chapter 1. membrane separation processcontents.kocw.net/kocw/document/2015/chungbuk/yoonchang... ·...

Chang-Han Yun / Ph.D.

Chapter 1. Membrane Separation Process

National Chungbuk University

September 4, 2015 (Fri)

2 Chapter 1. Membrane Separation Process Chungbuk University

Contents

1. 여과막(Filtration Membrane)

3. 접촉막(Membrane Contactor)

2. 투석막(Dialysis Membrane)

Membrane

Processes Membrane

Processes

6. 생체막(Bio Membrane)

5. 선택적 투과막(Permselective Membrane)

4. 수송촉진막(Facilitated Transport Membrane)


1. 여과막 (Filtration Membrane)

Filtration Membrane Sieving

Size(㎛)

Separation

Mechanism Application

Operating

Pressure(atm)

Particle Filter (PF)

Roughing Filter (RF) 5.0 ∼ 1,000 Sieving SS removal 0.03 ∼2.0

Micro Filter (MF) 0.05 ∼ 5.0 Sieving

(Porous)

Colloid/Bacteria

removal 1.0 ∼ 5.0

Ultra Filter (UF) 0.05∼0.005 Sieving

(Porous)

Colloid/Virus

removal 1.0 ∼ 5.0

Nano Filter (NF)

0.001

∼

0.005

Solution-diffusion-

imperfection

(Non-porous)

Salt(>+2)

rejection

5.0 ∼ 10.0

Hyper Filter (HF)

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

0.00005

∼

0.0005

Solution-diffusion-

imperfection

(Non-porous)

Salt(>+1)

rejection 10.0 ∼ 70.0

Filtration


1. 여과막 (Filtration Membrane)

㎛

Relative Size

of Common

Material

Molecular

Weight

0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000

100 200 5,000 20,000 100,000 500,000

Aqueous salts

Metal ions

Filtration

Technology

Pyrogens

Virus

Colloidal Silica

Bacteria

Carbon black Paint pigment

Yeast cells Beach sand

Pollens

Reverse Osmosis

Ultra-Filtration

Micro-Filtration

Particle Filtration

Nano-Filtration

Removal of Soluble

(ion, COD)

Removal of

Colloid

Removal of SS

SDI(0.05㎛) SS filter(1.4㎛)

Filtration Spectrum


2. 투석막 (Dialysis Membrane)

Dialysis

Membranes

Characteristics Separation


Retentate Permeate

Size Comp.

Dialysis Macro Solutes

Micro Minor

(solvent)

Sieving and

hindered diffusion Acid, Alkali

(>0.02㎛)

Hemo-

Dialysis (HD) (0.005㎛) 〃〃〃 Artificial kidney

Donnan-

Dialysis (DD) Charged ions 〃〃 Ion-exchange

Pretreatment of

desalination

Metal recovery

Electro-

Dialysis (ED)

Co-ions,

Macro-ions,

Water

Micro

(ions) Minor 〃

Desalination

Chloro-Alkali

Electro-Dialysis

Reversal (EDR) 〃〃〃〃〃

Dialysis



1. Dialysis

Dialysis is a rate-governed membrane process in which a micro-solute is driven

across semi-permeable membrane by means of a concentration gradient.

2. Hemo-Dialysis(HD)

The pore size of Hemo-Dialysis membrane is around 5nm, smaller than the general

dialysis membrane’s, to give a molecular sieving effect. So, this membrane can

separate most of proteins and is widely used in the artificial kidney.

3. Donnan-Dialysis(DD)

Donnan-Dialysis membrane is using the ion-selective membrane.

In case of the anionic exchange membrane, the performance is good (ex, Nafion).

But the performance of the cationic exchange is not.

4. Electro-Dialysis(ED) / EDR

Electro-Dialysis membrane is applying to give higher driving force.

Electro-Dialysis Reversal(EDR) is applying periodic change the electric polar

to prevent from the concentration polarization of the membrane surface.

Dialysis



Salt and water

ΔP

water

ΔP

water

Salt

Salt and water

ΔE

Cations

ΔE

Anions

Water

Reverse Osmosis Electro Dialysis

Operating Principle of RO and ED

Feed Dialysate Membrane

C1s

C1m C2s

C2m

ℓ

Typical Concentration profile

Principle



Operating Principle of

Electro Dialysis(ED)

Water Desalination Cost

Comparison


2. 투석막 (Dialysis Membrane) PFD of EDR


Summary of Membrane Contactor Processes

Membrane Solvent Extraction(MSX)

Membrane Stripping(MS)/Absorption(MA)

Membrane Distillation(MD)

Liquid Membrane(LM)

Immobilized Liquid Membrane(ILM/SLM)

Contained Liquid Membrane(CLM)

Membrane Reactor

Pore Condensation

3. 접촉막 (Membrane Contactor) Summary


3. 접촉막 (Membrane Contactor)

Membrane

Contactors



Retentate Permeate

Size Comp.

Membrane-based

Solvent Extraction

(MSE/MSX)

Solvent

Less soluble Minor

More

soluble

Solubility

difference

Organic pollutants removal

Olefin extraction

Metal recovery

Membrane

Stripping

(MS)

Water

Less soluble 〃

More

volatile 〃

Dissolved gas(air, NH3 etc)

free water

Membrane

Distillation

(MD)

Non-volatile Either

volatile

High volatility

and diffusion

Concentration of liquid

foods

Pore

Condensation

(PC)

Permanent

gas Minor Condensable

Pore condensation

and permeation VOC removal from gas

Summary


Configuration of Membrane Contactor

3. 접촉막 (Membrane Contactor) Configuration



Immobilized Interfaces in Micro-Porous Hydrophobic Membrane

1. Membrane Solvent Extraction (MSX)


MC Module

Feed Water

Degasfied Water

Sweep(N2)gas Vacuum


Example of Oxygen Removal

for Ultra Pure Water

2. Membrane Stripping (MS)

Microporous

Hydrophobic

membrane

Gas-filled pore

LIQUID

Gas-liquid

interference

immobilized GAS

Pb

Membrane wall

Pgi

Pli

Ci

Cb

Pgas < Paq


Membrane Stripping(MS) and Absorption(MA)

Feed

Aqueous

Phase

Sweep

Aqueous

Phase

Membrane wall

Psi

Plii Cfi

Cfb

Pfi

Csi Csb

gas-filled pore


3. Membrane Absortion (MA)


Application of MS and MA in Industry

Ultra pure water degassing (DO<10 ppb)

Process water deaeration

Boiler feed water degassing

Water decarbonation

Ammonia stripping/absorption

Culture media oxygenation




4. Membrane Distillation (MD)


Liquid Membrane (LM)


Facilitated

Transport

Membrane



Retentate Permeate

Size Comp.

Emulsion Liquid

Membrane

(ELM)

Water

Less soluble

/reactive

Minor

More

soluble

/reactive

Solubility difference

Reaction kinetics

Zn recovery in viscose rayon

Metal/Protein recovery

Phenol removal

Immobilized

Liquid Membrane

(ILM/SLM)

〃〃〃〃

Metal/Protein recovery

Phenol removal

Acid gas removal

Contained Liquid

Membrane

(CLM)

〃〃〃〃〃



5. Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM)

Phenol removal by Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) process



6. Immobilized Liquid Membrane (ILM)



7. Contained Liquid Membrane (CLM)

F S F S

F S F

F S F S

F S F

Feed Fiber Strip Fiber

Liquid

Membrane


Tube side

Strip stream Liquid membrane A

Hollow fiber

Shell-side

Membrane

wall

Hollow

fiber

set #1 Tube side of fiber set #1

Tube side of fiber set #2

Hollow

fiber

set #2

Membrane

wall

Feed stream

Shell-side

Shell-side

Shell-side

ILM


CLM

Strip stream A

A

A

A

A

Feed stream

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

Strip stream

Liquid

Membrane

A A

A



8. Pore Condensation (PC)



9. Membrane Reactor (MR)

R

Reactant

P P

Product

Permselective

Membrane

Catalytic

Membrane

P X

R R

R

Reactant

B

+

C

Product B

at high

concentration

Permselective

Membrane

Catalytic

Membrane

B + C X

A A

C

Product

Separation of single product Separation of multiple products


α-Chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester(ATEE)



HO CH2CHCOOC2H5

NHCOCH3

pH 7.8

αCHT HO CH2CHCOO- + H+

NHCOCH3

H2O

+

L-acid

D, L-acid

Sweep/Product Feed/Raffinate Alcohol

+

Acid Acid

ILM Enzyme Membrane

Alcohol

Ester Ester


Comparison of Membrane Reactor with Conventional Process



R B + C Catalyst

Membrane Reactor

Feed A

Enriched Product B

Raffinate C

Sweep

Conventional Process

Reactant

Product C

Energy

Product

B + C B

Solvent

Enriched

Product B

Solvent

Catalysis Separation Enrichment


Advantage of Membrane Contactor High contact area

No flooding

Independent control of each phase

Immiscible flow

<Example> Comparison of contact area per unit volume in air stripping

(Air Stripping 장치의 단위부피당 접촉면적 비교)

Data Equipments

ft2 / ft3 m2 / m3

Free Dispersion Columns 1 ∼ 10 3 ∼ 33

Packed / Trayed Columns 10 ∼ 100 33 ∼ 330

Agitated Columns 50 ∼ 150 164 ∼ 492

Membrane Contactors 500 ∼ 2,000 1,640 ∼ 6,562



Count-transport of Cu2+ through Liquid Membrane



Co-transport of Chromate Ion across Liquid Membrane



Facilitated Transport of Olefin

Olefin Olefin

Olefin

|

M+

M+

M+ = Complexing

Agent(Ag+)

Paraffin

Membrane



Liquid Membrane Contactor Configuration

(used by BP Co. to Recover from C2 Mixture)


He Sweep

Gas In

Permeate Gas Out

Flash Pot

Back Pressure

Regulator Membrane

Module

Reject Gas

Out

Feed Gas In

Pump

Back Pressure

Regulator


Immobilized Liquid Membrane Configuration

(used by Exxon Co. to Recover C4 Olefin from C4 Mixture)

Retentate Feed Gas

Water Saturator

Demister

Permeation Cell

Pressure

Regulator

Permeate

Demister Water Saturator

Pressure Regulator

Sweep Gas In

(N2)

Membrane



5. 선택적 투과막 (Permselestive Membrane)

Permselective

Membrane



Retentate Permeate

Size Comp.

Gas Permeation

Membrane

(GPM)

Less soluble Either More soluble Solution-

diffusion

H2S removal in natural gas

CO2 recovery in flue gas

H2, He purification

N2, O2 enrichment

Vapor Permeation

Membrane

(VPM)

Permanent gas

Less soluble Minor More soluble 〃

Water vapor removal

VOC/VIC removal

Pervaporation

(PV) Less soluble 〃

More volatile

More soluble 〃

Alcohol/H2O separation

VCM recovery in

PVC synthesis process


질의 응답

Dr. Chang-Han Yun

E-mail : [email protected]

Mobile : 010-288-2250

Contact ☞

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