twoconcepts=$ariables of interest together without specifyingthe direction of the relationship( A directional hypothesisdoes specify the relationship(




hat direction is the relationship)

•&ositi$e relationship

•<egati$e relationship

Stress

Anger

Stress

Sleep




*iterature revie( leads to

/upport for the stud! design andsample

hat is kno(n and has been

studied affects the t!pe of design(e can use2

ho has been studied affects the

sample (e (ill (ant to use2




hat to look for in the backgroundand literature revie(

• Conte8t of the problem

• Current theor! and kno(ledge aboutthe problem

• Current9 peer-revie(ed9 primar!sources of information about the$ariables to be studied

• /upport for the proposed research

design and sample



$uestions)

chapter 010revised fall2015 faculty

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