Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction to Earth Introduction to Earth

ScienceScience

Earth ScienceEarth Science

What is Earth Science? 1.1What is Earth Science? 1.1 What forces produced the mountains shown on What forces produced the mountains shown on

page 1?page 1? Why does our daily weather change?Why does our daily weather change? Is our climate changing?Is our climate changing? How old is Earth?How old is Earth? How is Earth related to other planets in the solar How is Earth related to other planets in the solar

system?system? What causes ocean tides?What causes ocean tides? What was the Ice Age like?What was the Ice Age like?

Will there be another?Will there be another?

Overview of Earth Science 1.1Overview of Earth Science 1.1 Deals with Earth and its neighbors in Deals with Earth and its neighbors in

spacespace GeologyGeology “study of Earth” “study of Earth”

2 broad areas2 broad areas1.1. PhysicalPhysical – examination of materials that make – examination of materials that make

up Earth & explain possible process that shape up Earth & explain possible process that shape our planetour planet• Earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, erosion, rocks, Earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, erosion, rocks,

mineralsminerals

2.2. HistoricalHistorical – understand Earth’s long history – understand Earth’s long history• est. time lineest. time line

Overview of Earth Science Overview of Earth Science Continued… 1.1Continued… 1.1

OceanographyOceanography – study coastal process, – study coastal process, seafloor topography, marine life, and seafloor topography, marine life, and composition and movement of seawater composition and movement of seawater incorporates: chemistry, physics, geology, & bioincorporates: chemistry, physics, geology, & bio

Meteorology Meteorology - study of the atmosphere, - study of the atmosphere, weather, and climateweather, and climate

AstronomyAstronomy – study of the universe – study of the universe all objects in space, including earthall objects in space, including earth

Formation of Earth 1.1Formation of Earth 1.1 1 of 9 (or 8) planets1 of 9 (or 8) planets Solar system = orderlySolar system = orderly Formed during same span as other Formed during same span as other

planets and from the same material as the planets and from the same material as the sunsun

Nebular HypothesisNebular Hypothesis – bodies of solar – bodies of solar system evolved from enormous rotating system evolved from enormous rotating could, the solar nebulacould, the solar nebula made mostly of H & Hemade mostly of H & He

http://daphne.palomar.edu/lyon/http://daphne.palomar.edu/lyon/Animations/NebHypo.swfAnimations/NebHypo.swf

Nebular Hypothesis 1.1Nebular Hypothesis 1.1

Look at Picture on Page 4Look at Picture on Page 4 What do all the stages of this hypothesis What do all the stages of this hypothesis

have in common?have in common? What was the first stage in the What was the first stage in the

development of our solar system?development of our solar system? While Earth formed, denser materials sank While Earth formed, denser materials sank

to Earth’s core while less dense materials to Earth’s core while less dense materials escaped to the atmosphereescaped to the atmosphere

Layers Form on Earth 1.1Layers Form on Earth 1.11.1. Earth FormedEarth Formed

2.2. Radioactive element breakdown (decay)Radioactive element breakdown (decay)

3.3. Heat released (from all the colliding Heat released (from all the colliding particles)particles)

4.4. Melting of the interiorMelting of the interior Denser element (iron and nickel) sink to centerDenser element (iron and nickel) sink to center Lighter/rocky float outward Lighter/rocky float outward Still believe to occurStill believe to occur

5.5. Atmosphere forms from gases escapingAtmosphere forms from gases escaping

A View of Earth 1.2A View of Earth 1.2 Earth’s Major Spheres Earth’s Major Spheres 3 major PHYSICAL Environment3 major PHYSICAL Environment

1.1. HydrosphereHydrosphere – water portion – water portion Evaporates Evaporates falls back as precipitation falls back as precipitation runs runs

back to rivers/oceans/etcback to rivers/oceans/etc Oceans = 97% of water on EarthOceans = 97% of water on Earth 3% = groundwater, streams, lakes, and glaciers3% = groundwater, streams, lakes, and glaciers

Important b/c the sustain life and help create land formsImportant b/c the sustain life and help create land forms

2.2. AtmosphereAtmosphere Gaseous envelopGaseous envelop 100 km above earth100 km above earth

• 90% just within 16 km of earth90% just within 16 km of earth Provides air we breathProvides air we breath protectsprotects

3.3. Geosphere Geosphere Not uniformNot uniform Core – heavy dense inner coreCore – heavy dense inner core MantleMantle Crust – lighter – not uniformCrust – lighter – not uniform

• Thinnest beneath the oceanThinnest beneath the ocean• Thickest beneath continentsThickest beneath continents

Lithosphere – uppermost mantle Lithosphere – uppermost mantle Asthenosphere – below lithosphere - molten rockAsthenosphere – below lithosphere - molten rock

44thth major sphere major sphere

4.4. Biosphere – all of life on earthBiosphere – all of life on earth Ocean floor and upward for several km into Ocean floor and upward for several km into

the atmospherethe atmosphere

Plate Tectonics 1.2 Plate Tectonics 1.2 Grand Canyon, the Rocky Mountains, and the Grand Canyon, the Rocky Mountains, and the

Appalachian Mountains did not exist a billion years Appalachian Mountains did not exist a billion years agoago

Destructive forcesDestructive forces – weathering, erosion (wear away – weathering, erosion (wear away land)land)

Constructive ForcesConstructive Forces – mountain building and – mountain building and volcanism (raising the land)volcanism (raising the land)

Revolution – learning more about EarthRevolution – learning more about Earth Idea that continents moved the face of the Earth = Idea that continents moved the face of the Earth =

PLATE TECTONICTSPLATE TECTONICTS Earth broken at lithosphere into platesEarth broken at lithosphere into plates Motion caused from uneven heating of earth’s surface = Motion caused from uneven heating of earth’s surface =

earthquakes, volcanic activity, rocks into mountainsearthquakes, volcanic activity, rocks into mountains

Representing Earth’s Surface 1.3Representing Earth’s Surface 1.3 Global GridGlobal Grid

Latitude (fatitude) – distance N or S of the Latitude (fatitude) – distance N or S of the equator (0equator (0oo latitude) – lines run E and W latitude) – lines run E and W

Longitude – Distance E or W of the prime Longitude – Distance E or W of the prime meridian (0meridian (0oo longitude) – lines run N and S longitude) – lines run N and S

Earth is 360 degrees aroundEarth is 360 degrees around Equator divides Earth in 2 hemispheresEquator divides Earth in 2 hemispheres

Northern and southernNorthern and southern Prime Meridian divides earth in 2 Prime Meridian divides earth in 2

hemisphereshemispheres Eastern and westernEastern and western

Globes 1.3Globes 1.3 Shapes, sizes of islands, continents, and Shapes, sizes of islands, continents, and

bodies of waterbodies of water Found by exploringFound by exploring

Best represented thru a globeBest represented thru a globe Earth is roundEarth is round

Maps and Mapping 1.3Maps and Mapping 1.3 Flat representation of Earth’s surfaceFlat representation of Earth’s surface

Can not be accurately representedCan not be accurately represented• Too small, big, out of placeToo small, big, out of place

The Mercator ProjectionThe Mercator Projection Gerardus Mercator made map in 1569 to help Gerardus Mercator made map in 1569 to help

sailors navigatesailors navigate Lines of longitude are parallel (compare to Lines of longitude are parallel (compare to

globe)globe)• Makes grid rectangularMakes grid rectangular

Bonus: showed directions accuratelyBonus: showed directions accurately Negative: sizes and distances distorted (esp Negative: sizes and distances distorted (esp

around poles)around poles)

The Mercator Projection The Mercator Projection

Different Projection Maps for Different Projection Maps for Different Purposes 1.3Different Purposes 1.3

Best project determined by useBest project determined by use Robinson Projection – widely usedRobinson Projection – widely used

Bonus: show most distances, sizes, and shapes accuratelyBonus: show most distances, sizes, and shapes accurately Negative: distortions around the edgesNegative: distortions around the edges

Conic Projection – wrap a cone of paper around a Conic Projection – wrap a cone of paper around a globe at line of latitude, traceglobe at line of latitude, trace Almost no distortion at line of latitudeAlmost no distortion at line of latitude High distortion away from latitude lineHigh distortion away from latitude line Accuracy great over small area (used for maps)Accuracy great over small area (used for maps)

Gnonomic ProjectionGnonomic Projection Place piece of paper on globe so it touches since pointPlace piece of paper on globe so it touches since point Distance and direction distortedDistance and direction distorted Useful to sailors to show shortest distance between 2 ointsUseful to sailors to show shortest distance between 2 oints

Topographic Maps 1.3Topographic Maps 1.3 Represent Earth’s 3-D surface in 2-DRepresent Earth’s 3-D surface in 2-D Show elevation by contour linesShow elevation by contour lines Also can show water, roads, gov and public buildings, Also can show water, roads, gov and public buildings,

political boundaries, and places namespolitical boundaries, and places names Contour LinesContour Lines – every position along a single contour – every position along a single contour

line is the same elevationline is the same elevation Every 5Every 5thth line is bolded = index contour line is bolded = index contour Closer together line = steep slopeCloser together line = steep slope Farther apart lines = gentle slopeFarther apart lines = gentle slope Never touch or intersectNever touch or intersect Depression = circular contours that have hachure marks – Depression = circular contours that have hachure marks –

small lines on circle that point to the centersmall lines on circle that point to the center

Scale of Topographic Maps 1.3Scale of Topographic Maps 1.3 Determine distances on the map and Determine distances on the map and

relate them to the real worldrelate them to the real world Certain distance on the map is drawn to Certain distance on the map is drawn to

equal a certain distance on the surfaceequal a certain distance on the surface 1:24,000 = ratio 1:24,000 = ratio

Has no unitsHas no units 1 unit on map is equal to 24,000 units on the 1 unit on map is equal to 24,000 units on the

groundground

Geologic Maps 1.3Geologic Maps 1.3 Shows type and age of the rocks exposedShows type and age of the rocks exposed Each rock formation assigned a color and Each rock formation assigned a color and

sometimes a patternsometimes a pattern

Advance Technology 1.3Advance Technology 1.3 Gives us the ability to more precisely analyze Gives us the ability to more precisely analyze

Earth’s physical propertiesEarth’s physical properties Use satellites and computersUse satellites and computers Remote sensing – process of collecting data Remote sensing – process of collecting data

about Earth from a distanceabout Earth from a distance

Technology and Earth Science 1.3Technology and Earth Science 1.3 Weather Satellites – monitor temp, humidity, & Weather Satellites – monitor temp, humidity, &

cloudsclouds Navigation Satellite – assists ships and Navigation Satellite – assists ships and

submarinessubmarines Landsat Satellite – Data on Earth’s Landsat Satellite – Data on Earth’s

landmasses, coastal boundaries, and coral landmasses, coastal boundaries, and coral reefs reefs complete 14 orbits per day complete 14 orbits per day

GPS - Combines satellite with computer GPS - Combines satellite with computer technology providing latitude, longitude, and technology providing latitude, longitude, and altitudealtitude

Very Long Baseline Interferometry – measures Very Long Baseline Interferometry – measures the geosphere – study tectonic platesthe geosphere – study tectonic plates

Earth System Science 1.4Earth System Science 1.4 Look at earth as a system made up of Look at earth as a system made up of

numerous interacting partsnumerous interacting parts Tries to study all branches of scienceTries to study all branches of science What is a System?What is a System?

Any size group of interacting parts that form a Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.complex whole.

Closed System – no matter enters or leaves the Closed System – no matter enters or leaves the system; energy moves freelysystem; energy moves freely

Open System – both energy and matter flow into Open System – both energy and matter flow into and out of the systemand out of the system• Most natural systemsMost natural systems

Earth as a System 1.4Earth as a System 1.4 Earth powered by energy from 2 sourcesEarth powered by energy from 2 sources

SunSun – drives external processes (weather, climate, – drives external processes (weather, climate, ocean circulation, erosion processes)ocean circulation, erosion processes)

Earth’s interiorEarth’s interior – from radioactive element and – from radioactive element and from time Earth formedfrom time Earth formed• power internal process = volcanoes, earthquakes, and power internal process = volcanoes, earthquakes, and

mountainsmountains Change in one system affects the otherChange in one system affects the other

• Volcano erupts Volcano erupts lava flow lava flow block nearby valley block nearby valley influence drainage system influence drainage system ash influences solar energy ash influences solar energy = drop in temp.= drop in temp.

Our actions produce changes in all parts of Our actions produce changes in all parts of Earth’s systemEarth’s system

People and the Environment 1.4People and the Environment 1.4 Environment – everything that surround and Environment – everything that surround and

influences an organisminfluences an organism Biological or socialBiological or social

Nonliving = physical environment = air, water, Nonliving = physical environment = air, water, soil, rock, temp, humidity, sunlightsoil, rock, temp, humidity, sunlight

Environmental Science Environmental Science – focus on relationships – focus on relationships between people and the natural environmentbetween people and the natural environment

Resources 1.4Resources 1.4 Water and soil, metallic and nonmetallic Water and soil, metallic and nonmetallic

minerals, and energyminerals, and energy Foundation of modern civilizationFoundation of modern civilization RENEWABLE resource – can be replenished in RENEWABLE resource – can be replenished in

a short period of timea short period of time Plants and animal food, natural fibers, lumber, Plants and animal food, natural fibers, lumber,

paper, water, wind, and the sunpaper, water, wind, and the sun NONRENEWABLE – process to create sources NONRENEWABLE – process to create sources

takes millions of yearstakes millions of years Iron, aluminum, copper, oil, natural gas, coalIron, aluminum, copper, oil, natural gas, coal

Population 1.4Population 1.4 Growing rapidlyGrowing rapidly Population increases, demand for resources Population increases, demand for resources

increasesincreases Yet, energy resources do not increaseYet, energy resources do not increase

Leads to many questionsLeads to many questions How long will the remaining supplies of basic How long will the remaining supplies of basic

resources last? resources last? How long can we sustain the rising standard of How long can we sustain the rising standard of

living in today's industrialized countries?living in today's industrialized countries? How much environmental deterioration are we How much environmental deterioration are we

willing to accept to obtain basic resources?willing to accept to obtain basic resources? Can alternatives be found?Can alternatives be found?

Environmental Problems 1.4Environmental Problems 1.4 Air pollutionAir pollution Acid rainAcid rain Ozone depletionOzone depletion Global warmingGlobal warming Loss of fertile soils to erosionLoss of fertile soils to erosion Toxic wasteToxic waste Depletion of water resourcesDepletion of water resources Natural hazards: earthquakes, landslides, Natural hazards: earthquakes, landslides,

floods, hurricanes, droughtfloods, hurricanes, drought Knowledge about Earth and how it works is Knowledge about Earth and how it works is

necessary to our survival and well beingnecessary to our survival and well being

What is Scientific Inquiry? 1.5What is Scientific Inquiry? 1.5 Science based on 2 assumptions:Science based on 2 assumptions:

1.1. Natural world behaves in a consistent, predictable Natural world behaves in a consistent, predictable mannermanner

2.2. Careful, systematic study can explain the natural Careful, systematic study can explain the natural world’s behaviorworld’s behavior

Basics steps to the scientific methodBasics steps to the scientific method1.1. Collect data thru observation and measurementCollect data thru observation and measurement

(Question)(Question)

2.2. Hypothesis (1 or more working hypothesis)Hypothesis (1 or more working hypothesis)

3.3. Test and AnalyzeTest and Analyze

4.4. Conclusion = acceptance, modification, or rejection Conclusion = acceptance, modification, or rejection of hypothesis of hypothesis

Scientific Inquiry 1.5Scientific Inquiry 1.5 TheoryTheory

Made after hypothesis has been tested Made after hypothesis has been tested extensively and competing hypothesis extensively and competing hypothesis eliminatedeliminated

well tested and widely accepted by scientific well tested and widely accepted by scientific communitycommunity

EXPLAINS observable factsEXPLAINS observable facts