chapter 1-introduction to material science

7/23/2019 Chapter 1-Introduction to Material Science

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DJJ3213- MATERIAL SCIENCE

MOHD HAFIZ BIN ALI JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU

Chapter 1 - Introd!t"on



2

1#1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL $CIENCE

• %hat "& 'ater"a(& &!"en!e)

• $tr!tre-propert"e&

• App("!at"on&

• %h* &ho(d +e ,no+ aot "t)

• A(( .e(d& 'a,e &e o/ 'ater"a(&

• Mater"a(& dr"0e or &o!"et*

• $tone Ae• Bron2e Ae

• Iron Ae

• No+)

• $"("!on Ae)

• Po(*'er Ae)• Nano ae



3

E3a'p(e 4 H"p I'p(ant

• %"th ae or !erta"n "((ne&&e& 5o"nt& deter"orate#Part"!(ar(* tho&e +"th (are (oad& 6&!h a&h"p7#

Adapted from Fig. 22.2! Callister 7e.



"


• Re8"re'ent&• 'e!han"!a( &trenth

6'an* !*!(e&7

• ood (r"!"t*

• "o!o'pat""("t*

Adapted from Fig. 22.2"! Callister 7e.




Adapted from Fig. 22.2#! Callister 7e.



#

H"p I'p(ant• Ke* pro(e'& to o0er!o'e

• .3at"on aent to ho(da!eta(ar !p

• !p (r"!at"on 'ater"a(

• /e'ora( &te' 4 .3"n aent

• '&t a0o"d an* der"& "n !p

Femora$Stem

%a$$

A&eta'($ar C(p a)d Li)er

Adapted from &*apter-ope)i)g

p*otograp*! C*apter 22! Callister 7e.



+

E3a'p(e 4 De0e(op Ne+ T*pe& o/ Po(*'er&

• Co''od"t* p(a&t"!& 4 (are 0o('eE3# Po(*eth*(ene

Po(*prop*(enePo(*&t*reneet!#

• En"neer"n Re&"n& 4 &'a(( 0o('eE3# Po(*!aronate

N*(onPo(*&(/oneet!#

Can po(*prop*(ene e :praded; to propert"e& 6andpr"!e7 near tho&e o/ en"neer"n re&"n&)



6

1. i&< App$i&atio) Determi)e re=(ired ropertie/

ro&e//i)g &*a)ge/ structure a)d o0era$$ shapee &a/ti)g! /i)teri)g! 0apor depo/itio)! dopi)g

formi)g! >oi)i)g! a))ea$i)g.

ropertie/ me&*a)i&a$! e$e&tri&a$! t*erma$!

mag)eti&! opti&a$! deteriorati0e.

Materia$ /tr(&t(re! &ompo/itio).2. ropertie/ Ide)tif? &a)didate Materia$/

3. Materia$ Ide)tif? re=(ired ro&e//i)g

The Mater"a(& $e(e!t"on Pro!e&&



1,

ELECTRICAL

• E$e&tri&a$ Re/i/ti0it? of Copper

• Addi)g @imp(rit? atom/ to C( i)&rea/e/ re/i/ti0it?.

• Deformi)g C( i)&rea/e/ re/i/ti0it?.

Adapted from Fig. 12.,! Callister &

Rethwisch 4e. Fig. 12., adapted

from J.B. Li)de! Ann Physik 5! 216

16327 a)d C.A. ert a)d R.M.

T*om/o)! Physics of Solids! 2)d

editio)! M&ra4-9i$$ Compa)?! Ne4

or<! 16+8.

T C-288 -188 8

C ( G 3

. 3 2 a t 5

N i

C ( G 2

. 1 # a t 5

N i

d e f o r m

e d C ( G 1

. 1 2 a t 5

N i

1

2

3

"

#

R e / i / t i 0 i t ? ! ρ

2 1 8 - , B * m

- m 3

8

C ( G 1

. 1 2 a t 5

N i

@ ( r e A

C (



16

THERMAL• Spa&e S*(tt$e Ti$e/ -- Si$i&a fi'er i)/($atio)

offer/ $o4 *eat &o)d(&tio).

• T*erma$ Co)d(&ti0it?

of Copper

-- It de&rea/e/ 4*e) ?o( add Hi)&

Adapted from

Fig. 16."! Callister

6e. Co(rte/? of

Lo&<*eed Aero/pa&e

Cerami&/ S?/tem/!

S())?0a$e! CA

Note de)ote/ fig.

i/ o) CD-RBM.

Adapted from Fig. 1+."! Callister & Rethwisch

4e. Fig. 1+." i/ adapted from Metals and!ook"

Properties and Selection" #onferrous alloys and

Pure Metals! Ko$. 2! 6t* ed.! 9. %a<er!

Ma)agi)g Editor! Ameri&a) So&iet? for Meta$/!

16+6! p. 31.

Compo/itio) 4t5 i)&

T * e r m a $ C o ) d

( & t i 0 i t ?

2 ; m - M

3

"88

388

288

188

88 18 28 38 "8

188 µm

Adapted from &*apter-

ope)i)g p*otograp*!

C*apter 1+! Callister &

Rethwisch $e. Co(rte/?

of Lo&<*eed

Mi//i$e/ a)d Spa&e

Compa)?! I)&.



28

• Tra)/mitta)&e

-- A$(mi)(m oide ma? 'e tra)/pare)t! tra)/$(&e)t! or opa=(e depe)di)g o) t*e materia$/ /tr(&t(re i.e.!

/i)g$e &r?/ta$ 0/. po$?&r?/ta$! a)d degree of poro/it?.

Adapted from Fig. 1.2!

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Spe&ime) preparatio)!

.A. Le//i)g7 p*oto '? S.

Ta))er.

/i)g$e &r?/ta$

po$?&r?/ta$

)o poro/it?

po$?&r?/ta$

/ome poro/it?

OPTICAL



22

DETERIORATI>E

• Stre// O Sa$t4ater...

-- &a(/e/ &ra&</

Adapted from Fig. 1#.21! Callister & Rethwisch

4e. from Marine Corrosion% Causes% andPreention! Jo*) i$e? a)d So)/! I)&.! 16+.

• 9eat treatme)t /$o4/

&ra&< /peed i) /a$t 4ater

Adapted from Fig. 11.28'! R.. 9ertH'erg! Deformatio) a)d

Fra&t(re Me&*a)i&/ of E)gi)eeri)g Materia$/ "t* ed.! p. 8! Jo*)

i$e? a)d So)/! 166#. Brigi)a$ /o(r&e Mar<(/ B. Speide$! %ro4)

%o0eri Co.

@*e$d at

1#8:C for 1 *r'efore te/ti)g

i)&rea/i)g $oad & r a & < / p e e d

2 m ; / 3 @a/-i/

18 -18

18 -,

A$$o? +1+, te/ted i)

/at(rated a=(eo(/ NaC$

/o$(tio) at 23:C



2+

1#? T*pe& o/ Mater"a(&• 1#?#1 Meta(&@

–

$tron< d!t"(e – H"h ther'a( = e(e!tr"!a( !ond!t"0"t* – Opa8e< ree!t"0e#

• 1.2.2 o$?mer/;p$a/ti&/

• Co0a$e)t 'o)di)g /*ari)g of e/ – Soft! d(&ti$e! $o4 /tre)gt*! $o4 de)/it?

– T*erma$ O e$e&tri&a$ i)/($ator/

– Bpti&a$$? tra)/$(&e)t or tra)/pare)t.

• 1.2.3 Cerami&/ io)i& 'o)di)g refra&tor? P &ompo()d/ of

meta$$i& O )o)-meta$$i& e$eme)t/ oide/! &ar'ide/! )itride/!/($fide/

– %ritt$e! g$a//?! e$a/ti&

– No)-&o)d(&ti)g i)/($ator/



1#?# COMPO$ITE$

• A Co'po&"te 'ater"a( "& a 'ater"a( &*&te'!o'po&ed o/ t+o or 'ore macro constituentsthat d"er "n &hape and !he'"!a( !o'po&"t"onand +h"!h are "n&o((e "n ea!h other# Theh"&tor* o/ !o'po&"te 'ater"a(& date& a!, to

ear(* ?th !entr*# In 1< .er (a&& +a& .r&t&ed to re"n/or!e epo3*#

• App("!at"on&@

• Aero&pa!e "nd&tr*

• $port"n ood& Ind&tr*

• Ato'ot"0e Ind&tr*

• Ho'e App("an!e Ind&tr*



1. Why Composites areImportant

• Co'po&"te& !an e 0er* &tron and &t"< *et0er* ("ht "n +e"ht< &o rat"o& o/&trenthGtoG+e"ht and &t"ne&&GtoG+e"ht are&e0era( t"'e& reater than &tee( or a('"n'

• Fat"e propert"e& are enera((* etter than /or!o''on en"neer"n 'eta(&

• Tohne&& "& o/ten reater too

• Co'po&"te& !an e de&"ned that do not

!orrode (",e &tee(• Po&&"(e to a!h"e0e !o'"nat"on& o/ propert"e&not atta"na(e +"th 'eta(&< !era'"!&< orpo(*'er& a(one



1. Disadvantages and Limitationsof Composite Materials

• Propert"e& o/ 'an* "'portant !o'po&"te& arean"&otrop"! G the propert"e& d"er depend"n onthe d"re!t"on "n +h"!h the* are 'ea&red 4 th"&

'a* e an ad0antae or a d"&ad0antae• Man* o/ the po(*'erGa&ed !o'po&"te& are&5e!t to atta!, * !he'"!a(& or &o(0ent&< 5&ta& the po(*'er& the'&e(0e& are &&!ept"(e toatta!,

• Co'po&"te 'ater"a(& are enera((* e3pen&"0e

• Man/a!tr"n 'ethod& /or &hap"n !o'po&"te'ater"a(& are o/ten &(o+ and !o&t(*



1. One Possible Classication ofComposite Materials

• !raditional composites 4 !o'po&"te 'ater"a(&that o!!r "n natre or ha0e een prod!ed *!"0"("2at"on& /or 'an* *ear&

• E3a'p(e&@ +ood< !on!rete< a&pha(t• "ynthetic composites - 'odern 'ater"a(

&*&te'& nor'a((* a&&o!"ated +"th the'an/a!tr"n "nd&tr"e&< "n +h"!h the!o'ponent& are .r&t prod!ed &eparate(* andthen !o'"ned "n a !ontro((ed +a* to a!h"e0ethe de&"red &tr!tre< propert"e&< and parteo'etr*



Ad0an!ed Aero&pa!eApp("!at"on@

Lear Fan 2100 “all-composite” aircraft



Ad0an!ed Aero&pa!e

App("!at"on@

%oei)g +#+ a)d i) +++! +,+ airp$a)e/ 4; t*e $ate/t! f($$ 4i)g 'o i/ &ompo/ite



• CMC/ I)&rea/ed to(g*)e//

Co'po&"te Bene.t&

fi'er-rei)f

()-rei)f

parti&$e-rei)f For&e

%e)d di/p$a&eme)t

• MC/ I)&rea/ed ' ;ρ

' a

(Q3' ;,) Q'

De)/it?! ρ mg;m3.1 .3 1 3 18 38

.81

.1

1

18

182

183

meta$;meta$ a$$o?/

po$?mer/

MC/

&erami&/

Adapted from T.. Nie*! Creep r(pt(re of

a /i$i&o)-&ar'ide rei)for&ed a$(mi)(m

&ompo/ite! Metall. Trans. A Ko$. 11! pp.

136-1"#! 16,". /ed 4it* permi//io).

• MMC/ I)&rea/ed

&reep

re/i/ta)&e

28 38 8 188 28818-18

18-,

18-#

18-"

#8#1 A$

#8#1 A$4;SiC4*i/<er/

σMa

ε// /-1



Co'po&"te $r0e*@ Part"!(e-I

• Eamp$e/ Adapted from Fig.

18.16! Callister 7e.

Fig. 18.16 i/

&op?rig*t )ited

State/ Stee$

Corporatio)! 16+1.

- Sp*eroidite

/tee$

matriferrite α

d(&ti$e

parti&$e/&eme)titeFe3C

'ritt$e

#8 µm

Adapted from Fig.

1#."! Callister 7e.

Fig. 1#." i/ &o(rte/?

Car'o$o? S?/tem/!

Departme)t! e)era$

E$e&tri& Compa)?.

- C;Co

&eme)ted

&ar'ide

matri&o'a$td(&ti$e

parti&$e/C'ritt$e!*ard* +

-12 0o$5 #88 µm Adapted from Fig.

1#.! Callister 7e.

Fig. 1#. i/ &o(rte/?

ood?ear Tire a)d

R(''er Compa)?.

- A(tomo'i$e

tire/

matrir(''er&omp$ia)t

parti&$e/C/tiffer

8.+ µm

arti&$e-rei)for&ed Fi'er-rei)for&ed Str(&t(ra$



1#?# AD>ANCE MATERIAL$



a# B"o'ater"a(&

• A "o'ater"a( "& a non0"a(e 'ater"a( &ed "n a'ed"!a( de0"!e< "ntended to "ntera!t +"th"o(o"!a( &*&te'&#

• De.ned * the"r app("!at"on NOT !he'"!a( 'a,e-p#



Chara!ter"&t"!& o/

B"o'ater"a(&

• Ph*&"!a( Re8"re'ent&

• Hard Mater"a(&#

• F(e3"(e Mater"a(#

Che'"!a( Re8"re'ent&

M&t not rea!t +"th an* t"&&e "n the od*#

M&t e non-to3"! to the od*#

Lon-ter' rep(a!e'ent '&t not e "oderada(e#



Metals

"emiconductorMaterials

Ceramics

Polymers

"ynthetic#IOM$!%&I$L"

Orthopedicscre's()ation

DentalImplants

DentalImplants

*eartvalves

#onereplacements

#iosensorsImplantableMicroelectrodes

"+in(cartilageDrug

DeliveryDevices

Ocularimplants

B"o'ater"a( $!"en!e



B"o'ater"a( $!"en!e



# $e'"!ond!tor

• Lo+ re&"&t"0"t* :!ond!tor;

• H"h re&"&t"0"t* :"n&(ator;

• Inter'ed"ate re&"&t"0"t* :&e'"!ond!tor;

• !ond!t"0"t* ("e& et+een that o/ !ond!tor& and

"n&(ator&

• enera((* !r*&ta(("ne "n &tr!tre /or IC de0"!e&

• In re!ent *ear&< ho+e0er< non-!r*&ta(("ne &e'"!ond!tor&ha0e e!o'e !o''er!"a((* 0er* "'portant

po(*!r*&ta(("ne a'orpho& !r*&ta(("ne

N " d t " (



!# Nanoen"neered 'ater"a(&

,anoscale materials can haveproperties that are unreali-able in

bul+ materials

Ma+ing a material nanoscale can change its

• Melting temperature• Magneti-ation

• $bility to hold charge

• "tructure• Chemical reactivity

• among other

Ch Ch ( t



Che+* Cho!o(ate

•Che+"n ' et& "t&e(a&t"!"t* /ro' po(*'er&

• Co!oa tter !a&e&tho&e po(*'er& to /a((

apart• Cho!o(a Che+"n '&e& nano&!a(e !r*&ta(&to "n!orporate the

!rea'"er te3tre and!ho!o(ate a0or "nto!he+"n '#

• $ar /ree

• F"0e !a(or"e& per p"e!e



B , (( " $," C



B!,*a((& "n $,"n Crea'

• Ze(en& F((erene C- Fa!e Crea'

• B!,*a((& ha0e :re'ar,a(e; ant"o3"dantpropert"e&

• ?5ar

H"tt" H R



H"tt"n a Ho'e Rn

• $(er-Ea&ton $port&

$tea(th CNT 6!aronnanote7 te!hno(o*

• The &pa!e& et+een.er& "n ord"nar* !aron.er at& are .((ed +"thre&"n

• Th"& at ha& CNT& "n there&"n /or opt"'"2ed e3<re&pon&"0ene&& and 'ore,"!, throh the h"tt"n2one

• 1 and p

$t " P / F "



$ta"n Proo/ Far"!

•Nano-Te3 nano-enhan!ed !(oth"n ha&.er& +"th t"n* +h"&,er& a("ned *propr"etar* &p"ne& to

• repe( ("8"d&

• red!e &tat"!• re&"&t &ta"n&

+"thot ae!t"n te3tre#

In May 7003 a group ofpeople stripped na+ed atan %ddie #auer store inChicago to protest thesale of stain9resistant

:nanopants;

I " $ (( $ ,



I'pro0"n $'e((* $o!,&

1-nano'eter ant"'"!ro"a( &"(0erpart"!(e& +"th"n the"r .er&#

• A !o'/orta(e &*nthet"! .er &o!,+"th per'anent re&"&tan!e to odor

and /n&#

Oth P "( Ad



Other Po&&"(e Ad0an!e&

• Wear9resistant tires made by combining

nanometer9scale particles of inorganicclays 'ith polymers

• %nvironmentally friendly dyes andpigments ,anometer9scale traps to remove

pollutants from the environment anddeactivate chemical 'arfare agents.

• Computers 'ith the capabilities of current'or+stations 'ill be the si-e of a grain of

sand and able to operate for decades 'iththe e<uivalent of a single 'rist'atchbattery.

• &obotic spacecraft that 'eigh only a fe'pounds 'ill be sent out to e)plore the solarsystem and perhaps even the nearest



d# $'art 'ater"a(&

• "mart materials are 'ater"a(& that ha0e one

or 'ore propert"e& that !an e &"n".!ant(*a(tered "n a !ontro((ed /a&h"on * e3terna(&t"'("< &!h a& &tre&&< te'peratre< 'o"&tre<pH< e(e!tr"! or 'anet"! .e(d&#



%hat are the e3a'p(e&)

• P"e2oe(e!tr"! 'ater"a(&• $hape 'e'or* a((o*&

• Manet"! &hape 'e'or* a((o*&

• PH &en&"t"0e po(*'er&

• Ha(o!hro'"! 'ater"a(&

• Chro'oen"! &*&te'&



E(e!tro!hro'"!

• Flip a switch and anelectrochromic window canchange from clear to fullydarkened or any level of tintin-between.

• The action of an electric fieldsignals the change in thewindow's optical and thermalproperties. Once the field isreversed, the process is alsoreversed. The windows

operate on a very low voltage-- one to three volts -- andonly use energy to changetheir condition, not tomaintain any particular state.



Ther'o!hro'"!• Kett(e& that !hane !o(or

and &"n& that (o+-"n-the-dar, are t+o re!ente3a'p(e& o/ prod!t&e!o'"n Q&'arter a& are&(t o/ ne+ 'ater"a(&#Co(or-!han"nther'o!hro'"! p"'ent& areno+ rot"ne(* 'ade a& "n,&/or paper and /ar"!& 4 and"n!orporated "nto "n5e!t"on'o(ded p(a&t"!&# A ne+t*pe o/ pho&phore&!ent

p"'ent< !apa(e o/ e'"tt"n("ht /or p to 1 hor&< ha&opened p ent"re(* ne+de&"n opportn"t"e& /or"n&tr'entat"on< (o+-(e0e(("ht"n &*&te'& et!#

%ar' Coo(



Photo!hro'"!

• Photochromism "& the re0er&"(e tran&/or'at"on o/ !o(orpon e3po&re to ("ht# Th"& pheno'enon "& "((&trated "n&n (a&&e&#



THE END

chapter 1-introduction to material science

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