chapter 1 - introductionsite.iugaza.edu.ps/mabualtayef/files/re-ch07.pdf · economic issues •...

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Biomass Energy

Associate Professor Mazen Abualtayef Environmental Engineering Department

Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine

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Adapted from a presentation by

Professor S.R. Lawrence Leeds School of Business, Environmental Studies

University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

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Biomass Agenda

• Bioenergy Overview

• Biomass Resources

• Creating Energy from Biomass

• Biomass Economics

• Biomass Environmental Issues

• Promise of Bioenergy

• Ethanol Production

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BioEnergy Overview

Overview

• Biomass is biological material from living organisms.

Biomass can either be used directly or converted into

other energy products such as biofuel.

• Biomass is plant matter used to generate electricity with

steam turbines and gasifiers or produce heat, usually by

direct combustion. Examples include forest residues

(dead trees & branches), yard clippings, wood chips and

municipal solid waste.

• Biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be

converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals,

including biofuels. Industrial biomass can be grown from

switchgrass, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo, or

from eucalyptus الكافور, palm oil. 5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass

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Global Energy Sources

2002

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

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Renewable Energy Use

– 2001


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Bioenergy Cycle

http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

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Bioenergy Cycle


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Carbon Cycle


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Commercial Carbon Cycle

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Biomass Basic Data


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Solar Energy Conversion


1 hectare = ~2.5 acres

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Boiling 1L of Water


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Bioenergy Technologies


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Biomass Resources

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Types of Biomass

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Biomass Resources

• Energy Crops

– Woody crops

– Agricultural crops

• Waste Products

– Wood residues

– Temperate المعتدلة crop wastes

– Tropical االستوائية crop wastes

– Animal wastes

– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

– Commercial and industrial wastes http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html

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Corn ذرة

http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/corn.html

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Soybeans فول الصويا

http://agproducts.unl.edu/

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Sorghum الذرة الرفيعة

http://www.okfarmbureau.org/press_pass/galleries/grainSorghum/

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Sugar Cane Bagasse

السكر تفل قصب

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html

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Switchgrass التبن


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Olive Residue الجفت


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Corn Stover حطب الذرة


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Wood Chips & Sawdust

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html http://www.energytrust.org/RR/bio/

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Tracy Biomass Plant

Truck unloading wood chips that will fuel

the Tracy Biomass Plant, Tracy, California.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html

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Municipal Solid Waste

http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg

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Creating Energy

from Biomass

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Bioenergy Conversion


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Biomass Direct

Combustion


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Heat Energy Content


1 GJ (gigajoule) = 277.78 kWh (kilowatt hour)

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MSW Power Plant


Video

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Composition of MSW


Paper 8% Glass

2% Metals 3%

Plastics 18%

Organics 35%

Other 34%

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Integrated Waste Plant


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EU MSW Incineration


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Landfill Gasses


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Biorefinery مصفاة حيوية

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html

biochemical

conversion

processes

thermochemical

conversion

processes

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Sugar Platform

1. Convert biomass to sugar or other fermentation feedstock مواد أولية مخمرة

2. Ferment biomass intermediates using biocatalysts تخمر الكتلة الحيوية بواسطة التحفيز البيولوجي

• Microorganisms including yeast and bacteria

3. Process fermentation product

• Yield fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels, chemicals, heat and/or electricity

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/proj_biochemical_conversion.html

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Thermochemical Platform

• Direct Combustion

• Gasification التحويل للغاز

• Pyrolysis االنحالل الحراري

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/thermochemical_platform.html

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Gasification

• Biomass heated with no oxygen

• Gasifies to mixture of CO and H2

– Called “Syngas” for synthetic gas غاز اصطناعي

• Mixes easily with oxygen

• Burned in turbines to generate electricity

– Like natural gas (methane, CH4)

• Can easily be converted to other fuels,

chemicals, and valuable materials

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Biomass Gasifier

• 200 tons of wood

chips daily

• Forest thinnings رقيق;

wood pallets

• Converted to gas at

~1000 ºC

• Combined cycle gas

turbine

• 8MW power output McNeil Generating Station

biomass gasifier – 8MW


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Pyrolysis االنحالل الحراري

• Heat bio-material under pressure

– 500~1300 ºC

– 50~150 atmospheres

– Carefully controlled air supply

• Up to 75% of biomass converted to liquid

• Tested for use in engines, turbines, boilers

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

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Pyrolysis Schmatic

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

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Anaerobic Digestion

• Decompose تعفن biomass with microorganisms

– Closed tanks known as anaerobic digesters

– Produces methane (natural gas) and CO2

• Methane-rich biogas can be used as fuel or as

a base chemical for biobased products

• Used in animal feedlots حظائر and elsewhere

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html

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Carbon Rich Platform

• Natural plant oils such as soybean, corn, palm oils

– In wide use today for food and chemical applications

• Transesterification توزيع الجزيئيات التبادلي of vegetable oil

or animal fat produces fatty acid methyl ester

– Commonly known as biodiesel.

• Biodiesel is an important commercial air-emission

reducing additive / substitute for diesel fuel

– could be platform chemical for biorefineries مصافي البيولوجية


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BioFuels

• Ethanol

– Created by fermentation of starches النشويات /sugars

– US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005)

– Active research on cellulosic fermentation

• Biodiesel

– Organic oils combined with alcohols

– Creates ethyl or methyl esters

• SynGas Biofuels

– Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or liquid fuel similar to diesel

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html

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Biodiesel Bus


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Plant Products Platform

• Selective breeding and genetic engineering can develop plant strains that produce greater amounts of desirable feedstocks or chemicals or

• Even compounds that the plant does not naturally produce

• Get the biorefining done in the biological plant rather than the industrial plant.


Microbial electrolysis

cell خلية التحليل الكهربائي الميكروبي

Biochemical conversion

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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Microbial_electrolysis_cell.png

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Biomass

Economics

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Economic Issues

• Sustainable Development

– Move toward sustainable energy production

• Energy Security

– Reduce dependence on imported oil

• Rural Economic Growth

– Provide new crops/markets for rural business

• Land Use

– Better balance of land use

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

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Environmental

Impacts

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Environmental Issues

• Air Quality

– Reduce NOx (NO & NO2 ) and SO2 emissions

• Global Climate Change

– Low/no net increase in CO2

• Soil Conservation

– Soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration تنحية, and stabilization of riverbanks.

• Water Conservation

– Better retention of water in watersheds

• Biodiversity and Habitat

– Positive and negative changes http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

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Heat and CO2 Content


1 gigajoule = 277.78 kilowatt hour

1 gigajoule = 947,817.078 Btu

1,000,000 British thermal unit (Btu) = 293.07 kilowatt hour

http://www.onlineconversion.com/energy.htm

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Net Life Cycle Emissions


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Promise of

Bioenergy

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Biomass Infrastructure

• Biomass Production Improvements

– Genetics, breeding, remote sensing, GIS,

analytic and evaluation techniques

• Biomass Material Handling

– Storage, handling, conveying, size reduction,

cleaning, drying, feeding systems, systems

• Biomass Logistics and Infrastructure

– Harvesting, collecting, storing, transporting,

other biomass supply chain elements

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html

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Multiple benefits would accrue:

www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/NRDC-Growing-Energy-Final.3.pdf.

Benefits of Bioenergy

• Rural American farmers producing these fuel crops would see $5 billion of increased profits per year.

• Consumers would see future pump savings of $20 billion per year on fuel costs.

• Society would see CO2 emissions reduced by 6.2 billion tons per year, equal to 80% of U.S. transportation-related CO2 emissions in 2002.

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Bioenergy Forecasts


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One Scenario

Michael Totten, Conservation International, January 27, 2006

Semi-Efficient, Ambitious Renewable Energy Scenario

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Ethanol Production

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Ethanol Yields


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Ethanol Production Plant


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Ethanol Production

• Corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to expose the starch

• The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis.

• Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol.

• The ethanol is separated from the mixture by distillation and the water is removed from the mixture using dehydration

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Ethanol Production

• Energy content about 2/3 of gasoline

– So E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) will

cause your gas mileage to decrease 3-4%

• Takes energy to create ethanol from

starchy sugars

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Corn Use for Ethanol

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Cellulosic Ethanol

• Ethanol produced from agricultural

residues, woody biomass, fibers,

municipal solid waste, switchgrass

• Process converts lignocellulosic feedstock

(LCF) into component sugars, which are

then fermented to ethanol

Source: American Coalition for Ethanol (http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACERFSSummary.pdf)

Bioenergy Calculation

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Composition Percent % kJ/kg Total

Paper 7.73 16,750 1,295

Plastic 18.29 32,500 5,944

Food waste 26.56 4,650 1,235

Wood and yard 8.52 18,600 1,585 *Others 14.92 15,000 2,238 Ferrous 2.47 0 0 Aluminium 0.06 0 0 Glass 1.93 0 0

Sand/fine materials 14.41 0 0 Other inorganics 5.11 0 0 Total 100.00 12,297 kJ/kg

kJ --> kWh 0.000278 Throughput: 100 tons/day

Thermal Power : 14.2 MW/hour Electricity Efficiency : 7.5 % 5-10% for a "normal" design Nomimal power gen : 1.1 MWe/hour [450 MWh/day]

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Landfill Gas Costs


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