CHAPTER 1SECTION 1,2,3

1: Human Origins in Africa 2: Humans Try to Control Nature 3: Civilizations Develop

Human Origins in Africa

Chapter 1 Section 1

Humans migrate throughout much of the world and begin to develop tools, art, agriculture and cities.

KEY

What is Prehistory?

Time BEFORE the invention of writing, so about 5,000+ years ago

So how do historians study prehistory?

Several occupations specialize in investigating what happened in the “before history” period: archeologists, anthropologists, and paleontologists.

ARCHEOLOGISTS…learn about the earliest people through excavating their settlements. They utilize bones and artifacts to come up with theories about how humans lived in the past.

Examples? How does this system work?

ARTIFACTSMAN MADE OBJECTS SUCH AS…….

Archaeology Artifacts

Prehistoric Artifact Modern Counterpart

Lithic (stone) knife ScalpelBone fishhook Steel fishhook

Conch shell ladle Stainless steel ladleNutting stone Nutcracker

Mortar and pestle Blender

Clay pipe Tobacco pipeHammerstone Hammer

Stone drill Steel drill bits

Bone needle Sewing machine

Grass slipper Tennis shoes

Stone axe Steel axe

Chunkey stones Sports ballsShell spoon Stainless steel spoon

Lithic Knife Nutting Stone

Hammerstone

Chunkey Stones

EXAMPLE SCENARIOYou are an archeologist you find remains of a civilization where all the houses are of equal sizes, with musical instruments, and large walls built around the city.

What can you deduce?

ClothingStone age humans made warm clothes out of animal skin and fur. They also created jewelry from animal teeth and shells, which they would use to exchange with individuals from other tribes.

ANTHROPOLOGISTSStudy the cultures of ancient peoples. They use artifacts and other sources of information to learn about the life style, social dynamics, beliefs, and values historical cultures possessed.

PALEONTOLOGISTSPaleontologists study fossils: the living remains of organisms (including humans) found in rock. They analyze human development over time and discover how species interacted, and how they went extinct.

Mary Leakey and Foot printsMary Leakey and her team would go on to find footprints of the earliest hominids (creatures that walk upright on two feet) in Africa in 1978.

3,600,000 years old! (3.6 million years!)

LUCY4 years earlier, in 1974, Donald Johanson’s team discovered the skeleton of the first female hominid. Archeologists predicted that she had been around as early as 3.5 million years ago.

LUCYArdiUncovered in Ethiopia, at 4.4 million years old, becomes the oldest remains to be found. Ardi, unlike chimps, moved around upright on two legs on the ground.

Not in textbook,because of publishing date.

Ardi

The earliest genetic ancestors of human beings were called australopithecines.

THE STONE AGES

Refers to 2.5 million years ago to 3,000 BC

The Paleolithic is the Old Stone Age The Neolithic is the New Stone Age

PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC

*Mesolithic

PALEOLITHICOLD STONE AGE

NEOLITHICNEW STONE AGE

LIFE STYLE Hunting and gathering

Sedentary, farming settlements

GOVERNANCE Leaders are elders of society

Military and religious leaders emerge

ECONOMY No sense of private property.

Concept of private property emerges.

KEY DISCOVERIES Religion Agricultural

Revolution

Cave Paintings in the Paleolithic Era

No Agreement about the Meaning1. Spirituality: paintings for shamans and religious

purposes. 2. Art for arts sake. 3. Hunting Information: Pictures provide images

for hunters in regards to animals they need to hunt for.

4. Marking territory. 5. Initiation rites: Children when reaching a certain

age would be taken to the cave to see the paintings.

The HOMO-HABILISThe group following australopithecines was the new hominids (or transitional humans) that a appeared in Africa 2.5 million years later.

One of the earliest new hominids was known as Homo Habilis, “Man of skill”, since they utilized tools to survive.

The HOMO-ERECTUSVaguely translates to “upright man”. Some anthropologists suggest that the Homo erectus was more advanced than the Homo habilis.

-They migrated from Africa

-First to use fire -May have developed the first spoken language

NEANDERTHALS-Very powerful build

-Developed religious rituals

-Shorter than Homo sapiens (to adapt to cold weather)

-Built boats

-How and why they went extinct is a mystery.

CRO-MAGNONS-About 5”1 tall,

-Identical to contemporary human beings in terms of appearance

-Planned hunting, which was very different from neanderthals

-Spoke more than neanderthals

The HOMO SAPIENSThe Homo erectus would eventually develop into what human beings are today, Homo sapiens.

-Means “wise men”

-Physically very similar to the Homo erectus, however, has a much larger brain.

Why Homo-Sapiens?Not only were homo sapiens “smarter” with a larger brain, but they also had a greater social network of relying on each other. This social network may have helped humans survive during times the neanderthals and cro-magnons could not.

Australopithecines 4 to 1 million BC

First human like create to walk up right, brain size 500mm (3)

Homo habilis 2.5 to 1 million BC

First to use stone tools, brain size 700cm (3)

Homo erectus 1.5 million to 30,000 BC

Predescesors to Homo sapiens, brain size 1,000mm (3)

Neanderthals 200,000 to 30,000 BC

First to have ritual burials, brain size 1,450cm (3) (Debated)

Cro-Magnon 40,000 to 8,000 BC

Created art, brain size 1,400mm (3)

Homo sapiens*Debated

250,000 to present

The only surviving genus of the homo. Earliest Homo sapiens or

humans are found in modern day Africa

HOMO ERECTUS

HOMO SAPIENS

HOMO HABILIS

Humans try to Control Nature

Chapter 1 Section 2

40,000 years ago, Homo sapiens began to look very similar to modern humans.

Development of agriculture greatly increases the population.

Why is this? How does this relate to society today?

EARLY ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY-The earliest groups were nomads that hunted and gathered. -In order to survive they created weapons to hunt down animals and various tools to butcher animals and to sew their hides into clothing.

SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTUREThis was done by clearing land by cutting and burning trees, then moving on to new soil every 1-2 years. It was not a sustainable method of farming because the nutrients in the soil could not be replenished.

SLASH AND BURN TODAYStill utilized in various locations today and has resulted in massive deforestation and soil erosion. It is especially common in central Africa, northern South America and Southeast Asia.

DOMESTICATIONDomestication refers to the taming of wild animals such as horses, dogs, goats, and pigs. It was a critical breakthrough for human beings because domestication meant a constant food source was available.

Villages Grow Around the World

Places near rivers prosper. -Africa: Near the Nile River

-China: Near the Yellow River

-Central America: An increase in beans and squash.

-Peru: Growth in tomatoes, sweet potatoes and white potatoes.

Neolithic Ice ManIn 1991, two German hikers accidentally discovered the remains of a prehistoric man that had been there for over 5000 years.

He was nicknamed the “Ice Man”, this early human was not empty handed and had a tool kit including a longbow.

The Ice Man can be seen at a museum in Italy today.

Catal HuyukBest preserved neolithic site to date

Discovered in 1958.

Farming thrived from 8,000 years ago, population grew with the availability of crops.

Various remains are found including paintings, religious shrines, sculptures.

STATUES PAINTINGS

KNIFES

Best preserved neolithic site to date

Catal Huyuk

Interesting Facts-No public buildings, all domestic living spaces.

-Mud-brick houses (reenforced with wood).

-Shows how society began to change from hunting and gathering to herding and farming.

-No streets.

pronounced cha-tel hoo-yek

Civilizations Develop

Chapter 1 Section 3

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS In order to create stable communities based on agriculture, cities began to develop a system of irrigation to make farming easier.

Easier access to food created more time so specialist jobs could develop. Specialists were craftspeople who created pottery, metal objects, and clothing.

The formation of specific jobs also began to create a system of classes.

HOW DO CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP?

A civilization requires five basic components:

A.S.C.R.A

ADVANCED CITIESThe civilization must have a “city center” a type of location, where the main decisions for the city is made. These areas also tend to have the most dense populations.

SPECIALIZED WORKERSA civilization must have specialized workers. Each worker must be given a specific role such as craftsman, farmer, builder, priest.

COMPLEX INSTITUTIONSInstitutions, especially governments are established in order to guarantee that there is a society with order. Religious institutions are also considered to be complex institutions.

RECORD KEEPINGSocieties need individuals to keep record of all events that occur. These records not only include basic events of the history of the civilization, but also business transactions.

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGYA developed civilization must have new technology which helps the civilization thrive as a whole.

CASESTUDYSUMER

Major city at the center of civilization. (A)

Uruk: population of about 50,000, which doubled in two centuries.

Lagash: population of 10,000-50,000

Specialized workers existed.

In Sumer people had different type of jobs, priests, farmers,

merchants.

The society had Complex Institutions (C)

Formal governments with officials and laws, priests with religious and political power.

At the city center exists the religious temple, Ziggurat.

Scribes existed who took record of the civilization (R), specifically trading transactions.

SCRIBES

Technology: People of Sumer were advanced, implementing the use of bronze to make tools instead of stone or copper. (A)

Is SUMER an early “Civilization”?

YES!

How does this concept work on modern day societies.

Advanced City(ies)

Specialized Workers

The type of work people in South Korea do —>

Complex Institutions1. National Government and local governments exist.

2. Religious institutions exist.

3. Various businesses exist.

4. Various misc. institutions exist, for example the institution to protect wild life in S. Korea.

Record KeepingRecord keeping is done at various levels for various organizations (police, education, government).

The Big Freeze, expands ice caps and lowers sea levels (2.58 million years ago).

Animals and humans as a result colonize newly found low-lying lands.

Its not until 7000 BC that the climate returns to a climate similar to today, this change helps separate Eurasia from the Americas and Southeast Asia into an archipelago.

SUMMARYHUNTER AND GATHERING

GROWTH OF VILLAGES

RISE OF CITIES

Invention of tools

Farming technology

ASCRAMastering fire Domestication of animals

Development of language and art Food surplus