CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

Intro to A&P

• Anatomy – deals with form & arrangement of body parts

• Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate

Levels of Organization

• Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization:• Atom- particles which make up matter• Organelle- cell structures that carry on specific tasks• Cell- basic unit of structure and function• Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses

that have specific functions.• Organs- groups of tissues with specialized functions• Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely

together• Organism- interacting organ systems make up an

organism

Levels of Organization

Requirements of Living Organisms

1. Water2. Food3. Oxygen4. Heat5. Pressure

Water

•Used in metabolic reactions- provides environment for reactions•Necessary for transport•Body temperature regulation

Food

• Supplies energy• Supplies raw materials

Oxygen

• Used to release energy from food in cellular respiration

Heat (a product of metabolism)

•Determines rate of cell reactions•Most body heat is produced by the

muscular system

Pressure (an application of force)

Two types:

Atmospheric – the force exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface; necessary for breathing

• Hydrostatic – the force exerted by a fluid; necessary for transport of blood (blood pressure)

Homeostasis• Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced

internal environment

• Use homeostatic mechanisms:• Receptors- provide information about stimuli in

the environment.• Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a

particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F, 37°C)• Effectors- elicit a response that alter conditions

to the internal environment.

Negative Feedback

• Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point)

• Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level

Blood Glucose Level

Homeostasis - Positive Feedback

• Definition – changes that cause responses in the same direction away from the normal state

• Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth

Anatomical Terminology

• Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.

Anatomical Position

When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position:• Standing • Facing forward• Arms at sides• Palms facing forward

Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part

w/respect to another

• Superior vs. Inferior

• Anterior vs. Posterior

• Medial vs. Lateral• From Midline

• Distal vs. Proximal• From Trunk

More Anatomical Positions

• Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral

• Deep vs. Superficial• From Surface

• Peripheral

Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe

locations of organs

•

Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two:1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes:

- Nasal - Orbital - Oral - Middle ear

- Sinuses b. Vertebral -

- includes s.c.

Major Body Cavities2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities:

a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity –

MediastinumMediastinum – the space separating the two lungs;includes:

- pericardial cavity –

DiaphragmDiaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes:- abdominal cavity - - pelvic cavity -

Body Cavities

Membranes

• 2 types:1. visceral – covers an organ2. parietal – lines the cavity of the organ

• Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities:• Example – visceral pleura

parietal peritoneum

Body Membranes

• Pleural Cavity- visceral and parietal pleaura• Pericardial Cavity- visceral and pariteal

pericardium• Visercaral also known as Epicardium

• Abdominal cavity- visceral and parietal peritoneum

Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things)- Table 1.3 in

text•Movement- change in position• Responsiveness- reaction to change in

environment• Growth-Increase in body size• Reproduction- formation of new

organism• Respiration-releasing of energy from food

through gas exchange

Characteristics of Life• Digestion-breakdown of food for absorption• Absorption-passage of substances into body

membranes• Circulation-movement of substances• Assimilation-changing absorbed substances into

different forms• Excretion-removal of wastes

Together these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)

Organ Systems (11 total)• Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs

(hair, nails and sweat glands). • Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory

receptors• Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage• Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue.• Production of blood cells

• Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and tracheatrachea• Exchange gases between air and bloodExchange gases between air and blood

• Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs.organs.• Production of new organismsProduction of new organisms

• Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glandsglands• Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic functionSecrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

Organ Systems

• Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement.

• Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves• Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands

• Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. • Transports products throughout body.

• Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen• Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from

digestive tract.

Organ Systems

• Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines.• Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed.

• Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra• Remove waste from blood and maintain water

balance

Review• Membranes

Review – Relative PositionsReview – Relative Positions

1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.2. The lungs are ______ to the heart.2. The lungs are ______ to the heart.3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.