chapter 1 introduction: matter and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Matter
And
Measurement
Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;
and Bruce E. Bursten
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Matter
And
Measurement
Chemistry:
The study of matter
and the changes it
undergoes.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Scientific Method:
A systematic approach to solving problems.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Matter:
Anything that has
mass and takes up
space.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Matter
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Matter
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Matter
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements.
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Matter
And
Measurement
States of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Mixtures and Compounds
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Matter
And
Measurement
Properties and
Changes of
Matter
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Matter
And
Measurement
Properties of Matter
• Physical Properties:
□ Can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties:
□ Can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with
acid, etc.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Properties of Matter
• Intensive Properties:
□ Independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties:
□ Dependent upon the amount of the
substance present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Changes of Matter
• Physical Changes:
□ Changes in matter that do not change the
composition of a substance.
• Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes:
□ Changes that result in new substances.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Chemical Reactions
In the course of a chemical reaction, the
reacting substances are converted to new
substances.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Chemical Reactions
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Matter
And
Measurement
Compounds
Compounds can be
broken down into
more elemental
particles.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Electrolysis of Water
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Matter
And
Measurement
Separation of
Mixtures
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Matter
And
Measurement
Distillation:
Separates
homogeneous
mixture on the basis
of differences in
boiling point.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Distillation
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Matter
And
Measurement
Filtration:
Separates solid
substances from
liquids and solutions.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Chromatography:
Separates substances on the basis of
differences in solubility in a solvent.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Units of
Measurement
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Matter
And
Measurement
SI Units
• Système International d’Unités
• Uses a different base unit for each quantity
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Matter
And
Measurement
Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that
are appropriate for the item being measured.
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Matter
And
Measurement
• Write down an unusual example of a
chemical reaction on a piece of paper
and give it to me with your name.
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Matter
And
Measurement
• What is the most abundant element on
earth?
• What is the most abundant element in
the human body?
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Matter
And
Measurement
Volume
• The most commonly
used metric units for
volume are the liter (L)
and the milliliter (mL).
□ A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.
□ A milliliter is a cube 1 cm
long on each side.
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Matter
And
Measurement
1L = 1000 ml
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Matter
And
Measurement
Conversions of units
Length
1 km = 1000 meter
1 meter = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
Mass
1 kg = 1000 g
1 g = 1000 mg
Volume
1 L = 1000 ml
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Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature:
A measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the
particles in a
sample.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature
• In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water. □ 0C is the freezing point
of water.
□ 100C is the boiling point of water.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature
• The Kelvin is the SI
unit of temperature.
• It is based on the
properties of gases.
• There are no
negative Kelvin
temperatures.
• K = C + 273.15
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Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature
• The Fahrenheit
scale is not used in
scientific
measurements.
• F = 9/5(C) + 32
• C = 5/9(F − 32)
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Matter
And
Measurement
F = 9/5(C) + 32
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Matter
And
Measurement
F = 9/5(C) + 32
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Matter
And
Measurement
F = 9/5(C) + 32
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Matter
And
Measurement
Uncertainty in
Measurement
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Matter
And
Measurement
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different
uses and different degrees of accuracy.
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Matter
And
Measurement
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Matter
And
Measurement
Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to
digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our
answers.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between two significant figures
are themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number
are never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written
in the number.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Exact numbers
• These numbers are the ones whose
values are known exactly.
Counted numbers and
Conversion factors within a system
Eg 1km = 1000 m
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Matter
And
Measurement
Relationships between units in different unit
systems are usually not exact:
2.2 lb. = 1.0 kg 2 sig. figs.
2.2046223 lb. = 1.0000000 kg 8 sig. figs.
But the following inter-system conversion
factors are now set by definition and are exact:
2.54 cm / 1 inch (exactly)
1 calorie / 4.184 Joules (exactly)
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Matter
And
Measurement
Exact Numbers
• The numbers that are obtained by
counting and not by measuring are
called exact numbers.
Examples:10 apples, 100 students
• Exact numbers also arise by definition
Example : 1 inch is defined as
exactly
2.54 cm.
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Matter
And
Measurement
• Exact numbers can be assumed to have
an unlimited number of significant
figures.
• These do not limit the number of
significant figures in a calculation.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Rules for Multiplication and
Division
• When multiplying or dividing numbers,
the answer reported can not have more
significant figures than either of the
original numbers.
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Matter
And
Measurement
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Matter
And
Measurement
Rules for Addition and
Subtraction
When adding or subtracting numbers,
the reported answer can not have more
digits after the decimal point than any of
the added numbers.
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Matter
And
Measurement
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Matter
And
Measurement
Accuracy versus Precision
• Accuracy refers to the proximity of
a measurement to the true value
of a quantity.
• Precision refers to the proximity of
several measurements to each
other.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Dimensional Analysis
• This is a very powerful tool for
conversion from one unit to another.
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Matter
And
Measurement
• Those of you who were present in today
morning’s discussion, please sign the
attendance sheet.
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Matter
And
Measurement
Dimensional Analysis
Step 1: write the conversion factors
Step 2: write down two equivalence ratios
Step 3: write the number to be converted with the
unit
Step 4: multiply that with the equivalence ratio so
that the unit needed in the answer is on the
top and the unit that needs to go is on the
bottom
Step 5: Calculate the answer
Check to see if your answer makes sense
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Matter
And
Measurement
Examples
• Convert 37 Km/h to m/s
Km37
h
1000mx
1Km
1hx
60min
1minx
60s
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Matter
And
Measurement
• Convert 12 g / L to g/ml
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Matter
And
Measurement
Density: Physical property of a substance
It gives the mass of the substance per
unit volume
Density is temperature dependent
The density of water is 1.0 g/ mL at 25oC
Any substance that is less dense than
water - will float on water
Any substance that is more dense than
water - will sink in water
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Matter
And
Measurement
Density:
Physical property of a substance
d= m
V