chapter 1 -5 updated to past tense

CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Children is one of the most vulnerable group to be abused in our society.

Some are forced to work at an early age, others are victims of sexual abuse.

Parents are expected to protect the welfare of their child as well as nurture them to

become responsible citizens. The awareness of parents about different types of

abuse or violence to child is very important for them to protect their child against

such threat. No less than the World Health Organization advocates the rights of

the child against any form of violence. According to the United Nations Convention

on the Rights of the Child “every child has the right to protection against all forms

of violence, abuse, neglect, and exploitation.”

1According to Jay A. Yacat, save the Children defines child protection as

measures and structures to prevent and respond to abuse, neglect, exploitation

and violence affecting children in all settings. Such processes are essential to

ensuring children’s rights to survival, development and well-being in all settings at

all times. It is when children are not protected that their rights as well as their

families are most threatened. In addition, reaching the most vulnerable and

isolated populations helps ensure the health and well-being of all and is

1 Jay A. Yacat, “Child Protection in the Philippines”

http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/save%20the%20children%20CP%20in%20the

%20philippines%20030311_0.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014

1

http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/save%20the%20children%20CP%20in%20the%20philippines%20030311_0.pdf

http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/save%20the%20children%20CP%20in%20the%20philippines%20030311_0.pdf

indispensable in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). For

example, children who are most at risk of extreme poverty and hunger are the

most vulnerable to violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination.

The Article XV Section 3 paragraph 2 of the 1987 Constitution states that

“the State shall defend the right of children to assistance, including proper care

and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty,

exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their develment” 2Child according to

the definition of RA 7610 or the Special Protection Against Child Abuse,

Exploitation and Discrimination Law “refers to persons below 18 years of age or

those over but are unable to fully take care of themselves from abuse, neglect,

cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a physical or mental disability or

condition.” 3The same definition was adopted in Republic Act 9262 or the Law

Against Violence on Women and their Child. Furthermore, RA 7610 defined child

abuse as the maltreatment, whether habitual or not, of the child which includes

any of the following:

(a) psychological and physical abuse, neglect, cruelty, sexual abuse, and

emotional maltreatment; (b) any act by deeds or words which debases, degrades

or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of a child as a human being; (c)

unreasonable deprivation of his basic needs for survival, such as food and shelter;

or (d) failure to immediately give medical treatment to an injured child resulting in

2 1987 Philippine Constitution 3 Republic Act 7610

2

serious impairment of his growth and development or in his permanent incapacity

or death.”

In 2009, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

recorded 6,524 served cases of child abuse. In 2010, child abuse cases served

went down to 4,749. According to the DSWD’s classification on child abuse

depending on the victim’s case, abandoned, sexually abused, neglected, and

sexually exploited, physical maltreatment, illegal child labor, illegal recruitment,

child trafficking, and victims of arm conflict. Most of the victims were age 10 and

18 years old. The most common type of abuse is abandonment and/or neglect

followed by sexually abused. Regions with the most cases served by DSWD in

relation to child abuse are the National Capital Region, Cagayan Valley, and

Zamboanga Peninsula4.

As a student taking up Bachelor of Science in Nursing this research caught

our attention and curiosity because the investigators are exposed to different

community and observe that in the exposure one of the disciplinary method used

by the parents is spanking, pinching, slapping etc. and verbal abuse which some

of the investigators also experience this kind of disciplinary method. So, the

investigators would like to know the Level of Awareness of Parents on Child

Abuse.

4 Romulo A. Virola, “Abused Children”. www.ncsb.gov.ph, Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2015

3

http://www.ncsb.gov.ph/

The study is very important, the data can serve as basis to strengthen

information dissemination to parents. Furthermore, the research can help

determine whether there are cases on any form of child abuse in Puerto Princesa

City particularly in Purok Paglaum II Brgy. Mangingisda. This area is composed of

62 households containing 230 populations. The Researchers choose Paglaum II

because they observe parents tend to inflict physical harm, verbal abuse to their

children as a form of discipline method and deprivation on food and other needs

such as clothing, right to education etc. which if to base the law on the protection

on children is prohibited. The investigators also choose this area because it fit the

criteria of this research and it is accessible and people are receptive.

The area of the study is selected not because the case of child abuse is

rampant but rather as a proactive measure. As future health care providers, the

researchers believed not to wait for such cases to increase before an inquiry is

conducted, to promote the well-being of the children a proactive measure to

prevent such occurrence, as the old saying goes, “prevention is better than cure..”

with this in mind, this study came into being.

Conceptual Framework

Abuse to children can be in any form, physical, verbal, emotional, and

psychological etc. Factors that contribute to such abusive behaviors of adult

include economic development, age, sex, status, and gender5. Physical abuse

5 Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, “Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children”. http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/reports/SG_violencestudy_en.pdf Date accessed: Nov.

4

http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/reports/SG_violencestudy_en.pdf

may include infliction of physical harm or injury such as pinching, slapping, kicking,

or punching and use of objects that may inflict physical injury. Verbal abuse may

include cursing the child, name calling etc. Psychological abuse on the other hand

is anything that creates bad perception that degrades a child’s total self.

Negligence is an abuse that has physical and emotional impact to the child,

depriving the child of food or clothing or other material things that can lead to

his/her perception that he/she is not loved by his/her parents. Embarrassing the

child in front of his/her friends is a form of emotional abuse. Sexual abuse may

include touching of ones’ private areas without permission.

Most of the time child abuse commonly happens at home. The least visible

and least reported case of the child abuse is done by the parents themselves.

Children are helpless and highly vulnerable to abusive behaviour by adult due to

several factors such as unable to defend themselves, physically weak, can be

easily manipulated especially the younger ones. Children who are victims of

abusive behaviour such as inflicting physical pain and injury like hitting with broom

or stick, slapping, kicking or pinching at home tend to perceive that the act is a

normal phenomenon thus accept them as it is, that it is part of their growing up, a

form of disciplinary measure especially when the perpetrator are the parents.6

26, 20146 Alexander Buchart, Tony Kahane “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence / World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014

5

Parents who are not aware about laws on the protection of children may

continue to inflict physical harm especially if the child does something that

displeases them. They perceive that infliction of physical harm is necessary in

order for the child to learn his/her mistakes and that the purpose of such is to

discipline, to make them more accountable for unruly behaviour inside their abode.

Moreover, Parents usually turn to physical harm because it is the same form of

discipline that was brought upon them during their days as child by their parents

and sees it as an effective solution to correcting the misbehaviour of their child.

The investigators conceptualized the level of awareness of parents on child abuse

is affected by their profile such age, number of years being parents, personal

childhood experience on child abuse, perception on child abuse, family income,

educational level, and religion.

The investigators further conceptualized that the parents’ level of

awareness on child abuse can be measured using the following rubric:

Measurement Description

5 (very much aware) Possess very much awareness or perception of the situation or fact that child abuse can be physical, emotional, social, sexual, psychological or financial in nature.

4 (much aware) Possess much awareness or perception of the situation or fact that child abuse can be physical, emotional, social, sexual,

6

psychological or financial in nature.

3 (Aware) Possess awareness or perception of the situation or fact that child abuse can be physical, emotional, social, sexual, psychological or financial in nature.

2 (less aware) Possess less awareness or perception of a situation or fact that child abuse maybe physical, emotional, social, sexual, psychological or financial in nature.

1 (unaware) Unaware of the fact that child abuse can be physical, emotional, social, sexual, psychological or financial in nature.

To illustrate the concept, the research Paradigm (Figure 1) is presented on the next page.

Research Paradigm

7

Figure 1. The paradigm reflects the relationship of the different variables. The

independent variable is the parents which directly affect the dependent variable

which is the Level of Awareness on Child Abuse. The relationship of the

independent and dependent variables is influenced by the intervening variables

which are the age, number of years of being parents, personal childhood

experiences on abuse, family income, educational level, religion and perception on

child abuse.

Statement of the Problem

8

Dependent Variable

Level of Awareness of Parents onChild Abuse

5 – Very much aware4 – Much aware3 – Aware2 – Less Aware1 - Unaware

Intervening Variable

Parents’ Profile-Age-No. of years being parents-Personal childhood Experience on abuse-perception on child abuse-family income-educational level-religion

Independent Variable

Parents

The study aimed to investigate the level of awareness of parents in Purok

Paglaum II, Brgy. Mangingisda, Puerto Princesa City on child abuse. Specifically,

the study sought to answer the following inquiries

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of

a. age;

b. number of years being parents;

c. personal childhood experience on child abuse;

d. perception on child abuse;

e. family income;

f. educational level;

g. religion

2. What describes the level of awareness of respondents regarding

child abuse?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile

and the level of awareness on child abuse?

Hypothesis

9

The hypothesis that would be tested in this study was stated in the null

form: Ho: There is no significant relationship between the respondents profile and

their level of awareness on child abuse.

Significance of the Study

The study would be significant to the following:

The parents who are the respondents of this study, to evaluate their level of

awareness on child abuse for them to further promote the welfare of their children

and being the number one protector of their children against child abuse.

To concerned government agencies task to promote the welfare of children

and protection against any form of abuse, the result of the study is very vital to

serve as one of their reference in the conduct of information drive to parents in the

promotion and protection of children.

To the Population Commission (POPCOM), who is tasked to conduct

orientation to couples desiring to settle down, the study can served as their basis

to include topics that are necessary especially for responsible parenthood, to give

emphasis on child protection against any form of abuse.

The general public, the result of the study would provide information to the

public that parents who have inadequate knowledge on child abuse may become

abuser and to increase their awareness on the protection of children against threat

of child abuse and report the same to concern authorities.

10

To the nursing profession, the result of the study might be used as

reference for enhancing the BSN curriculum regarding the parents level of

awareness on child abuse and promotion of children’s welfare at home and in the

community where they belong.

To future researchers who intend to conduct similar research topic, this

study could help them to serve as one of their reference and to further broaden the

scope of their research concerning the issue about the parents level of awareness

on child abuse.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of the study was limited to problem, respondent, locale, and its

time frame.

Problem: The study focused on describing the profile and awareness of the

parents on child abuse. It also investigated the significant relationship between the

profile and level of awareness of parents on child abuse. It would neither include

reasons for child abuse nor discuss child abuse. It would not include effects of

child abuse

Population: The respondents of the study are parents, of any age, with at

least 1 (one) year of parenthood, with personal childhood experience on child

abuse, source of income, of any family type (nuclear, extended, cohabitated etc),

of any marital status, and who are raising children below 18 years of age

regardless of their marital status.

11

Locale: The study was be conducted in Purok Paglaum II, Brgy,

Mangingisda, Puerto Princesa City.

Time Frame: The study was conducted between June to October 2014.

Definition of Terms

To guide the investigators as well as basis for common understanding, the

following terms are operationally defined:

Abuse- is the improper usage or treatment of an entity. Often to unfairly or

improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as; physical or

verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; crimes, or

other types of aggression.

Parent- is a caretaker of the offspring in their own species or one who

nurtures and raises the offspring either biological or not biologically related.

Child - A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal

age of majority.

Child abuse – Is a physical, physiological, social, sexual, emotional

maltreatment or neglect Child including those financial in nature like depriving

medical case, depriving education, depriving clothing etc.

Descriptive statistics – Is the discipline of quantitatively describing the main

features of a Collective of information or the quantitative description itself.

12

Purposively sampling – also known as judgmental, selective or subjective

sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling technique that focuses on sampling

techniques where the units that are investigated are based on the judgment of

researcher.

Convenience sampling – A statistical method of drawing representative

data by selecting people because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting

units because of their availability or easy access.

Level of Awareness- is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious

of events, objects, or sensory patterns on the basic information about

child abuse. Numerically and verbally interpreted/described as:

5 Very much aware4 Much aware3 Aware2 Less Aware1 Unaware

13

Profile of respondents-Refers to the following:

a. Age-the number of years of existence since birth

b. Number of years being parents-refers to the number of years

starting when they become parents or legal guardian

c. Personal childhood experience on abuse.

d. Perception on child abuse-refers to respondents personal

view on child abuse

e. Family income-refers to monthly financial income of both

parents

f. Educational level-refers to the highest educational attainment

of a respondent

g. Religion-refers to religious belief and affiliation

Respondents-Refer to a parent/s raising children below 18 years old residing at

Purok Paglaum II, Brgy, Mangingisda Puerto Princesa City regardless of

their marital status and regardless of the biological relationship with the

child they raised (legal guardian included)

14

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Introduction

This chapter presented the synthesis of research that supported the level of

awareness of parents on child abuse. Included in this chapter were the foreign and

local literatures and studies.

Foreign Literature

Children have the right to good health and violence-free living. However,

millions of children around the world are victims of different types of violence. Child

abuse or maltreatment is a global dilemma that has greater impact on the physical

and mental health, well-being and the lifelong development of children and to the

society they belong. In 1999, child maltreatment prevention expert, David

Finkelhor commented about the lack of epidemiological data to determine the

location and source of child abuse and the lack of experimental studies to evaluate

new and existing practices on child abuse7.

In 2006, seven years after Finkelhor’s comments, UN agencies, NGOs, and

international professional groups made significant progress in increasing

awareness on the extent and severe consequences of the public on child

maltreatment, however, there is still small amount of epidemiological data and

77 Butchart, Alexander “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating-evidence”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014

13

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf

conducted studies8. The Philippines together with other countries like Brazil, Chile,

Egypt, and India were participants in the WORLDSAFE epidemiological studies

conducted from 1997 to 2003.

Child maltreatment and child abuse are used by various authors but

regardless of the terms they are using they have one and the same objective,

protection of children. Violence affecting children are categorized into three (1)

self-directed violence, (2) interpersonal violence, and (3) collective violence. Self-

directed violence is the infliction of harm/injury to one’s self while interpersonal

violence refers to violence between relationships which is sub-divided into family,

intimate partner, and community violence. Collective violence refers to violence

done in large scale and is sub-divided into social, political and economic violence9.

Nature of violence for both interpersonal and collective include physical, sexual,

psychological, and deprivation or neglect and Self-directed violence.10

The World Health Organization identified risk factors that contribute to child

abuse or maltreatment such as the age of the child, under four year old or is an

adolescent, the child is unplanned, the child did not meet the expectation of the

8 Butchart, Alexander “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014 Ibid p. 89 Butchart, Alexander “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014 Ibid p. 1110 Ibid p.12. Butchart, Alexander “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014 Ibid p. 11

14




parents, and has needs related to his/her condition especially those with physical

abnormalities. For parents and caregivers, common characteristics that lead to

commit child maltreatment or abuse include bonding difficulties with the child, had

experienced child abuse during their childhood days, less consciousness of child

development, drug or alcohol abuser, involvement in criminal activity and has

monetary problems11. Societal risk factors include gender and social inequality,

inadequate housing or social services to support families and institution, high

unemployment rate or poverty, accessibility of alcohol and drugs, inadequate

policies and programs to prevent child abuse, social and cultural norms that

promote or glorify violence towards others, support the use of corporal

punishment, demand rigid gender roles, or diminish the status of the child in

parent–child relationships; social, economic, health and education policies that

lead to poor living standards, or to socioeconomic inequality or instability12.

Relationships within the family or among intimate partners, friends, and

peers can create risk towards committing child abuse which include physical,

developmental or mental health problems of family members, (b) family

breakdown or violence between other family members, (c) being isolated in the

11 WHO medical centre, Child Maltreatment Fact Sheet, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/. Date accessed: December 16, 2014.12 Butchart, Alexander “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014

15


http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/

community or lacking a support network, (d) a breakdown of support in child

rearing from the extended family13.

Local Literature

Russian nabbed for molesting 2 girls in Palawan according to ABS-

CBNnews.com posted last January 26, 2012 at 12:08 PM reported by Jay

Zabanal, ABS-CBN News Palawan. A Russian national was arrested for allegedly

molesting 2 girls in Palawan. Aleksi Tirisin, 47, allegedly lured the 2 victims with

money to go to a forest in Puerto Princesa City to carry out the molestation. A

witness saw Tirisin naked with the two girls, prompting him to alert the authorities.

The two girls, aged 10 and 6 years old, said they were befriended by the Russian

after they approached him while he was working out in front of his house. The two

victims undergo a medical examination to determine if they had been raped.

Tirisin, meanwhile, is facing a charge of child abuse. Puerto PrincesaCity social

workers said they had recorded 36 cases of child molestation in the city in 2011.14

Foreign Studies

13 Butchart, Alexander “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014 Ibid.14 Jay Zabanal ABS-CBN Newsreport, “Russian nabbed for molesting 2 girls in Palawan” http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/01/26/12/russian-nabbed-molesting-2-girls-palawan (January 26, 2012).

16


According to Pervin Walji-Moloo who conducted a study on “Awareness and

Views Regarding Child Abuse and Child Rights in selected communities in Kenya”

showed that in both rural and urban Kenya, covering 4 districts representing rural

population and Nairobi representing urban population, a total number of 1195

respondents were interviewed (501 were children and 694 were adults.)

The findings showed that the level of awareness and knowledge about

abuse increased among the people interviewed, both adults (parents) and

children. Thus, 96% of adults and 80% of children interviewed had heard about

child abuse and were able to identify forms of child abuse such as verbal, physical

and sexual abuse, without any guidance15. And as a result of their study, there was

a real need to enforce laws related to children as a long term measure of curbing

child abuse and ensuring the realization of child abuse in Kenya.

Referring to the Cognitive Structure of Parenthood by Carolyn Moore

Newberger she stated that parenthood is often thought of as a natural or

instinctive process. With the birth of a baby, the parent is expected somehow to be

fully equipped to raise a child with love and skill, Yet increasing awareness of the

magnitude of such problems as child abuse and neglect, emotional disturbances in

children, and adolescent pregnancies and runaways has forced the realization that

parenthood is at best a difficult process and at worst an experience of failure and a

source of stress and disability for many families. In response to this awareness,

15 Dr. Pervin Walji-Moloo, “Awareness and Views regarding Child Abuse and Child Rights in selected communities in Kenya”. (ANPPCAN; February 200) p2.

17

many programs and approaches for aiding parents in their tasks and roles are

being offered. But despite the proliferation of child rearing literature and parent

education enterprises, knowledge of the fundamental processes that under lie the

parent~child relationship, and upon which intervention should be based, is limited.

This study proved that the awareness of child abuse is developed throughout the

process of parenthood and is manifested by them to their children, which also our

study is trying to test, if there is significant relationship between our respondents’

profile which included childhood experiences on child abuse, and the parents level

of awarenes on child abuse. The difference in the studies is that at the end of this

study the investigators would only refer the findings to the proper governing

officials of the area and not the investigators trying to resolve the problems of child

abuse.

Local Studies

16The study entitled, “Level of Awareness and Perception of Housewives in

Selected Municipalities of Palawan regarding R.A. 9262” was conducted to

determine the level of awareness and perception of housewives in selected

municipalities of Palawan regarding R.A. 9262. Specifically, it aimed to determine

the demographic characteristics of the respondents; to identify the level of

16 Cecillia S. Santiago and Espernza Aya, “Awareness and Perception of

Housewives in Selected Municipalities of Palawan Regarding R.A 9262 (Anti-

Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004”

http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418706584.pdf Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014.

18

http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418706584.pdf

awareness of housewives regarding R.A. 9262; and to find out their perception

regarding the act. Seven municipalities which include Aborlan, Narra, Brooke’s

Point, Quezon, Riza, Bataraza and El Nido were the study sites. One hundred

women (parents) from each municipality were purposely selected that served as

respondents with a total of 700. Those considered were married, with a husband

at present and who has children. Results revealed that the mean age of the

respondents was 38.39 years old and the mean number of children was 3.63. In

addition, most of the respondents were plain housewives who had 3-4 children,

high school graduated and within the Php 5,000.00 and below bracket of monthly

income. With regards to the level of awareness, majority of the respondents were

moderately aware of the provisions of RA 9262. As to the perception of the

respondents, they strongly agree that the provisions or statements are considered

act of violence against women and their children, thus increasing their awareness

on child abuse.17

Synthesis

The literature presented used several terms that the topic of the study used.

Violence against children, child abuse and child maltreatment were used but all of

17 Cecillia S. Santiago and Espernza Aya, “Awareness and Perception of

Housewives in Selected Municipalities of Palawan Regarding R.A 9262 (Anti-

Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004”

http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418706584.pdf Date accessed: Nov. 26, 2014.

19

http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418706584.pdf

them points to one direction. However, the literatures presented here supported

the variables that the investigators wanted to investigate. Furthermore, researches

that pointed to parents’ level of awareness were seldom conducted or not even

conducted at all. Child abuse is a multisectoral affair thus requires the involvement

of everyone.

Most of the studies were directed at policies, management, compliance

among others, and it is not the parents who were being asked, the victims

themselves. However, the investigators believed that this study would generate

information on the Parents level of awareness on child abuse and correlated

variables in the parents’ profile.

20

CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter presented the research design, population and sampling,

instrumentation, collection procedure, and statistical treatment to be used in the study.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive-correlational method of research. It is

descriptive because it described and measured the level of awareness of parents

regarding child abuse. The study is also correlational because it investigated the

existing relationship between the level of awareness of the parents on child abuse and

the profile of parents.

Research and Sampling

The respondents of the research are parents of any age, with at least 1 (one)

year of parenthood, with personal childhood experience on child abuse, source of

income, of any family type (nuclear, extended, cohabitated etc), of any civil status, and

who are raising children below 18 years of age regardless of their civil status of age

residing at Purok Paglaum II, Brgy Mangingisda Puerto Princesa City They have been

selected using systematic sampling. From the selected Purok, the investigators chose

at least 50 households with parents that fit the criteria as respondent for part of the

study.

21

Instrumentation

In order to gather the necessary data for this study, the investigator used a self-

made guide questionnaire to interview the participants. Part I of the questionnaire

gather information about the respondents profile, Part II of the questionnaire measured

the respondents’ level of awareness on child abuse. To measure the level of

awareness, the investigators used a rubric and personally conducted face to face

interview. The rubric is design to elicit respondents’ awareness on child abuse.

Data Gathering Procedures

After gathering all the data for this research, the investigators then asked

permission from the college dean, research development office, university president and

Brgy Capt. of Mangingisda to let them conduct this study on the said area of

Mangingisda. Survey questionnaire is used to gather data. The survey was created

using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed

by the investigators. The Survey Questionnaire was comprised of 40 questions, which

were related to the respondent’s perception regarding the level of awareness of parents

on child abuse. A rubric was also formulated to determine the responds level of

awareness using the scale1 to 5, 1 being not aware and 5 being very much aware. The

questionnaire and rubric were validated using parents in HTU who fit the selection

criteria. After validation the questionnaire and rubrics’ were refined and checked. The

22

questionnaires and rubrics were floated to samples/respondents in Purok Paglaum II,

Brgy. Mangingisda through face to face interactions.

The investigators also understand that the people’s consciousness may also

affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering the questionnaire, and so, the

investigators gave participants option of being anonymous. Participants were given time

to respond and then the investigators collected questionnaire and rubrics. No incentives

were offered for participating in the research and then the data gathered was

consolidated subjected to statistical treatment and interpreted for analysis. Final draft

was made.

Statistical Treatment

The following statistical tools were used to treat the gathered data:

1. Frequency and percentages were used to describe the profile of the respondents

in terms of age, number of years being parents, personal childhood experience,

perception on child abuse, family income, educational level, and religion.

2. Means for grouped data was employed to determine the average age of the

respondents.

3. Weighted mean was utilized to convert qualitative data into quantitative one. This

was particularly applied to determine the extent of parent’s level of awareness on

child abuse.

4. Ranking was used to determine the positional importance of the variables

affecting the respondents’ level of awareness on child abuse.

23

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the findings, analysis, and interpretation of the data. The

presentation follows the sequence of the problems as presented in Chapter I.

Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age and Religion, Number of Years Being

Parents and Family Income, and Educational Level, Personal Childhood

Experience and Perception on Child Abuse.

Problem 1

What describes the respondents’ personal profile in terms of:

a – age

b – number of years being parents

c – personal childhood experiences on child abuse

d – perception on child abuse

e – family income

f – educational level and

g – religion

24

Table 1.A

Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age

Variables F Percentage (%)AGE

20 – 2425 – 2930 – 3435 – 3940 – 4445 – 4950 – 5455 – 5960 – 6465 – 69

78139885031

11.2912.9020.9714.5212.9012.908.06

04.841.61

Total 62 100Mean x 38

As shown in table 1.A, majority of the respondents have ages that are between

the brackets of 30 – 34. Thirteen (13) or 20.97 percent of them belong to this group.

This is followed by the frequency of 9 or 14.52 percent that fall within the bracket of 35-

39. There are 4 or 6.45 percent of the respondents whose age are 60 and above or they

belong to the senior citizen group. It can also be gleaned from the table that 21 or 33.87

percent of the total respondents belong to 40 and above age category and 15

respondents are below 30 years old.

In general, the average age of the 62 respondents is 37.80 or 38. This figure

signifies that the respondents mean age is below the middle age category which is 40

years old and shows that majority of our respondents have lived for a significant amount

25

of time to experience challenges in life that may aide in the respondents level of

awareness pertaining to child abuse.

Table 1.B

Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Religion

Variables F Percentage (%)RELIGION

Roman CatholicChristian & Missionary Alliance

Iglesia ni CristoBaptistLRC

Pentecostal

4628213

74.193.23

12.903.231.614.84

Total 62 100

As shown in table 1.B, majority of the respondents have religions, 46 or 76.19

percent claimed that they are Catholic. There are 8 or 12.90 percent of them are Iglesia

ni Cristo and the rest are compose of other Christian such as Christian and Missionary

Alliance, Baptist, LRC and Pentecostal. This means that 100 percent of the respondents

are Christians since all 6 religions are branched out from Christianity, which bases its

doctrine on the love of oneself, love of God, and on the love of others, which signifies

that practices brought out by the religion plays a significant role in how the respondents

manage what they may or may not view as child abuse.

26

Table 1.C

Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Number of Years

Being Parents

Variables F Percentage (%)NUMBER OF YEARS BEING PARENTS

1 year below1 – 3 yrs

4 – 67 – 9

10 – 1213 – 1516 – 1819 – 21

22 and above

346899788

4.846.459.67

12.9014.5214.5211.2912.9012.90


Table 1.C shows that the average years of the respondents as being parents is

12.79 or 13 years. As to the details, there are 9 or 14.52 percent who claimed that they

are already parents for 10-12 years and 13 -15 years. Whereas 8 or 12.90 percent

attested that they are being parents for 7-9 years, 19-21 years and 22 years and above.

The least in number who claimed that they are parents is 4 or 6.45. This figure fell within

the bracket of 3 years and below.

The data imply that the respondents are being parents for 13 years already and

shows that the respondents are not new to parenting but rather on the other hand, are

experienced in the matter. Which signifies that practices leading to child abuse may

have been repeated over time as the respondents and contribute to their level of

awareness on child abuse.

27

Table 1.D

Profile of the Respondents in Terms of

Family Income

Variables F Percentage (%)FAMILY INCOME

5,999 and below6,000 – 14,999

15,000 and above

5390

85.4814.52


Table 1.D shows that majority of the respondents have monthly income of Php

5,999 and below. This is reflected by the frequency of 53 or 85.48 percent. Only 9

respondents claimed that their family income is 6,000 to 14,999. There is no respondent

that earn 15,000 and above. The data imply that the selected respondents earn Php

5,999 monthly and below only for their living. Which signifies that the respondents are at

poverty level in terms of income that supports the family. With poverty comes hardship

that many face with, especially in financial terms, which may contribute to child abuse

and affects to the respondents’ level of awareness on child abuse.

The next table presents the profile of the respondents in terms of educational

level, personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child abuse.

28

Table 1.E

Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Educational Level

Variables F Percentage (%)EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

Elementary LevelElementary Graduate

High School LevelHigh School Graduate

College LevelCollege Graduate

99221471

14.5214.5235.4822.5811.291.61

Total 62 100

As shown in Table 1.E, as to the educational level of the respondents, majority of

them have reached high school level. This is supported by the frequency of 22 which is

about 35.48 percent of the total respondents. Nine (9) of them have reached elementary

level and same frequency of nine (9) claimed that they graduated elementary education.

Fourteen (14) of them or 22.58 percent attested that they finished high school. While

only 7 have reached college level and only one (1) respondent finished college

education.

The information implies that majority of the respondents in the research locale

only reach high school level of education and provides that the respondents have not

completed 11 years of education (kindergarten to 10th Grade) provided by the Philippine

Government, Which may lead to the possibility that the respondents level of awareness

on child abuse may have been affected by the respondents level of education to the

date of when the questionnaire survey was finished.

29

Table 1.F


Personal Childhood Experience on Child Abuse

Variables F Percentage (%)Personal Childhood Experience on Child Abuse

1. Spanked/pinched/kicked/hit2. Shouted/humiliated/embarrassed/criticized3. Prohibited from communicating with other

people4. Forced to engage in sexual act.

58202

1

93.5532.263.231.61

Total Multiple response

100

As shown in Table 1.F, In line with the personal childhood experience on child

abuse of the respondents, 58 or 93.55 percent of them have experience spanking,

pinching, kicking or hitting. Twenty or 32.26 percent of the respondents claimed that

they had experience shouting, humiliating, embarrassing and criticizing during their

childhood. While two (2) of them claimed that they experience being prohibited from

communicating with other people and there is one respondent who experienced being

forced to engage in sexual act.

The data mean that almost 100 percent of the respondents in the research local

have personally experience abuse in the form of spanking, pinching, kicking and hitting

during their childhood which signifies that the respondents themselves have

experienced forms of abuse not commonly accepted in society which may have been

practiced on their children, Thus contributing to the respondents level of awareness on

child abuse.

30

Table 1.G


Perception on Child Abuse

Variables F Percentage (%)PERCEPTION ON CHILD ABUSE

1. I understand that child abuse is deliberately hurting a child causing injuries such as bruises, broken bones, burns, or cuts.

2. I understand that child abuse is the ongoing emotional maltreatment or emotional neglect of a child.

3. I understand that child abuse is preventing a child from having contact with relatives, friends, service providers and other people or restricting the person’s activities.

4. I understand that child abuse is forcing or persuading a child to take part in sexual activities.

48

18

12

16

77.42

29.03

19.35

25.81

Total Multiple response

As shown in Table 1.G, In terms of the respondents’ perception on child abuse,

77.42 percent or 48 of them confirm that they understand that child abuse is deliberately

hurting a child causing injuries such as bruises, broken bones, burns or cuts. Eighteen

(18) or 29.03 percent of them attested that they understand that child abuse is the

ongoing emotional maltreatment or emotional neglect of a child. They also understand

that child abuse is forcing or persuading a child to take part in sexual activities. This is

supported by the frequency of 16 or 25.81 percent of them. On the other hand, there are

12 respondents or 19.35 percent affirmed that they understand that child abuse is

31

preventing a child from having contact with relatives, friends, service providers and

other people or restricting the persons’ activities.

The data suggest that majority of the respondents have understanding that child

abuse is more on physical abuse. Which aided in the initial ocular surveying of the area

in selection for this study, since forms of physical abuse were much easier

acknowledged by the respondents than the remaining three forms. This signifies that

the respondents may unknowingly abuse their children in terms of emotional, social and

sexual abuse and limit their perception on the level of awareness on child abuse.

32

Description of the level of awareness of the respondents regarding child abuse in

terms of Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, Social Abuse, and Sexual Abuse.

Problem 2

What describes the level of awareness of respondents regarding child abuse?

Table 2.A

Level of Awareness of the Respondents Regarding Child

Abuse Along Physical Abuse

Indicators wx D Rank

1. Hitting/beating the child with a belt, slipper, broomstick or the like when he/she is mischievous.2. Slapping the child in the butt or anywhere in the body when he/she is mischievous.3. Kicking the child when he/she is mischievous.4. Pulling/grabbing the child’s hair or ears when he/she is mischievous.5. Making the child kneel on salt/monggo beans/pebbles/hot wax when he/she is mischievous.6. Locking the child in a room for an hour or so when he/she is mischievous.7. Tying toddler or mischievous child to a chair or post so he/she does not go far/go away.8. Depriving the child of snacks or meal when he/she misbehaves.9. Doing nothing to the child’s somatic complaints. (Headache, toothache, abdominal pain etc.)10. Leaving infants / toddlers / preschoolers / schoolers/ adolescents at home for hours or so to attend meetings or social gatherings

2.95

2.42

3.833.86

3.65

3.47

4.45

3.52

3.61

3.71

A

LA

MAMA

MA

A

MA

MA

MA

MA

8

10

32

5

9

1

7

6

4

wx 3.55 MA

Legend:

33

Numerical Weight Interval Estimate Description5 4.51 – 5.50 Very Much Aware (VMA)4 3.51 – 4.50 Much Aware (MA)3 2.51 – 3.50 Aware (A)2 1.51 – 2.50 Less Aware (LA)1 0.52 – 1.50 Not Aware (NA)

wx- weighted mean

D - description

As shown in Table 2.A, In general, the respondents are much aware regarding

child abuse along physical abuse. This is supported by the weighted mean value of

3.55.

Scrutinizing the details, the respondents are much aware about the child physical

abuse particularly tying the toddler or mischievous child to a chair or post so he/she

does not go far or go away. This rank first among the listed indicators with weighted

mean 4.45. This is followed by the indicator of pulling or grabbing the child’s hair or

ears when he/she is mischievous (wx= 3.86). Respondent are also much aware of

physical abuse by way of kicking the child when he/she is mischievous (wx= 3.83, rank

third). The fourth in rank indicator which the respondents are much aware is the leaving

infants/toddlers/preschoolers/schoolers/adolescents at home for hours or so to attend

meetings or social gatherings (wx= 3.71). Making the child kneel on salt/monggo

beans/pebbles/hot wax when he/she is mischievous is the fifth in rank among the

mentioned indicators of physical abuse (wx= 3.65). The respondents are much aware

on this abuse.

The respondents are aware on the child physical abuse about the locking the

child in a room for an hour or so when she/he is mischievous (wx= 3.47); and

34

hitting/beating the child with a belt, slipper, broomstick or the like when he/she

mischievous (wx= 2.95). Further, they affirmed that they are less aware about the

slapping the child in the butt or anywhere in the body when he/she mischievous. This is

reflected in the weighted mean value of 2.42. These three least indicators are ranked

eight, nine at ten respectively.

The data imply the respondents are much aware of hurting the child physically

particularly on the tying toddler child to a chair or post so he/she does not go far or go

away; pulling/grabbing the child’s hair or ears when he/she is mischievous and kicking

the child when she/he is mischievous. While they are less aware of slapping the child in

the butt or anywhere in the body when he/she is mischievous.

Table 2.B

35


Abuse Along Emotional Abuse


1. Shouting/yelling at the child for misbehavior or mischief.2. Cursing the child for misbehavior or mischief.3. Calling the child stupid or simpleton when he/she makes mistake.4. Calling the child “ugly”, “flirt”, “shorty”, “nog-nog”. etc.5. Snarling at the mischievous child.6. Blackmailing the child when he/she misbehaves. (Threatening to remove child’s pet, destroying favorite/cherished objects)7. Pressuring child to choose between the mother and the father when parents quarrel.8. Blaming the child needlessly.9. Telling the child that he/she will be abandoned/given to others/sold when he/she is mischievous. 10. Ignoring or indifferent to the child who is in distress or in need.

2.763.483.11

3.102.602.47

3.06

3.562.65

3.18

AAA

AA

LA

A

MAA

A

724

59

10

6

18

3

wx 3.00 ALegend:


wx- weighted mean

D - description

In terms of emotional abuse, as shown in the table 2.B, the respondents are

much aware about blaming the child needlessly (wx= 3.56). This ranks first among the

36

listed indicators of emotional abuse. They claimed that they are aware of emotional

abuse cursing the child for misbehavior or mischief (wx= 3.44, rank second); ignoring or

indifferent to the child who is in distress or in need ((wx= 3.18, rank third). The

respondents are also aware of the emotional abuse in terms of calling the child stupid or

simpleton when he/she makes mistakes (wx= 3.11, rank fourth); and calling the child the

child ugly, flirt, shortly, nog-nog, etc. (wx= 3.10, rank fifth).

This means that the respondents are much aware about the emotional abuse to

the child particularly in blaming the child needlessly. They are just aware about cursing

the child for mischievous behavior or mischief and ignoring or indifferent to the child

who is in distress or in need.

The respondents on the other hand claimed that they are less aware about the

emotional abuse on the child in terms of blackmailing the child when she/he

misbehaves such as threatening to remove child’s pet destroying favorite/cherished

objects. This is affirmed by the weighted mean 2.46 and rank ten respectively. However,

they are aware about telling the child that he/she will be abandoned/given to others/sold

when he/she is mischievous (wx= 2.65, rank eight) and snarling at the child when

he/she is mischievous (wx= 2.60, rank nine).

This implies that the respondents are less conscious regarding the emotional

abuse on the child particularly blackmailing them, threatening to abandon them and

snarling at them.

Table 2.C

37


Abuse Along Social Abuse


1. Isolating the child from family members or friends when child misbehaves.2. Disallowing the child to talk/communicate with other children/friends when child misbehaves.3. Prohibiting the child in attending family gatherings when child misbehaves.4. Preventing the child from choosing his/her own sets of friends.5. Disallowing the child from meeting other people.6. Instructing family members to ignore/avoid continuously (for 2 days or more) the child when he/she misbehaves.7. Disallowing the child to play with others inside or outside the house during playtime when child misbehaves.8. Alienates child in front of friends/visitors when child misbehaves.9. Criticizing destructively the child’s physical appearance or ability in front of other people. 10. Forcing the child to reject social contact.

2.97

2.82

2.77

2.50

2.922.97

2.94

3.44

3.92

3.71

A

A

A

LA

AA

A

A

MA

MA

4.5

8

9

10

74.5

6

3

1

2wx 3.10 A

Legend:


wx- weighted mean

D - description

38

As to the level of awareness of the respondents regarding the child abuse along

social abuse, they declared that they are aware about this. This is supported by the

weighted mean 3.10 as shown in Table 2.C.

Examining the different indicators mentioned in the table, the respondents are

much aware regarding criticizing destructively the child’s physical appearance or ability

in front of other people. This is reflected in the weighted mean 3.92 and rank first. This

is followed by the indicator of forcing the child to reject social contact (wx= 3.71, rank

second) and they are aware on alienating the child in front of friends/visitors when child

misbehaves (wx= 3.44, rank third). The respondents are aware of the following

indicators on social abuse with shared rank of 4.5: isolating the child from family

members or friends when child misbehaves and instructing family members to

ignore/avoid continuously (for 2 days or more) the child when he/she misbehaves.

The least indicators in terms of rank mentioned in the table, the respondents are

aware of the social abuse of the child particularly disallowing the child to

talk/communicate with other children/friends when child misbehaves (wx= 2.82, rank

eight); prohibiting the child in attending family gatherings when child misbehaves (wx=

2.77); and the respondents asserted that they are less aware on the social abuse of the

child in preventing the child from choosing his/her own sets of friends (wx= 2.50, rank

ten).

The data suggest that respondents are much aware of the social abuse on the

child particularly criticizing destructively the child’s physical appearance or ability in front

39

of other people and forcing the child to reject social contact. While they are less aware

of the social abuse by way of preventing the child from choosing his/her own sets of

friends.

Table 2.D


Abuse Along Sexual Abuse


1. Touching the child in private parts.2. Making the child wear sexy/seductive clothes.3. Telling the child to pose naked or seductively before a camera/for a prize.4. Instructing the child to touch/kiss private parts of other person.5. Telling the child to dance sexily or seductively before guest/audience/in front of a camera or for a prize.6. Calling the child in indecent term.7. Forcing the child to strip naked to heighten or initiate sexual pleasure of others.8. Showing private parts to the child for lustful reasons.9. Dirty talking to the child to heighten or initiate sexual pleasure.10. Allowing child to be exposed or involved in prostitution.

4.483.764.63

4.53

4.44

4.034.56

4.794.63

4.71

MAMA

VMA

VMA

MA

MAVMA

VMAVMA

VMA

7103.5

6

8

95

13.5

2wx 4.46 MA

Legend:

Numerical Weight Interval Estimate Description5 4.51 – 5.50 Very Much Aware (VMA)

40

4 3.51 – 4.50 Much Aware (MA)3 2.51 – 3.50 Aware (A)2 1.51 – 2.50 Less Aware (LA)1 0.52 – 1.50 Not Aware (NA)

wx- weighted mean

D - description

In terms of sexual abuse of the child, the respondents’ level of awareness is

described as much aware. This is supported by the over-all weighted mean of 4.46 as

shown in Table 2.D.

Analyzing the details of the tables regarding sexual abuse, the respondents

claimed that they are very much aware about showing private parts to the child for

lustful reasons (wx= 4.79, rank first); allowing the child to be exposed or involved in

prostitution (wx= 4.71, rank second); telling the child to pose naked or seductively

before a camera/for a prize (wx= 4.63) and dirty talking to the child to heighten or initiate

sexual pleasure (wx= 4.63). These shared the rank of 3.5. They are also very much

aware on forcing the child to strip naked to heighten or initiate sexual pleasure (wx=

4.56, rank fifth).

This imply that respondents are very much aware regarding sexual abuse

particularly the showing of private parts to the child for lustful reasons, allowing the child

to be exposed or involved in prostitution and telling the child to pose naked or

seductively before a camera for a prize or dirty talking to the child to heighten or initiate

sexual pleasure.

41

The least indicators in terms of rank, though the respondents are still much

aware are the following: telling the child to dance sexily or seductively before

guests/audience/ in front of a camera or for a prize (wx= 4.44, rank eight); calling the

child in indecent term (wx= 4.03, rank nine); and making the child wear sexy or

seductive clothes (wx= 3.76, rank ten).

Correlation between the Respondents’ Profile, in terms of Age and Religion, Number of Years Being Parents and Family Income, and Educational Level, Personal Childhood Experience and Perception on Child Abuse, and their level of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse, in terms of Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, Social Abuse, and Sexual Abuse.

Problem 3

Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile and their level

of awareness on child abuse?

Null hypothesis

There is no significant correlation between the respondents’ profile and their level

of awareness on child abuse.

Table 3.A below shows the correlation between the respondents’ profile and their

level of awareness on child abuse.

Table 3.A

Correlation between the Respondents’ Profile and Their Level

42

of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse Along

Physical Abuse

Respondents’ ProfileLevel of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse Along Physical Abuse

r-value

Computed t-value

dfCritical t-value (0.05)

Decision

Age

Religion

Number of Years Being Parents

Family Income

Educational Level



0.054

0.310

0.595

0.297

0.353

0.596

0.612

0.223

1.220

3.052

0.984

1.4116

2.571

2.681

17

14

17

10

14

12

12

2.110

2.131

2.110

2.228

2.145

2.179

2.179

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Reject

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Reject

Ho: RejectLegend:

Interpretation for Correlation

Interval Estimate Interpretation

1.00 - Perfect Correlation 0.70 - 0.99 - Very High Correlation 0.40 - 0.69 - Substantial Correlation 0.20 - 0.39 - Low Correlation 0.01 - 0.19 - Negligible Correlation 0.00 - Zero/No Correlation

As gleaned from Table 3.A, the profiles of the respondents are correlated to their

level of awareness regarding child abuse along physical abuse. The respondents’ level

of awareness regarding physical abuse is significantly correlated to their profile as to

43

number of years being parents (t = 3.052 > 2.110, df = 17); to their personal childhood

experience on child abuse (t = 2.571 > 2.179, df = 12) and their perception on child

abuse. This is because the computed t-values exceeded than the tabular values at 0.05

level of significance. The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant

relationship between the profiles of the respondents as to number of years being

parents, personal childhood experience and perception on child abuse and their level of

awareness regarding child abuse in terms of physical abuse is rejected.

On the other hand, the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of physical

abuse is not significantly correlated to their profile as to age (t = 0.223 < 2.110, df = 17);

religion (t = 1.220 < 2.145, df = 14); family income (t = 0.984 < 2.228, df = 10); and their

educational level (t =1.4116 < 2.145, df = 14). This is due to the fact that the computed

t-values did not reached or exceed the required tabular t-values at 0.05 level of

significance. The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship

between the profiles of the respondents as to age, religion, family income and

educational level and their level of awareness regarding child abuse in terms of physical

abuse is accepted.

This implies that the number of years being parents of the respondents, their

personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child abuse are factors

or determinants of their level of awareness on child abuse along physical abuse. While

the respondents’ age, religion, family income and their educational level are not

determinants of their level of awareness on child abuse in terms of physical abuse.

44

Table 3.B

Correlation Between the Respondents’ Profile and Their Level


Emotional Abuse

Respondents’ ProfileLevel of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse Along Emotional Abuse

r-value

Computed t-value

DfCritical t-value (0.05)

Decision

Age

Religion


Family Income

Educational Level



0.012

0.181

0.327

0.766

0.569

0.556

0.722

0.049

0.688

1.426

3.768

2.589

2.317

3.614

17

14

17

10

14

12

12

2.110

2.131

2.110

2.228

2.145

2.179

2.179

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Legend:



1.00 - Perfect Correlation 0.70 - 0.99 - Very High Correlation 0.40 - 0.69 - Substantial Correlation

45

0.20 - 0.39 - Low Correlation 0.01 - 0.19 - Negligible Correlation 0.00 - Zero/No Correlation

As reflected in Table 3.B, there is significant relationship between the

respondents’ level of awareness on child abuse regarding emotional abuse and their

profile in terms of family income (t = 3.768 > 2.228, df = 10); educational level (t = 2.589

> 2.145, df = 14), personal childhood experience on child abuse (t = 2.317 > 2.179, df =

12) and perception on child abuse (t = 3.614 > 2.179, df = 12). This is supported by the

higher computed t-values than the required tabular values. This leads to the rejection of

the null hypothesis at 0.05 significance level.

The computed t-values between age and level of awareness in terms of

emotional abuse (t = 0.049 < 2.110, df = 17); religion (t = 0.688 < 2.145, df = 14) and

number of years being parents (t = 1.426 < 2.110, df = 17) are lesser than the required

tabular values at given degrees of freedom (df) at 0.05 level of significance. This means

the acceptance of the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant

relationship between the respondents’ profile in terms of age, religion and number of

years being parents and their level of awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse.

The data suggest that the respondents’ level of awareness on child abuse

regarding emotional abuse is related with their profile in terms of family income,

educational level, personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child

abuse. Whereas, their age, religion, number of years being parents are not factors to

affect their level of awareness on child abuse regarding emotional abuse.

46

Table 3.C



Social Abuse

Respondents’ ProfileLevel of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse Along Social Abuse

r-value

Computed t-value


Decision

Age

Religion


Family Income

Educational Level



0.839

0.387

0.218

0.996

0.582

0.812

0.684

6.357

1.570

0.921

35.258

2.678

4.819

3.248

17

14

17

10

14

12

12

2.110

2.131

2.110

2.228

2.145

2.179

2.179

Ho: Reject

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Legend:



1.00 - Perfect Correlation 0.70 - 0.99 - Very High Correlation 0.40 - 0.69 - Substantial Correlation

47

0.20 - 0.39 - Low Correlation 0.01 - 0.19 - Negligible Correlation 0.00 - Zero/No Correlation

As reflected in Table 3.C, the age of the respondents is significantly correlated to

their level of awareness on child abuse along social abuse (t = 6.357 > 2.110, df = 17),

respondents’ family income and level of awareness (t = 35.258 > 2.228, df = 10);

respondents’ educational level and level of awareness (t = 2.678 > 2.145, df = 14);

personal childhood experience on child abuse and level of awareness (t = 4.819 >

2.179, df = 12); and respondents’ perception on child abuse and their level of

awareness (t = 3.248 > 2.179, df = 12). This is because the computed t-values between

these variables exceeded than the required tabular t-values at its corresponding

degrees of freedom. The null hypothesis for this purpose is rejected at 0.05 level of

significance.

On the other hand, the respondents’ religion and number of years being parents

are not significantly correlated to their level of awareness on child abuse regarding

social abuse because the computed t-values of 1.570 is lesser than 2.145 and 0.921 is

lesser than 2.110 with the degrees of freedom of 14 and 17. The null hypothesis is

accepted for these findings at 0.05 level of significance.

The data imply that the respondents’ profile in terms of their age, family income,

educational level, personal childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child

abuse are factors or determinants that affect their level of awareness regarding child

abuse as to social abuse. However, respondents’ religion and number of years as

48

parents are not factors to affect their level of awareness about child abuse as to social

abuse.

Table 3.D



Sexual Abuse

Respondents’ ProfileLevel of Awareness Regarding Child Abuse Along Sexual Abuse

r-value

Computed t-value


Decision

Age

Religion


Family Income

Educational Level



0.276

0.402

0.266

0.201

0.599

0.541

0.904

1.184

1.642

1.137

0.649

2.799

2.228

7.326

17

14

17

10

14

12

12

2.110

2.131

2.110

2.228

2.145

2.179

2.179

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Accept

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Ho: Reject

Legend:



49

1.00 - Perfect Correlation 0.70 - 0.99 - Very High Correlation 0.40 - 0.69 - Substantial Correlation 0.20 - 0.39 - Low Correlation 0.01 - 0.19 - Negligible Correlation 0.00 - Zero/No Correlation

As reflected in Table 3.D, The null hypothesis which states that there is no

significant relationship between respondents’ level of awareness regarding child abuse

along sexual abuse and their educational level (t = 2.799 > 2.145, df = 14), personal

childhood experience on child abuse (t = 2.228 > 2.179, df = 12) and perception on child

abuse (t = 7.326 > 2.179) is rejected at 0.05 level of significance. This is because the

computed t-values between these variables exceeded the required tabular at 0.05 level

of significance.

This means that the respondents’ level of awareness on child abuse regarding

sexual abuse is associated with their profile in terms of educational level, personal

childhood experience on child abuse and perception on child abuse.

There is no significant relationship is observed between the respondents’ level of

awareness as to sexual abuse and their age (t = 1.184 < 2.110, df = 17), their religion (t

= 1.642 < 2.145, df = 14), number of years being parents (t = 1.137 < 2.110, df = 17)

and family income (t = 0.649 < 2.228, df = 10). This is due to the fact that the computed

t-values between variables are lesser than the required tabular at 0.05 level of

significance.

50

This implies that the respondents’ profile in terms of age, religion, number of

years being parents and gamily family income are not factors that influence their level of

awareness on the child abuse regarding sexual abuse.

Overall, regardless of the type of abuse be it physical, emotional, social and

sexual abuse, the level of awareness and the profile of the parents in terms of their

perception on child abuse and personal experience on child abuse are significantly

correlated.

Meaning that if the parents have personally experienced abuse as a child and

their understanding of what happened when they were abused are determinants of their

level of awareness of what constitutes child abuse.

The educational level of the parents is also a determinant to their level of

awareness regarding emotional, social and sexual child abuse.

51

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This Chapter presents the summary of the findings of this study, the conclusions drawn

from them, and the recommendations offered.

The presentation of the summary of the findings of this study is arranged according to

presentation of the problems in Chapter 1.

Summary

This research is descriptive – correlational. Its respondents were selected sixty two

parents of Purok Paglaum 2, Barangay Mangingisda. It made use of researchers – self-made

questionnaire. To statistically treat the data, weighted mean, and correlation ratio.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. age;

b. number of years being parents;

c. personal childhood experience on child abuse;

d. perception on child abuse;

e. family income;

f. educational level; and

g. religion;

2. What describes the level of awareness of respondents regarding child abuse?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile and the level of awareness

on child abuse?

52

Findings

The findings are summarized as follows:

1. 20.97 percent of the respondents have ages that are between the bracket of 30 –

34.

2. 76.19 percent claimed that they are Roman Catholic.

3. 12.79 percent of the respondents as being parents is 13 years.

4. 85.48 percent of the respondents are earning their living that is 5,999 and below.

5. 35.48 percent of them have reached high school level.

6. 93.55 percent of them have experience spanking, pinching, kicking or hitting.

7. 77.42 percent of them confirm that they understand that child abuse is

deliberately hurting a child causing injuries such as bruises, broken bones, burns or cuts.

8. The respondents are much aware regarding child abuse in the following areas:

physical abuse (wx= 3.55 MA) and sexual abuse (wx= 4.46 MA).

9. There is no significant relationship between the respondents’ profile in terms of

age, religion, family income, and educational level and the level of awareness on child abuse

along physical abuse while there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ profile in

terms of numbers of years being parents, personal childhood experience, and perception on

child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along physical abuse.


age, religion, and number of years being parents and the level of awareness on child abuse

along emotional abuse while there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ profile

in terms of family income, educational level, personal childhood experience and perception on

child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse.

53


religion and number of years being parents and the level of awareness on child abuse along

social abuse while there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ profile in terms of

age, family income, educational level, personal childhood experience, and perception on child

abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along social abuse.


age, religion, number of years being parents, and family income and the level of awareness on

child abuse along sexual abuse while there is a significant relationship between the

respondents’ profile in terms of educational level, personal childhood experience, and

perception on child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse along sexual abuse.

13. The general weighted mean that describes the level of awareness of

respondents regarding child abuse is wx= 3.55.

14. Null hypothesis is accepted on level of awareness regarding child abuse.

Conclusions

Based on the summary of the findings of this study the following conclusions have been

made:

1. The respondents are middle aged.

2. The respondents are Christians.

3. The respondents are being parents for 13 years already.

4. The respondents earn 5,999 and below for their living.

5. The respondents reach high school level of education.

6. The respondents have personally experience spanking, pinching, kicking and

hitting during their childhood.

7. The respondents are much aware that child abuse is more on physical abuse.

54

8. Respondents profile in terms of age, religion, family income, and educational

level do not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along physical abuse

while respondents profile in terms of numbers of years being parents, personal

childhood experience, and perception on child abuse influence the level of

awareness on child abuse along physical abuse.

9. Respondents profile in terms of age, religion, and number of years being parents

do not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse

while respondent’s profile in terms of family income, educational level, personal

childhood experience and perception on child abuse influence the level of

awareness on child abuse along emotional abuse.

10. Respondents’ profile in terms of religion and number of years being parents do

not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along social abuse while

respondents’ profile in terms of age, family income, educational level, personal


awareness on child abuse along social abuse.

11. Respondents’ profile in terms of age, religion, number of years being parents,

and family income do not influence the level of awareness on child abuse along

sexual abuse while respondents’ profile in terms of educational level, personal


awareness on child abuse along sexual abuse.

12. In general, the respondents are much aware regarding child abuse.

13. There is significant relationship between the respondents profile on personal

experience on child abuse and perception of child abuse and the respondents’

level of awareness of child abuse.

55

Recommendations

Considering the conclusions drawn from this study, the following recommendations are

offered for consideration:

1. Since the respondents are more aware on physical abuse because they personally experience spanking, pinching, kicking and hitting during their childhood, it is recommended that even if they haven’t experienced other types of abuse, they should be more aware also on emotional, social and sexual abuse by attending relevant seminars.

2. In as much as the respondents are middle aged, being parents for 13 years, and

reached high school level of education, they are able to be more aware on

physical and sexual abuse. Hence it is recommended that the respondents

should be middle aged, being parents for at least 13 years, and reach high

educational attainment to be able to be more aware also on emotional and social

abuse.

3. In as much as despite the respondents are more aware on physical and sexual

abuse still they are just aware on emotional and social abuse, it is recommended

that the respondents should undergo sessions such as home visit where they

can be more aware on awareness on emotional and social abuse.

4. In as much as the respondents profile (age; number of years being parents;

personal childhood experience on child abuse; perception on child abuse; family

income; educational level; and religion) are determinants of respondents level of

awareness on child abuse, it is suggested that the respondents should undergo

seminars which will train them to be more aware on other types of child abuse

aside from physical abuse.

5. There is a correlation but the profile on personal childhood experience on child

abuse and perception on child abuse and the level of awareness on child abuse.

56

Bibliography

A. Journal Reference

Walji-Moloo, Pervin, “Awareness and Views regarding Child Abuse and Child Rights in selected communities in Kenya”. (ANPPCAN; February 200) p2.

B. Electronic Reference

Yakat, Jay. “Child Protection in the Philippines”. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/save%20the%20children%20CP%20in%20the%20philippines%20030311_0.pdf. Nov. 26, 2014

Republic Act 7610

1987 Philippine Constitution

Virola, Romulo. “Abused Children”. www.ncsb.gov.ph, Nov. 26, 2015

Pinheiro, Paulo Sergio. “Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children”. http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/reports/SG_violencestudy_en.pdf Nov. 26, 2014

Buchart, Alexander Tony Kahane “Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence / World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf. Nov. 26, 2014

Zabanal ,Jay “Russian nabbed for molesting 2 girls in Palawan” http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/01/26/12/russian-nabbed-molesting-2-girls-palawan (January 26, 2012).

Santiago, Cecillia and Espernza Aya, “Awareness and Perception of Housewives in Selected Municipalities of Palawan Regarding R.A 9262 (Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004”. http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418706584.pdf Nov. 26, 2014.

Holy Trinity University

Appendix A

57

Letter of Permission to Conduct Study

October 30, 2014

HON. CAPT. ROMEO ELIJANBarangay CaptainBarangay MangingisdaPuerto Princesa City, 5300

Dear Sir:

Greeting of Peace!

The Group II, Level IV Students of Nursing Research 2 from the College of Nursing & Health Sciences, is about to conduct a research entitled “Parents’ Level of Awareness on Child Abuse.”

Objectives of the study as follows:1. To determine the extent of parental awareness on child abuse.2. To serve as the basis for the future plans of action by the society with regards to

the necessary actions for the betterment of the parental awareness on child abuse of the respondents.

In line with this, we would like to seek for your approval for us to conduct the research here in Bgy. Mangingisda, we are going to ask a minimum of 50 or maximum of 80 participants that are parents here in your barangay. Thus we assure that no name or any personal information will be disclosed to the public. We are looking forward to your favourable response!

Thank you and God bless!

Sincerely yours,

JAMIDA D. JAVAREZTeam Leader – Group IICollege of Nursing & Health SciencesHoly Trinity University

Noted by:

MARIA CELINA G. CASIS, RN, MSNCollege Dean College of Nursing & Health SciencesHoly Trinity University


Appendix B

58

Cover Letter

March, 2015

Dear Respondent:

We are conducting a study entitled “Level of Awareness of Parents

on Child Abuse”.

We are then asking for your cooperation by answering the questionnaire as

honestly as you can. We assure you that any information you would give will not affect

you in anyway and they will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

PAULA SARAH MAE M. COLBEGRAYZALYN T. EVANGELISTA

JAMIDA D. JAVAREZMANILYN L. RABANG

ALBERT M. TERBIO III

APPENDIX C

Study Questionnaire

59

HOLY TRINITY INIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND HEALTH

Puerto Princsa City, Palawan

Questionnaire for the Study entitled:

“Parents level of awareness on Child Abuse”

I. Profile of the Adolescent Parents:Instructions: Please fill in the blanks with the correct information.

Name (optional):_______________________________________

Age:______________________ Religion:__________________________

Instructions: Please check one box that best reflect your action.

A. Number of years being Parents: <1 year 1-3 years 4-7 years7-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years >20 years

B. Socioeconomic Status: High (monthly income Php. 15,000 & Above)

Middle (monthly income Php. 14,,999 & 6,000)

Low (monthly income Php. 5,999 & Below)

C. Educational Attainment: Elementary Level Elementary Graduate

High School Graduate High School Graduate

College Level College Graduate

A. Karanasan na kung saan ay nagkaroon ng personal na na-abuso nong kabataan.. Pinapalo/Kinukurot/Sinisipa/Sinusuntok.

60

Sinisigawan/Pinapahiya/Nilalait.

Pinagbabawalang makipag-usap sa ibang tao.

Sapilitang pinapagawa ng malalaswang bagay.

B. Pagkaunawa/Pagkaintindi sa Pang-aabuso : Nuuunawaan ko na ang pang aabuso sa mga bata ay pananakit na maaring maging sanhi ng mga pasa,bukol,pilay sugat at iba pa.

Nauunawaan ko na ang pang-aabuso sa bata ay ang patuloy na emosyonal na pang-aapi o emosyonal na kapabayaan.

Nauunawaan ko na ang pang-aabuso sa bata ay ang pagbawal na makipagusap o makipag komunikasyon sa mga kamag-anak, kaibigan, at iba pang tao

Nauunawaan ko na ang pang-aabuso sa bata ay pagpilit o hikayat upang makisali sa sekswal na gawain.

I. Kamalayan sa Pang-aabuso ng BataSukatan Paglalarawan:

5 (VMA) = Mas higit kong alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.4 (MA) = Higit kong alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.3 (A) = Alam ko na ito’y pang-aabuso sa bata.

61

2 (LA) = Medyo hindi ko alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.1 (NA) =Hindi ko alam na ito ay pang-aabuso sa bata.

Direksyon: Lagyan ng tsek ang sukatan ng kamalayan sa pang-aabuso sa bata na nagpapahiwatig ng iyong kasagutan.

Ayon sa aking kaalaman at sa aking pag-oobserba, ang mga sumusunod ay kalakip sa pang-aabuso sa bata:

Pagsukat sa Libel ng kaalaman

5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

A. Pisikal na Pang-aabuso

1. Pamamalo/Panghahampas sa bata gamit ang tsinelas, sinturon, walis kapag ito’y nang-aasar/makulit

2. Paghampas sa pwet o kahit saang parte ng katawan kapag ito’y nang-aasar/makulit

3. Paninipa sa bata kapag ito’y nang-aasar/makulit.

4. Paghila/Pagsabunot sa buhok ng bata kapag ito’y nang-aasar/makulit.

5. Pagpaluhod sa asin/kandila/monggo/bato at iba pa sa bata kapag ito’y nang-aasar/makulit.

6. Ikinukulong ang bata sa kwarto sa loob ng isang oras o higit pa kapag ito’y nang-aasar/makulit

7. Itinatali ang bata sa upuan o sa poste upang hindi makalayo o makapunta sa

62

ibang lugar.

8. Hindi pagbibigay ng pagkain sa bata kapag ito’y makulit.

9. Pagsasawalang bahala sa karamdaman ng bata (sakit ng ulo, tiyan at iba pa.)

10.Pagsasawalang bahala sa karamdaman ng bata (sakit ng ulo, tiyan at iba pa.)

Ayon sa aking kaalaman at sa aking pag-oobserba, ang mga sumusunod ay kalakip sa pang aabuso sa bata:


5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

B. Emosyonal na Pang-aabuso

1. Sinisigawan ang bata kung masama ang asal

2. Pagmumura sa bata kung ito ay maraskal.

3. Tinatawag na ugok ang bata kapag ito ay may ginagawang pagkakamali.

4. Tinatawag ang bata na “pangit” ,“malandi”, “pandak”, “nog-nog”, etc.

5. Singhalan ang bata kapag ito ay makulit/nangaasar

6. Bantaan ang bata kapag ito ay may ginawang maraskal (takotin na aalisin ang

63

kanyang alaga o sisirain ang paboritong laruan)

7. Pagpilit sa bata na pumili sa pagitan ng ina at ama kapag nag aaway ang magulang.

8. Paninisi sa bata kahit walang kasalanan.

9. Sabihan ang bata na ito ay iiwan at ipamimigay sa iba kung ito ay maraskal.

10.Pagsawalang kibo sa batang nababagabag/nababalisa

Total:

Ayon sa aking kaalaman at sa aking pag-oobserba, ang mga sumusunod ay kalakip sa pang-aabuso sa bata:


5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

C. Sosyal na Pang-aabuso

1. Ihiwalay ang bata mula sa myembro ng pamilya o mga kaibigan kapag ito ay maraskal/makulit.

2. Hindi pagpayag sa bata na makipag-usap/makipag-ugnayan sa ibang bata kapag ito ay makulit/maraskal.

3. Pagbabawal sa bata na dumalo sa pagtitipon ng pamilya kapag ito ay maraskal/makulit.

64

4. Pag-iwas sa bata sa pagpili ng kanyang kaibigan.

5. Pagbawalan ang bata makipagkita sa ibang tao.

6. Sabihan ang ibang myembro ng pamilya na wag pansinin ang bata tuloy tuloy ( 2 na araw o higit pa) kung ang bata ay makulit/maraskal.

7. Pagbawalan ang bata na maglaro sa loob o sa labas ng bahay kapag oras ng laro.

8. Ilayo ang loob/damdamin ng bata sa mga kaibigan/bisita/kamag-anak.

9. Panlalait sa bata sa harap ng ibang tao.

10.Pagpwersa sa bata na tanggihan ang pakikipag salamuha/pakikipag-usap sa ibang tao.

Total:

Ayon sa aking kaalaman at sa aking pag-oobserba, ang mga sumusunod ay kalakip sa pang aabuso sa bata:


5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

D. Sekswal na Pang-aabuso

1. Paghawak sa masisilang bahagi ng katawan ng bata.

65

2. Pagpapasuot ng malalaswa/ nakakapang-akit na damit sa bata.

3. Pag-utos sa batang mag hubad sa harap ng camera upang mag karoon ng premyo o iba pang bagay.

4. Pag-utos sa batang halikan o hawakan ang masisilang bahagi ng katawan ng ibang tao.

5. Pag-utos sa bata na sumayaw ng malalaswa at nakakapang-akit sa harap ng mga bisita/ibang tao o camera.

6. Pag tawag sa bata gamit ang malalaswang pangalan.

7. Pag pwersa sa batang sumayaw sa harap ng ibang tao upang maging simula ng pagtatalik o anumang sekswal na gawain.

8. Pagpapakita ng mga masisilang bahagi ng katawan sa bata.

9. Pakikipag-usap sa bata ng mga malalaswang bagay upang pagsimulan ng pagtatalik o anumang sekswal na gawain.

10.Payagan ang bata sa prostitusyong gawain.

Total:

66

HOLY TRINITY INIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND HEALTH

Puerto Princsa City, Palawan

Questionnaire for the Study entitled:

“Parents level of awareness on Child Abuse”

II. Profile of the Adolescent Parents:

67

Instructions: Please fill in the blanks with the correct information.

Name (optional):_______________________________________

Age:______________________ Religion:__________________________

Instructions: Please check one box that best reflect your action.

D. Number of years being Parents: <1 year 1-3 years 4-7 years7-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years >20 years

E. Socioeconomic Status: High (monthly income Php. 15,000 & Above)

Middle (monthly income Php. 14,,999 & 6,000)

Low (monthly income Php. 5,999 & Below)

F. Educational Attainment: Elementary Level Elementary Graduate

High School Graduate High School Graduate

College Level College Graduate

Instruct: Please check one or more box that best reflect your answer.

A. Personal childhood experience on child abuse:

Spanked/pinched/kicked/hit

Shouted/humiliated/embarrassed/criticized

Prohibited from communicating with the other people

68

Forced to engage in sexual act.

B. Perception on child abuse :

I understand that child abuse is deliberately hurting a child causing injuries such

as bruises, broken bones, burns, or cuts

I understand that child abuse is the ongoing emotional maltreatment or

emotional neglect of a child.

I understand that child abuse is preventing a child from having contact with

relatives, friends, service providers and other people or restricting the person’s

activities.

I understand that child abuse is forcing or persuading a child to take part in

sexual activities

III. Awareness on Child Abuse

Scale Description:

5 (VMA) = I am very much aware about it being child abuse4 (MA) = I am much aware about it being child abuse3 (A) = I am aware about it being child abuse2 (LA) = I am less aware about it being child abuse1 (NA) = I am not aware about it being child abuse

69

Directions: Place a check mark on the box to measure your level of awareness on

child abuse using the scale below.

Based on my knowledge and

observation, the following may

constitute child abuse:

MEASUREMENT OF LEVEL OF AWARENESS

5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

A. Physical Abuse

1.Hitting/beating the child with a belt, slipper, broomstick or the like when he/she mischievous

2.Slapping the child in the butt or anywhere in the body when he/she is mischievous.

3.Kicking the child when he/she is mischievous.

4.Pulling/grabbing the child’s hair or ears when he/she mischievous.

5. Making the child kneel on salt/monggo beans/pebbles/hot wax when he/she is mischievous.

Based on my knowledge and observation, the following may constitute child abuse:


5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

A. Physical Abuse

70

6.Locking the child in a room for an hour or so when he/she is mischievous.

7.Tying toddler or mischievous child to a chair or post so he/she does not go far/go away

8.Depriving the child ao snacks or meal when he/she misbehaves

9.Doing nothing to the child’s somatic complaints. (Headache, toothache, abdominal pain etc.)

10.Leaving infants / toddlers / preschool / schooler / adolescent at home for hours or so to attend meetings or social gatherings





5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

B. Emotional Abuse

71

1. Shouting/yelling at the child for misbehaviour or mischief

2. Cursing the child for misbehaviour or mischief

3. Calling the child stupid or simpleton when he/she makes mistake.

4. Calling the child “ugly”, “flirt”, “shorty”, “nog-nog”.etc.

5. Snarling at the mischievous child

6. Blackmailing the child when he/she misbehaves. (threatening to remove child’s pet, destroying favourite/ cherished objects)

7. Pressuring child to choose between the mother and father when parents quarrel.

8. Blaming the child needlessly.

9. Telling the child that he/she will be abandoned/given to others/sold when he/she is mischievous.

10.Ignoring or indifferent to the child who is in distress or in need.





5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

C. Social Abuse

72

1. Isolating the child from family

members or friends when child

misbehaves.

2. Disallowing the child to

talk/communicate with other

children/friends when child

misbehaves.

3. Prohibiting the child in

attending family gatherings when

child misbehaves.

4. Preventing the child from

choosing his/her own sets of

friends.

5. Disallowing the child from

meeting other people.

6. Encouraging the child to reject

friends or social

contact/invitations.

7.Disallowing the child to play

with other inside or outside the.

73

8. Alienates child in front of

friends/visitors when child

misbehaves

9.Criticizing destructively the

child’s physical appearance or

ability in front of other people.

10.Disallowing child to participate

in community activities when

misbehave.





5

(VMA)

4

(MA)

3

(A)

2

(LA)

1

(NA)

74

D. Sexual Abuse

1. Touching the child in private parts.

2. Making the child wear

sexy/seductive clothes.

3. Telling the child to pose naked or

seductively before a camera/for a

prize

4. Instructing the child to touch/kiss

private parts of other person.

5. Telling the child to dance sexily or

seductively before guest/audience/in

front of a camera or for a prize.

6. Calling the child in indecent term.

7. Forcing the child to strip naked to

heighten or initiate sexual pleasure of

others.

8.Showing private parts to the child

for lustful reasons.

75

9. Dirty talking to the child to heighten

or initiate sexual pleasure.

10. Allowing child to be exposed

involved in prostitution.

Appendix DCurriculum Vitae

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

CURRICULUM VITAE

76

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Colbe, Paula Sarah Mae M.

Date of Birth: May 25, 1992

Place of Birth: Poblacion San Vicente, Palawan

Address: Bgy. San Pedro, Puerto Princesa City

Father: Colbe, Sergio A.

Mother: Colbe, Euvica M.

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

Primary: San Vicente Central School

(1999-2005)

Secondary: San Vicente National High School

(2005-2009)

Tertiary: Holy Trinity University

(2009-2015)


CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Evangelista, Grayzalyn T.

Date of Birth: January 14, 1994

77

Place of Birth: Balabac Palawan.

Address: Brgy. Mandaragat New Buncag Puerto Princesa City Palawan.

Father: Evangelista, Urbano R.

Mother: Toroy, Lailane

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary: Balabac Central School

Balabac Palawan

(2001-2006)

Secondary: Balabac National School

Balabac Palawan

(2006)

Palawan National School

Puerto Princesa City Palawan

(2007-2010)

Tertiary: Palawan State University

Puerto Princesa City Palawan

(2010-2011)


Puerto Princesa City Palawan.

(2011-2015)


CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Javarez, Jamida D.

78

Date of Birth: December 1, 1994

Place of Birth: Puerto Princesa City

Address: Employee’s Village, Brgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

Father: Javarez, Jamero R.

Mother: Javarez, Darleen D.


Primary: Holy Trinity University

(2003-2007)

Secondary: Holy Trinity University

(2007-2011)


(2011-2015)


CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Rabang, Manilyn L.

Date of Birth: February 12, 1994

79

Place of Birth: Roxas Palawan

Address: Brgy. Tiniguiban Puerto Princesa City Palawan.

Father: Rabang, Romy L.

Mother: Rabang, Marianita L.


Primary: New Cuyo Elementary School

(2001-2006)

Secondary: Roxas National Comprehensive High School

(2006-2010)


(2011-2015)


CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Terbio, Albert M.

Date of Birth: May 1, 1990

80

Place of Birth: Guam, USA

Address: Lexus Terminal New Market, Brgy. San Jose, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

Father: Terbio, Albert A.

Mother: Terbio, Ruby M.


Primary: Wettengel Elementary School

(1995-2001)

Secondary: Benevente Middle School

(2001-2004)

John F. Kennedy High School

(2004-2008)

Okkodo High School

(2008-2009)


(2010-2015)

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chapter 1 -5 updated to past tense

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