chapter 1
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 1. The Human Body: An Orientation. Overview. Anatomy Topics of Anatomy Gross Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy. Overview (continued). Anatomy Topics of Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Cytology Histology Developmental Anatomy Embryology. Overview (continued). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Overview•Anatomy
–Topics of Anatomy
•Gross Anatomy
–Regional Anatomy
–Systemic Anatomy
Overview (continued)•Anatomy–Topics of Anatomy•Microscopic Anatomy–Cytology–Histology•Developmental Anatomy–Embryology
Overview (continued)•Anatomy (continued)
–Topics of Anatomy (cont)
•Pathological Anatomy
•Molecular Anatomy
•Radiographic Anatomy
Overview (continued)• Physiology
–Topics of Physiology
•Chemistry
•Physics
•Complimentarity of Structure and Function
Structural Organization•Chemical Level•Molecular Level•Cellular Level• Tissue Level•Organ Level•Organ System Level•Organism Level
Function:Function: Protection
Components: Components: Epidermis & DermisFinger nails/toe nailsHair; Sweat glands
Organ Systems
Integumentary Integumentary
SystemSystem
Function:Function: supports the body, protects internal organs & provides attachment sites for muscles.Components: Components: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Skeletal Skeletal SystemSystem
Function:Function: provide support, movement, and maintain postureOrgans/Organs/Components: Components: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle, tendons
Muscular Muscular SystemSystem
Function:Function: transport nutrients, gases, hormones and wastes through the body
Organ Systems Circulatory Circulatory SystemSystem
Organs: Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood
Function:Function: directs behavior & movement, and, with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes Organs: Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Nervous Nervous SystemSystem
Function:Function: provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment for the organs.Organs: Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs. Bronchi, diaphragm
RespiratorRespiratory Systemy System
Function:Function: breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance
Organs: Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
Digestive Digestive SystemSystem
Function:Function: filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water
Organs: Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Excretory Excretory SystemSystem
Function:Function: relay chemical messages through the body and in conjunction with the nervous system, these hormones help control physiological processes
Organs: Organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, ovaries/testes, and adrenal glands
Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem
Function:Function: manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the female, also houses the fetus as it develops.Organs: Organs: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glandstestes, seminal vesicles and penis
ReproductivReproductive Systeme System
Maintenance of Life• Functional Characteristics
–Maintenance of Boundaries
–Movement
–Responsiveness
–Digestion
Maintenance of Life• Functional Characteristics
–Metabolism
–Excretion
–Reproduction
–Growth
Maintenance of Life• Survival Needs–Nutrients–Water–Body Temperature–Atmospheric Pressure–Oxygen
Homeostasis•Control Mechanisms
–Control Center… set point
–Receptor… stimulus/afferent pathway
–Effector… feedback/efferent pathway
Homeostasis•Negative Feedback Mechanisms–Most common types–Causes change opposite stimulus … limits severe/sudden change–Body temp, blood levels, heart rate, blood pressure
Homeostasis• Positive Feedback
Mechanisms–Rare occurrences–Causes an increase to the initial stimulus–Blood clotting, labor contractions
Make a full-page diagram of the Elements of a Control System, Fig. 1.4, p. 13.
Make a full-page, enhanced diagram of the Regulation of blood glucose, Fig 1.5, p. 14.
Answer Review Questions 1-4, 10-14 & 20 on p. 23.
End of material for Test 1a
Language of Anatomy•Anatomical Position
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
Language of Anatomy•Anatomical Position
•Directional Terms
–Table 1.1, p. 16
InferiorInferior: below
DistalDistal:: toward the fingers
or toes
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsSuperiorSuperior: above
ProximalProximal: towards the attachment of a limb
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional Terms
MedialMedial: near to the midline
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsAnteriorAnterior: near to or at the front
PosterorPosteror: near to or at the back
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsSuperficialSuperficial: toward the surfaceDeepDeep: Away from the surface
Language of Anatomy•Anatomical Position
•Directional Terms
–Table 1.1, p. 16
•Regional Terms
–Figure 1.6
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional TermsCranialCranial: towards the
headCaudalCaudal: towards the feet/buttocksMedialMedial: towards the mid-lineLateralLateral: towards or from the side
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional Terms
PlantarPlantar: toward or on the soles of the feet
PalmarPalmar: toward or on the palm of the hand
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
a. Abdominal
b. Axillary c. Brachial
d. Carpal e. Cervical
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
f. Femoral
g. Orbital
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
h. Dorsum
i. Lumbar
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
j. Popiteal
l. Calcaneusk. Sural
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
divide the body
Language of Anatomy• Body Planes and Sections–Sagittal Plane•Midsagittal plane•Parasagittal plane
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
•Sagittal PlanesSagittal Planes
(Median Planes)(Median Planes)divide the body into a right and a left half
• mid sagittalmid sagittaldivides body
into equal right and left sides
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
•Sagittal PlanesSagittal Planesdivide the body into a right and a left half
• Parasagittal Parasagittal (Paramedian)(Paramedian)divides body into unequal right
and left sides
Language of Anatomy• Body Planes and Sections–Sagittal Plane•Midsagittal plane•Parasagittal plane–Frontal Plane (coronal)
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
•Frontal or Frontal or CoronalCoronal
divides the body into a front and a back
Language of Anatomy• Body Planes and Sections–Sagittal Plane•Midsagittal plane•Parasagittal plane–Frontal Plane (coronal)–Transverse Plane (cross sect)
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
divides the body into upper and lower portions
•Transverse Transverse (axial/horizonta(axial/horizontal)l)
Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and
Membranes
–Dorsal Body Cavity
•Cranial Cavity
•Vertebral Cavity
Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes–Ventral Body Cavity•Thoracic Cavity–Pleural Cavity (2)–Mediastinum•Abdominopelvic Cavity
CranialCranialCavityCavity
ThoracicThoracic
PericardiPericardialal
AbdominAbdominalal
PelviPelvicc
SpinalSpinal
BodyBodyCavitiesCavities
DorsaDorsall
VentralVentral
Abdomino-Abdomino-pelvicpelvic
Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes
–Serosa (serous membrane)
•Parietal Serosa
–Covers cavity walls
Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes•Visceral Serosa–Covers organs•Parietal/Visceral Pericardia•Parietal/Visceral Pleurae•Parietal/Visceral Peritoneums
Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and
Membranes
–Serosa (serous membrane)
•Serous Fluid
–Pleurisy
–Peritonitis
Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes–Oral Cavity–Nasal Cavity–Orbital Cavity–Middle Ear Cavities–Synovial Cavities
Language of Anatomy•Abdominal Regions and
Quadrants
–Abdominal Regions
•Umbilical Region
•Epigastric Region
•Hypogastric Region
Language of Anatomy•Abdominal Regions and
Quadrants
–Abdominal Regions
•R/L Iliac (Inguinal)
•R/L Lumbar
•R/L Hypochondriac
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
Language of Anatomy•Abdominal Regions and
Quadrants–Abdominal Quadrants•RUQ--Right Upper Quad•LUQ--Left Upper Quad•RLQ--Right Lower Quad•LLQ--Left Lower Quad
ABDOMINOPELVICABDOMINOPELVIC
QUADRANTSQUADRANTS
Right Upper Right Upper QuadrantQuadrant(RUQ)(RUQ)
Right Lower Right Lower QuadrantQuadrant(RLQ)(RLQ)
Left Upper Left Upper QuadrantQuadrant(LUQ)(LUQ)
Left Lower Left Lower QuadrantQuadrant(LLQ)(LLQ)
Answer Review Questions
Page 23, #’s 5-9, 15-19 & 21
Make a full page, enhanced diagram of
Fig. 1.9, 1.10a, and 1.11