chapter - 1 : matter in our surroundingsdifference less than 25°c liquids are miscible and their...
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Chapter - 1 : Matter In Our Surroundings
Matter
MixturePureSubstances
mixturesmixtures Elements Compounds
PHYSICAL CHANGES
CHEMICAL CHANGES
Forms of Matter
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Physical States of Matter Bose-Einstein Condensate(BEC)
Plasma
GasLiquid
Solid
Definite Shape,Distinct Boundaries,Fixed Volume
Least compressibility
Fixed VolumeBut no fixed shape
No fixed shapenor fixed volume
Highercompressibility
Highestcompressibility
High densityLow density Low density
Physical States of Matter
Solidif
icatio
n
Fusion
VaporisationCondensation
Sublimation
Sublimation
Liquid
Solid Gas
Three States of Matter
2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Chapter - 2 : Is Matter Around Us Pure?
Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Metals Non-Metals True Solutions Colloids
Classification of Matter
Metalloids Suspension
Fixed Composition
Elementscan't bebroken down
uniform composition
can be brokenParticle size<1nm
No Fixed Composition
1-100 nm >100 nm
Non-uniformcomposition
Use ofSeparating
funnel
FractionalDistillation
Separatingcomponents
of liquidmixtures
When liquids aremiscible
Two or moremiscible liquids with
boiling pointsdifference less than
25°C
Liquids are miscibleand their boilingpoints have wide
difference
Simple Distillation
Separating components of liquid mixtures
e.g. Water + acetone
e.g. separation ofdifferent gases from
air, Separation ofpetroleum products
e.g. Oil and Water
Sedimentation Centrifugation
Filtration
Evaporation
Distillation
Chromatograph y
When mixtureis
heterogeneousand solid
constituent isheavy
HomogeneousMixture and
one constituentis heavy
When one of thecomponent
dissolves in asolvent
Whencomponents are
soluble insolvent
Separatingcomponents
of solid-liquidmixtures
When solidpresent in the
liquid isnon-volatile
e.g. sand +water dirt +
muddy water
Anyhomogeneous
or heterogeneousmixture
Separating components of solid-liquid mixtures
e.g. separate creamfrom milk
e.g. common salt +water, Sulphur in
Carbon disulphide
common salt +water
lnk components
e.g. common salt +sand
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 3
MagneticSeparation Hand
Picking
Separatingcomponents ofSolid Mixtures
Sieving
Sublimation
When sizes ofconstituent particles
are different
When thecomponents are
bigger in sizes andare distinctly visible
When particle sizes ofcomponents are
different
When one of theconstituent sublimes
on heating
Separating components of olid ixturess m
e.g. Iron + Sand
e.g. iodine + sand,ammonium chloride +
table salte.g. gram+wheat flour
e.g. Stones + Rice
Chapter - 3 : Atoms And Molecules
Laws of chemical combination
Law of conservation of mass Law of definite proportions
Mass can neither be created nor bedestroyed in a chemical reaction.
Elements are always present in a definiteproportion by mass in a chemical
substance.
Tiny particlesof all
the matter
Atoms of agiven
elementare identical
in massand chemical
properties
Atoms ofdifferentelements
havedifferent
masses andchemical
properties
Combine inthe ratio
of small wholenumbers to
formcompound
Indivisible,cannot
be created ordestroyed in a
chemicalreaction
Relativenumber
and kinds ofatoms
are constantin a givencompound
Atoms
Atom Molecule
Building blocks of all matter Group of atoms of thesame type
Not able to existindependently Able to exist independently
Atoms form moleculesand ions
Molecule is the smallestparticle of an element or a
compound
Ion
A charged particle as thesmallest unit of an ionic
compound
Positively or negativelycharged
Positively charged ions arecations and negatively
charged ions are anions
Single charged atom orgroup of atoms having a
net charge on them
Polyatomic ion or radical isa group of atoms carrying a
fixed charge on them
4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Atom Molecule
Building blocks of all matter Group of atoms of thesame type
Not able to existindependently Able to exist independently
Atoms form moleculesand ions
Molecule is the smallestparticle of an element or a
compound
Ion
A charged particle as thesmallest unit of an ionic
compound
Positively or negativelycharged
Positively charged ions arecations and negatively
charged ions are anions
Single charged atom orgroup of atoms having a
net charge on them
Polyatomic ion or radical isa group of atoms carrying a
fixed charge on them
1 mole ofcarbon atoms
1 Mole ofhydrogen atoms
1 mole of any particle(atoms, molecules or ions)
1 mole of molecules
6.022 ×10 atoms of C23
6.022 ×10 atoms of H23
6.022 ×10 number ofthat particle
23
6.022 ×10 number ofmolecules
23
12 g of carbon atoms
1 g of H atoms
Relative mass of thoseparticles in grams
Molecular mass ingrams
1 mole ofcarbon atoms
1 Mole ofhydrogen atoms
1 mole of any particle(atoms, molecules or ions)
1 mole of molecules
6.022 ×10 atoms of C23
6.022 ×10 atoms of H23
6.022 ×10 number ofthat particle
23
6.022 ×10 number ofmolecules
23
12 g of carbon atoms
1 g of H atoms
Relative mass of thoseparticles in grams
Molecular mass ingrams
Chapter - 5 : Cell—A Basic Unit Of Life
Cell
CellBoundaries
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Wall Cell MembraneMatrixGroundLiquidSubstance
CellOrganelles
MembraneBound
MembraneLess
CellInclusions
NuclearMembrane
Nucleolus ChromatinNetwork
EndoplasmicReticulum (ER),Golgi Bodies,Lysosomes,MitochondriaPlastids.
Centrosomes,Centrioles,Ribosomes.
Non LivingMaterial engulfedor secreted
Fundamental unit of Life : Cell
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 5
Cell
CellBoundaries
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Wall Cell MembraneMatrixGroundLiquidSubstance
CellOrganelles
MembraneBound
MembraneLess
CellInclusions
NuclearMembrane
Nucleolus ChromatinNetwork
EndoplasmicReticulum (ER),Golgi Bodies,Lysosomes,MitochondriaPlastids.
Centrosomes,Centrioles,Ribosomes.
Non LivingMaterial engulfedor secreted
Fundamental unit of Life : Cell
Chapter - 6 : Tissues
Plant Tissue
Plant Tissue
Meristematic tissue(Capable of division)
ApicalMeristem
LateralMeristem
IntercalaryMeristem
Simple TissueComplex Tissue
Permanent tissues
Paren-chyma
Collen-chyma
Scleren-chyma
Xylem Phloem
Animal Tissues
Animal Tissue
Squamous
Epithelial tissue
Cuboidal Columnar Glandular
CiliatedMuscular tissue
Striated Unstriated Cardiac
Connective tissues
Nervous tissues
Areolar Dense
Tendon Ligament
AdiposeStriated
Fluid or Vascular
Blood
BoneCartilage
Blooda type of
tissue
Fluid matrixSuspended componentsin fluid matrix
Types
Name one more type of connective tissue
a
b
dWBCc
e f g h i
j
6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Blooda type of
tissue
Fluid matrixSuspended componentsin fluid matrix
Types
Name one more type of connective tissue
a
b
dWBCc
e f g h i
j
Chapter - 7 : Biological Diversity
Flowcharts
2. Protista
Organisms
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Unicellular Multicellular
Unicellular
1. Monera
With cell-wall Without cell wall
Do not performphotosynthesis
Able to performphotosynthesis
3. Fungi 4. Plantae
5. Animalia
Flowchart 1 : Classification of organisms into five kingdoms
Monera
Nutrition
Autotrophicor
heterotrophic
Cell wall
May bepresent or
absent
Reproduction
Fission andbudding
Examples
Prokaryotic unicellularorganisms such as bacteria,
cyanobacteria and mycoplasma
Flowchart 2 : Classification of Monera
Protista
Nutrition
Autotrophicor
heterotrophic
Cell wall
Composed ofchitin
Locomotion Reproduction
By Appendagelike cilia or
flagella
Sexual or asexual
Examples
Eukaryotic unicellularorganisms such as protozoans,unicellular algae and diatoms
Flowchart 3 : Classification of Protista
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 7Fungi
Nutrition
Heterotrophic
Cell wall
Composed ofchitin
Reproduction
Sexual orasexual
Examples
Eukaryotic organisms suchas yeast and mushrooms
Flowchart 4 : Classification of Fungi
FlowchartsPlantae
Bryophyta
Simplestplants lacking
well-differentiatedbody design
Pteridophyta
Differentiatedplant body
lacking vasculartissue
Gymnospermae
Well-differentiated
plant body withvascular tissue for
conduction
Angiospermae
Bear nakedseeds
Thallophyta
Floweringplants, seeds
enclosed in fruits
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Seeds with single cotyledonsFibrous root system
Parallel venation of leaveFlowers with three (or
multiple of three) petals
Seeds with two cotyledonsTap root system
Reticulate venation of leavesFlowers with five (or multiple
of five) petals
Flowchart 1 : Classification of Plantae
Porifera
Coelenterata
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Protochordata
Vertebrata
Body with numerous pores, cellular level of organization, hardexoskeleton and canal system
Radial symmetry, coelenteron between epidermis and gastrodermis.e g Hydra. ., (Solitary form) and corals (living in colonies)
Bilateral symmetry, dorsoventrally flattened, triploblastic andacoelomate body, free living ( . ., ) or parasitic ( . ., Tapeworm)e g Planaria e g
Bilateral symmetry, cylindrical body with pseudocoelom, segmentationand extensive organ differentiation. . .,e g Ascaris
Bilateral symmetry with true coelom, triploblastic, segmentation andextensive organ differentiation. . ., Earthworme g
Bilateral symmetry, segmented body, jointed legs and open circulatorysystem. Pila, Octopuse.g.,
Bilateral symmetry, soft body, open circulatory system and reducedcoelom. . ., Pila, Octopuse g
Spiny skin, calcareous skeleton, triploblastic, coelomate, marine andfree living, water vascular system is an important feature. . ., Starfishe g
Notochord at some or other stage of their life.e g Balanoglossus. .,
Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pairedpharyngeal gill slits, triploblastic, bilateralsymmetry
ChordataTrue vertebral column and endoskeleton,complex body organization and differentiation
Animalia
8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Porifera
Coelenterata
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Protochordata
Vertebrata
Body with numerous pores, cellular level of organization, hardexoskeleton and canal system
Radial symmetry, coelenteron between epidermis and gastrodermis.e g Hydra. ., (Solitary form) and corals (living in colonies)
Bilateral symmetry, dorsoventrally flattened, triploblastic andacoelomate body, free living ( . ., ) or parasitic ( . ., Tapeworm)e g Planaria e g
Bilateral symmetry, cylindrical body with pseudocoelom, segmentationand extensive organ differentiation. . .,e g Ascaris
Bilateral symmetry with true coelom, triploblastic, segmentation andextensive organ differentiation. . ., Earthworme g
Bilateral symmetry, segmented body, jointed legs and open circulatorysystem. Pila, Octopuse.g.,
Bilateral symmetry, soft body, open circulatory system and reducedcoelom. . ., Pila, Octopuse g
Spiny skin, calcareous skeleton, triploblastic, coelomate, marine andfree living, water vascular system is an important feature. . ., Starfishe g
Notochord at some or other stage of their life.e g Balanoglossus. .,
Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pairedpharyngeal gill slits, triploblastic, bilateralsymmetry
ChordataTrue vertebral column and endoskeleton,complex body organization and differentiation
Animalia
Chapter - 8 : Health And Diseases
FlowchartsCauses of diseases
Biological agents
Nutrient agents
Chemical agents
Physical agents
Mechanicalagents
Example : Bacteria, virus, protozoa
Example : Deficiency of proteins, minerals and vitamins
Endogenous chemicals ( ., Urea, uric acid)e.g
Example : Temperature, humidity, radiation
Example : Friction or other mechanical forces causing injury or sprain
Exogenous chemicals ( Pollutants, pollens)e.g.,
Flowchart 1 : Five Causes of Diseases.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 9
Diseases
Acute Non-infectiousChronic Infectious
Last for ashort time
Persist for along period
Do notcause major
healtheffects
Cause prolongedill health
Caused bymicrobes or otherinfectious agents
Have internal,non-infectious causes
Infectious agents suchas virus, bacteria, fungi,protozoans and worms
Flowchart 2 : Types of Diseases
Communicable Diseases
Air Sexual contactWater Food Vectors
Contaminatedfood withinfectious
agents
Coughing orsneezing ofan infected
person
Contaminateddrinking
water withinfectious
agents
Sexualcontacts with
infectedperson and
also throughblood
transfusion,infected
needles orduring
pregnancyand breast
feeding by aninfectedmother
Intermediateanimalscausing
spread ofdisease
e.g., Commoncold,
pneumonia,tuberculosis
e.g., Cholera e.g.,Vomitting,diarrhoea,abdominal
pain
e.g.,syphilis
AIDS,
e.g., Malaria
Flowchart 3 : How do communicable diseases spread ?
FlowchartsPrevention of Infectious Diseases
Maintaining publichealth hygiene
Availability of sufficientand balanced diet
Immunization
Safe drinking water
Clean environment
Spacious conditions forliving
10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Prevention of Infectious Diseases
Maintaining publichealth hygiene
Availability of sufficientand balanced diet
Immunization
Safe drinking water
Clean environment
Spacious conditions forliving
Flowchart : Prevention of infectious diseases
Chapter - 9 : Motion
Flowchart
Types ofMotion
OscillatoryMotion
RotationalMotion
TransnationalMotion
Rectilinear
RandomMotion
Circular
Curvilinear
Types of Motion
Chapter - 10 : Force And Laws Of Motion
Flowcharts
BalancedIf the resultant of all the forcesacting on a body is zero
UnbalancedIf the resultant of all the forcesacting on a body is not zero
Force
Force
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 11
Newton's Laws of Motion
Second Law
The rate of change ofmomentum of an objectis proportional to theapplied unbalancedforce in the direction offorce.
First Law
A body continues to bein a state of rest or in astate of uniform motionunless compelled by anexternal force to changeits state of rest or ofuniform motion.
Third Law
To every action, there isan equal and oppositereaction.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Chapter - 11 : Gravitation
Flowchart
h = ut + ½gt2v = u + gt v u2 2= + 2gh
Equations of Motion
Equations of Motion
Know the formula
F = Gm × m1 2
R2Where 'g' isaccelerationdue to gravityg = 9.8 m/s2
or 10 m/s2
'G' is the universalgravitational constantwhose value is equal
to 6.67 × 10–11
Pressure
= ForceArea
Density of asubstanceis mass per unitvolume. Its unit is
(g/cm ) or (kg/m )3 3
Know the Formula
Relative density
=
Density ofa substanceDensity of
waterNm /kg2 2
Chapter - 12 : Floatation
FlowchartKnow the Formulae
Density = MassVolume
Unit of density(g/m ) Or (kg/m )
–3 3 Relative density =Density of substance
Density of waterForce = Mass ×
accelerationPressure =Thrust × Area
12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Density of an object < Density of liquid Object floats on the surface of liquid
Density of an object
Density of liquid
Liquid level
Gravity
Buoyancy
Density of an object > Density of liquid Object sinks in the liquid
Density of an object < Density of liquid Object floats on the surface of liquid
Density of an object
Density of liquid
Liquid level
Gravity
Buoyancy
Density of an object > Density of liquid Object sinks in the liquid
Chapter - 13 : Work And Energy
Flowcharts
Work is done when a force acting on a body produces displacement in it
A scalar quantity and its SI unit is joule (J)
Positive if angle between force and displacement is acute
Negative if angle between force and displacement is obtuse
Zero if displacement is zero
No work is done when a body moves in a circular path
Wo
rk
(W
=F
sco
s)�
Flowchart 1 : Work
Flowcharts
Energy
Capacity to do work
Kinetic energy Potential energy Mechanical energy
By virtue ofmotion of a
body
By virtue of position ofa body or changein configuration
P.E. = mgh
Transformation of energyChange of one form of energy into
another
Law of conservation of energyEnergy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but can be transformed fromone form into another.
K. E. = mv2
M.E. = K.E. + P.E.
12
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 13
Energy
Capacity to do work
Kinetic energy Potential energy Mechanical energy
By virtue ofmotion of a
body
By virtue of position ofa body or changein configuration
P.E. = mgh
Transformation of energyChange of one form of energy into
another
Law of conservation of energyEnergy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but can be transformed fromone form into another.
K. E. = mv2
M.E. = K.E. + P.E.
12
Flowchart 1 : EnergyFlowchart 1 : Energy
Energy
The ability todo work
Work
The transfer ofenergy
Flowchart 2 : Relation between work and energy
Know the Formula
KE = mv2 PE = mgh Law of conservation of
energy = +mv mgh2
= constant
Unit = Joule1 kJ = 1000 J
12 1
2
FlowchartKnow the Formula
Power = Unit = Watt(W) 1 W = 1 Js1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
1 kW = 1000 W1 kW = 1000 Js
–1
–1
1 K = 1 kW × 1h= 1000 W × 3600
= 3600000 J= 3.6 × 10 J
wh
s
6
WorkTime
w
t=
Chapter - 14 : Sound
FlowchartsWave motion produced by a vibrating sound.
Longitudinal wave as particles of medium move along the direction of wave
Medium is necessary for propagation of sound wave
Its speed depends on the nature and temperature of transmitting medium
Travels faster in solids than in air
Audible range for human being is 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Infrasound - frequency < 20 Hz; Ultrasound - frequency > 20 kHz
Gets reflected and follows the same law as the reflection of light
SO
UN
D
14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Wave motion produced by a vibrating sound.
Longitudinal wave as particles of medium move along the direction of wave
Medium is necessary for propagation of sound wave
Its speed depends on the nature and temperature of transmitting medium
Travels faster in solids than in air
Audible range for human being is 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Infrasound - frequency < 20 Hz; Ultrasound - frequency > 20 kHz
Gets reflected and follows the same law as the reflection of light
SO
UN
D
Flowchart 1 : Sound Waves
Wavelength ( )�
Amplitude (Power)
Time
One oscillation(Frequency is the number of
oscillations per second)
Flowchart 2 : Sound Wave
Crest
Wavelength
Distance
Trough
Dis
plac
emen
t
Flowchart 3 : Crest and Trough of a Transverse wave
Chapter - 15 : Natural Resources
Flowchar
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 15
Water Pollution
Definition Causes Effects Action Plans
Excessive amountof waste in thebodies of water ofthe world.
1. Dumping of wasteinto the sea.
2. Oil spills.3. Excessive use of
fertilizers andpesticides.
1. Life of marine life.2. Contamination of
water basedresources.
3. Flooding becomesdangerous to thenearby town.
1. Not to throwwaste into a river.
2. Recycle recyclableresources.
3. Reuse waste thatcan be reused.
Flowchart 1 : Water Pollution
Soil Formation
Weathering of rocks
SunWater
A chemical or physical process inwhich rocks exposed to the weatherare worn down.
Wind
Flowchart 2 : Soil Formation
FlowchartsBiogeochemical Cycles
Carbon Cycle Nitrogen CycleWater Cycle
Transpiration
Evaporation
Nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Biogeochemical CyclesBiogeochemical Cycles
Too much greeenhousesgases
NitrogenOzone
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Causes
Global Warming
Drought
Famine
Melting ofIce caps
Damage to crops andhomes
No food/drink
Floods
CFCs
Aerosols
Spray Cans
Plant more trees to absorbcarbon dioxide
Cut down the usage of CFC
Increase in the averagetemperature of Earth’s
atmosphere
Effects
Solution
Global Warming
Global Warming
16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX
Chapter - 16 : Improvement In Food Resources
Flowcharts
Improvement inFood Crop Yields
A. Crop varietyimprovement
B. Crop productionmanagement
C. Crop protectionmanagement
Improvement in Food Crop Yields
Animal Husbandry2. Poultry farming 3. Fish farming
1. Cattle farming
4. Bee-keeping
Animal Husbandry