Group 1Group 1

Chapter 1 and Chapter 2

WHAT IS RESEARCHA somewhat intimidating term for some, is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situation factors.

Business research

as an organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with purpose of finding answers or solutions to it

Types of business research

Applied research•To solve a current problem•Demanding a time solution•To take a corrective actionExp: Research about a financial decision.

Basic Research•To generate body of knowledge by tying how certain problem that occur in orgnization.Exp: Research about employee performance

Manager and research

I Must Know About

research

To identify problem situations

Know how to discriminate good from bad research

To interact effectively with the external researches

Manager and researchesTo interact most effectively with

researches

Specifying the role and contains

Congruence in the value systems

Roles and expectations made explicit

Relevant philosophies and value system of the organization are clearly stated

Manager and Research1. Identify and effectively solve minor problems in the work setting.2. Know how to discriminate good from bad research.3. Appreciate and be constantly aware of the multiple influences and

multiple effects of factors impinging on a situation.4. Take calculated risks in decision making, knowing full well the

probabilities associated with the different possible outcomes.5. Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their influence in a

situation.6. Relate to hired researchers and consultants more effectively.7. Combine experience with scientific knowledge while making decisions.

Manager and researches

Simply conclusion from our discuss, Research is a process to solve a problem by analyzing all the factors of the situation and observations made concatenated.

And as a Manager, knowledge of research will help us to know how to solve the problem, collect relevant information, analyze the data properly and quickly, and can interact with

the research consultant.

Role of Ethics and business research• Refers to code of conduct or expected societal norm• Begins with the person instituting the research, who

should do so in good faith, pay attention to what the result indicate, and surrounding ego.

• Behavior researches who conduct the investigation• Participant who provide the data• Analyst who provide the result• The entire team that present the interpretation of

the result.

Scientific Research

Scientific research solving problems and pursues a step-by-step logical, organized, and rigorous method to identify the problems, gather data, analyze them, and draw valid conclusions from them.•Scientific investigation tends to be more objective than subjective

Scientific Investigation Non Scientific Investigation

Systematic and Objective Subjective

Based on the information that have been produced in previous studies

emotions and feelings of the research is conducted

Exp: Thesis Exp: financial research

Eight Hallmark of Scientific Research

Purposiveness

Scientific Research

Rigor

Testability

Replicability

Precision and confidence

Objectivity

Generalizability

Parsimony

We Shall examine how the eight hallmarks of science apply to the investigation, so that it may be considered “Scientific”

The Building Block of Science

Refinement of theory Refinement of theory (pure research)(pure research)

OrOrImplementationImplementation

(applied research)(applied research)

Theoretical framework orTheoretical framework orNetwork ofNetwork ofassociationassociation

Interpretation Interpretation of dataof data

Research Research DesignDesign

Analysis of Analysis of datadata

Construct Concepts Construct Concepts Operational definitionsOperational definitions

Data Data CollectionCollection

ObservationObservationIdentification of Identification of

problem areaproblem area

HypothesesHypotheses

◦ Science Methods

• Deductive

• Inductive

• Deductive-Inductive

Seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive method

• Identify a broad problem area• Define the problem statement• Develop Hypotheses• Determine measure• Data Collection• Data Analysis• Interpretation of data

INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION METHOD

Inductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning Deductive ReasoningDeductive Reasoning

OBSERVATION/ EXPERIMENTOBSERVATION/ EXPERIMENT

PARADIGM/ THEORYPARADIGM/ THEORY

GENERALIZATIONGENERALIZATION PREDICTIONPREDICTION

SpecificCase(s)

Deductive

InductiveGeneral RulesOr Principles

Research in management areas is not always scientific

• In management and social sciences is not always possible to conduct scientific investigation 100%. This is mainly difficulties encountered in the measurement and data collection in the field of subjective such as :

Feelings Emotions Attitudes Perceptions

Alternative perspective on what makes good research• Postivism- Research is seen as the way to get the truth- Concern with the rigor and replicability• Contrutionism- Do not search for the objective truth- Interested in how people views of the world• Critical Realism- Combination of the belief in an external reality (an objective truth) with the rejection of

the claim that this external reality can be objectively measured- Observation will always be subject to interpretation• Pragmatism- Process where concept are generalization of past action- Interaction already had with environment

Advantage of knowledge about different perspective

• Help the researches to get the truth about the subject of the research

• Able to determine the best method to do research• Able to know the steps and coverage needs to be

done in research