chapter 1 new world encounters. © 2013 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved

Chapter 1

New World Encounters

New World Encounters

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native American HistoriesBefore the Conquest

• 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants

• 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America

• These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases


Routes of the First Americans


The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture

• Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat– Some suggest they over-hunted and caused

the extinction of several large species– Climatic warming probably played a much

bigger role


The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture

• 5,000 years ago—agricultural revolution– Crops included maize, squash, and beans – Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to

permanent villages or large cities


Mysterious Disappearances

• Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon– Sophisticated irrigation– Well-built roads for transportation

• Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley– Large ceremonial mounds– Extensive trade network


Mysterious Disappearances

• Cahokia—Mississippi Valley – Large ceremonial mounds– Far-flung trade network


Aztec Dominance

• Aztecs settled valley of Mexico

• Center of large, powerful empire

• Highly-organized social and political structure

• Ruled through fear and force


Aztec Dominance


Eastern Woodland Cultures

• Atlantic coast of North America

• Native Americans lived in smaller bands

• Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering

• Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers


Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s


Confederacies of Eastern North America

• Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie

• Iroquois—central New York

• Powhattan—Chesapeake


A World Transformed

• Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures

• The rate of change varied from place to place

• Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival


A World Transformed


Cultural Negotiations

• Diversity of language groups, ethnicities

• Place in society defined through kinship

• Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation

• Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships


Threats to Survival: Trade

• Native Americans were eager for European trade

• They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans

• Commerce also influenced warfare patterns


Threats to Survival: Disease

• Contact brought population decline among American Indians

• Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease– Smallpox– Measles– Influenza

• Rate as high as 95%


Native American Population Loss, 1500–1700


West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

• Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures– Islam – Strong traditional beliefs

• A history of empires– Mali– Ghana

• Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans


West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies


Trade Routes in Africa


Beginnings of the Slave Trade

• Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa

• Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves


How Many Slaves?

• Seventeenth century—ca. 1,000 Africans per year

• Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas

• By 1860—ca. 11 million

• Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas


Europe on the Eve of Conquest

• Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland”

• Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement attained– Rise of nation-states – Spread of new technologies – Spread of old knowledge


Europe on the Eve of Conquest

• 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization


Building New Nation-States

• Population growth after 1450

• “New monarchs” forged nations from scattered provinces– Spain– France– England

• “Middle class” a new source of revenue

• Powerful military forces deployed


Imagining a New World

• Spain became the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization

• Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella

• 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled

• Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization


Christopher Columbus


Myths and Reality

• Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”

• 1492—initial voyage

• Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China


Myths and Reality

• 1506—Columbus died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient

• Made Spanish dominion in America possible


The Columbian Exchange and the Global Environment


The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed

• Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands

• By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated

• By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire

• 1539–1542—de Soto explored Southeast

• 1540–1542—Coronado explored Southwest


Voyages of European Exploration


From Plunder to Settlement

• Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors– Large land grants – Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute

• Appointed officials answered only to crown

• Catholic Church – Protected Indian rights– Performed mass conversions


From Plunder to Settlement

• By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World– Unmarried males intermarried– Mixed-blood population emerged


The Virgin of Guadalupe


The French Claim Canada

• 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec

• French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi

• French crown made little effort to foster settlement



• Fur trade underpinned economy

• Indians became valued trading partners


The English Enter the Competition

• Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547)

• England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I


The English Enter the Competition


Birth of English Protestantism

• Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance– 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in

Germany – 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in

Geneva

• Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics


The English Reformation

• Tudor monarchs brought political unity

• Reformation under Henry Vlll(r. 1509–1547) strengthened Crown

• Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547–1553)

• Death of Mary I (r. 1553–1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation


The English Reformation

• Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) consolidated English Reformation


Militant Protestantism

• Lutheran Reformation– God speaks through Bible, not through Pope

or priests– Justification by faith alone for salvation

• Calvinist Reformation– John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence– Predestination—some persons chosen by

God for salvation


Militant Protestantism

• Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe– France—Huguenots– Scotland—Presbyterians– England—Puritans


Woman in Power

• Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) was a very capable monarch

• Elizabeth introduced Via Media– Protestant doctrine– “Catholic” ritual– Ended religious turmoil in England


Woman in Power

• Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England

• England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers


Religion, War, and Nationalism

• Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood

• Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes

• Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire

• 1588—Spanish Armada defeated


An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

• Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584– He named the region Virginia after the Virgin

Queen

• The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587

• The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery


Mystery at Roanoke


Campaign to Sell America

• By 1600, no English settlements in New World

• Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization– Claimed that England needed American

colonies


chapter 1 new world encounters. © 2013 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved

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