Chapter 01

Lecture Outline

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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology

  Principles of Biology

  Levels of Biological Organization

  Unity and Diversity of Life

  Biology as a Scientific Discipline

Key Concepts:

Figure 1.1 The Many Faces of Life

What is the Fundamental Unit of Life?

Modern Cell Theory

  All cells arise from preexisting cells

  All cells are similar in chemical composition

  Chemical reactions occur in aqueous solution in cells

  Genetic information is replicated and passed on during cell division

1.  Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

2.  Cells are the simplest units of life.

3.  Living organisms use energy.

4.  Living organisms interact with their environment.

5.  Living organisms grow and develop.

6.  The genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction.

Principles of Biology

#1-8: Criteria that define a living organism

7.  Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next.

8.  All species (past and present) are related by an evolutionary history.

9.  Structure determines function.

10. New (emergent) properties of life emerge from complex interactions.

11.  Biology is an experimental science.

12. Biology affects our society.

Principles of Biology

1. Cells are the simplest units of life.

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2. Living organisms use energy.

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3. Living organisms interact with their environment.

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4. Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

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5. Living organisms grow and develop. © Patti Murray/Animals Animals

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6. The genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction.

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7. Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next.

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8. All species (past and present) are related by an evolutionary history.

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9. Structure determines function.

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10. New properties of life emerge from complex interactions.

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11. Biology is an experimental science.

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12. Biology affects our society.

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Levels of Biological Organization

1.  Atoms

2.  Molecules

3.  Cells

4.  Tissues

5.  Organs

6.  Organism

7.  Population

8.  Community

9.  Ecosystem

10.  Biosphere

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Atoms Molecules and macromolecules

Cells

Tissues Organs

Organism

Population

Community

Biospher

Ecosystem

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Unity and Diversity of Life

  Unity  All life displays a common set of characteristics

(see principles #1-8)

 United by a shared evolutionary history

  Diversity  Life has a diversity of form in diverse environments

Evolutionary History

  Life began on Earth as primitive cells between 3.5 - 4 billion years ago (bya)

  Those primitive cells underwent evolutionary changes to give rise to the species of today

  Evolutionary history helps us understand the structure and function of an organism

Evolutionary History of Life Recap

•  4.5-3.9BYA: Hostile beginnings, no oxygen (O2), no ozone; complex molecules associating, eventually self-replicating

•  3 BYA: Unicellular (prokaryotes) emerged mainly in ocean to protect from harmful UV

–  Formation of the membrane –  1st were prokaryotes (in ocean only); took up nutrients from

surroundings

•  2.7 BYA: Photosynthesis emerges –  Prokaryotes similar to current day Cyanobacteria –  O2 increases-Selection for aerobic metabolism; cells grow larger;life

can move onto land

•  1.6-2 BYA: Eukaryotes emerge; compartmentalization; Endosymbiosis

•  0.5-1 BYA: Multicellularity began & Ozone Emerges –  Allowed for cellular specialization

  Evolutionary change involves modifications of pre-existing characteristics

  Structures may be modified to serve new purposes

  Example:

Walking limbs were modified into a dolphin’s flipper or a bat’s wing