chapter 1: organization of the human body€¦ · case study learning objective ... •body fluid...

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 1

Organization of the Human Body

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Overview


Key Terms

anabolism intracellular fluid

anatomic position metabolism

anatomy negative feedback

catabolism organ

cell pathology

disease physiology

extracellular fluid system

homeostasis tissue


Studies of the Human Body

Learning Objectives

1. Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology.

2. Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism.

3. List 11 body systems, and give the general function of each.


Metabolism and Its Regulation

Learning Objectives

4. Define and give examples of homeostasis.

5. Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop.

6. Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions.


Body Directions

Learning Objectives

7. List and define the main directional terms for the body.

8. List and define the three planes of division of the body.


Body Cavities

Learning Objectives

9. Name the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities.

10.Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen.

11.Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.


Case Study

Learning Objective

12. Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in the case study.


Word Anatomy

Learning Objective

13. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.



Anatomy

• Study of body structure

– Dissection

Physiology

• Study of body function

Pathology

• Study of disease


Studies of the Human Body (cont.)

Chemicals

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Systems

Organism

Levels of Organization


Figure 1-1 Levels of organization.

What do specialized groups of cells form?




Body Systems (Organized by Function)

• Protection, support, and movement

– Integumentary

– Skeletal

– Muscular

• Coordination and control

– Nervous

– Endocrine



Body Systems (Organized by Function) (cont.)

• Circulation and immunity

– Cardiovascular

– Lymphatic

• Energy supply and fluid balance

– Respiratory

– Digestive

– Urinary

• Production of offspring

– Reproductive



Effects of Aging

• Gradual changes occur in all body systems.

• Some changes are harmless.

– Wrinkles and gray hair

• Some changes may result in injury and disease.

– Decreased kidney function

– Loss of bone mass

– Formation of deposits within blood vessels



(See the Student Resources on

thePoint for this chart summarizing

the body systems and their functions.

Additional resources may be found on

thePoint.)



Checkpoints

1-1 What are the studies of body structure and body function called?

1-2 What do organs working together combine to form?



Pop Quiz

1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist?

A) The structure of the stomach

B) The mechanism of protein digestion

C) Stomach cancer

D) Anabolic reactions



Pop Quiz Answer

1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist?

A) The structure of the stomach

B) The mechanism of protein digestion

C) Stomach cancer

D) Anabolic reactions



Pop Quiz

1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is

A) Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system

B) Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

C) System, cell, organ, organism, tissue

D) Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism



Pop Quiz Answer

1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is

A) Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system

B) Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

C) System, cell, organ, organism, tissue

D) Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism



Pop Quiz

1.3 Which system is comprised of bones and joints?

A) Skeletal system

B) Nervous system

C) Immune system

D) Muscular system



Pop Quiz Answer

1.3 Which system is comprised of bones and joints?

A) Skeletal system

B) Nervous system

C) Immune system

D) Muscular system


Metabolism and Its Regulation

Learning Objectives

4. Define and give examples of homeostasis.

5. Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop.

6. Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions.


Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.)

Homeostasis

• Body’s maintenance of internal balance.

• Body fluid balance is especially important.

– Extracellular fluid

• Blood plasma

• Lymph

• Fluid between cells

– Intracellular fluid

• Fluid within cells



Homeostasis (cont.)

• Negative feedback

– Critical for maintaining our health

– Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift


Figure 1-2 Negative feedback.

How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal?


Figure 1-3 Negative feedback and body temperature.

How does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature?


Figure 1-4 Negative feedback in the endocrine system.



Types of Metabolism

• Catabolism

– Reactions that break substances down

– Used to form ATP

• Anabolism

– Reactions that build substances up

– Often require ATP


Figure 1-5 Metabolism.

What type of metabolism does the digestive system do?



Checkpoints

1-3 Where are intracellular fluids located? Extracellular fluids?

1-4 What is the definition of homeostasis?

1-5 What are the three components of a negative feedback loop?

1-6 What are the two types of metabolic activities, and what happens during each?



Pop Quiz

1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n)

A) Anabolic reaction

B) Catabolic reaction

C) Homeostatic reaction

D) Metabolic reaction



Pop Quiz Answer

1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n)

A) Anabolic reaction

B) Catabolic reaction

C) Homeostatic reaction

D) Metabolic reaction



Pop Quiz

1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback?

A) Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar.

B) Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace.

C) A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

D) A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.



Pop Quiz Answer

1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback?

A) Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar.

B) Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace.

C) A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

D) A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.


Body Directions

Learning Objectives

7. List and define the main directional terms for the body.

8. List and define the three planes of division of the body.


Body Directions (cont.)

Directional Terms

• Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions.

– Superior and inferior

– Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

– Medial and lateral

– Proximal and distal

• All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.


Figure 1-6 Directional terms.

What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing?




Planes of Division

• Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction.

– Frontal plane

– Sagittal plane

– Transverse plane


Figure 1-7 Planes of division.

Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?




Planes of Division (cont.)

• Some additional terms, usually “sections,” are used to describe tissues and CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images.

– Cross-section

– Longitudinal section

– Oblique section


Figure 1-8 Tissue sections.

Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis?



Figure 1-9 Cross-sections in imaging.




Checkpoints

1-7 What term describes a location farther from an origin, such as the wrist in comparison to the elbow?

1-8 What are the three planes in which the body can be cut?



Pop Quiz

1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline?

A) Distal

B) Lateral

C) Medial

D) Transverse



Pop Quiz Answer

1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline?

A) Distal

B) Lateral

C) Medial

D) Transverse



Pop Quiz

1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the

A) Sagittal plane

B) Proximal plane

C) Frontal plane

D) Midsagittal plane



Pop Quiz Answer

1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the

A) Sagittal plane

B) Proximal plane

C) Frontal plane

D) Midsagittal plane


Body Cavities

Learning Objectives

9. Name the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities.

10.Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen.

11.Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.


Body Cavities (cont.)

The body is divided into two main cavities.

Dorsal Cavity

– Two main subdivisions

• Cranial cavity

• Spinal cavity

Ventral Cavity

– Two main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity


Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.

Which cavity contains the diaphragm?

Replace with

Fig 1-10




Thoracic Cavity

• Further subdivided

– Pericardial cavity

– Pleural cavity

– Mediastinum

Which cavity contains the lung?

Figure 1-11 The thoracic

Cavity.



Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Further subdivided

– Abdominal cavity

– Pelvic cavity

Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.



Divisions of the Abdomen

• The abdomen can be divided into nine regions.

– Epigastric

– Umbilical

– Hypogastric

– Hypochondriac (left and right)

– Lumbar (left and right)

– Iliac or inguinal (left and right)


Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen.

Which region contains the spleen?



Divisions of the Abdomen (cont.)

• The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants.

– Right upper quadrant

– Left upper quadrant

– Right lower quadrant

– Left lower quadrant

In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt?

Figure 1-13 Quadrants of the abdomen.


Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions.

Where would a pedal pulse be felt?



Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions.

Where would cervical pain be felt?




Checkpoints

1-9 Name the two main body cavities.

1-10 Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.



Pop Quiz

1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A) Gallbladder

B) Liver

C) Lung

D) Small intestine



Pop Quiz Answer

1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A) Gallbladder

B) Liver

C) Lung

D) Small intestine


Body Directions

Pop Quiz

1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial?

A) Epigastric region

B) Hypogastric region

C) Inguinal region

D) Umbilical region



Pop Quiz Answer

1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial?

A) Epigastric region

B) Hypogastric region

C) Inguinal region

D) Umbilical region



Pop Quiz

1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh?

A) Crural

B) Femoral

C) Popliteal

D) Sural



Pop Quiz Answer

1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh?

A) Crural

B) Femoral

C) Popliteal

D) Sural



Pop Quiz

1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as

A) Constant

B) Downward

C) Upward

D) Variable



Pop Quiz Answer

1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as

A) Constant

B) Downward

C) Upward

D) Variable


Case Study

Learning Objective

12. Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in a case study.


Case Study: Chapter 1 Mike’s Case: Emergency Care and Possible System Failure

• Some anatomic and physiologic terms from the case study:

– Hemorrhage

– Hormone

– Hypertensive

– Hypotensive

– Hypothermia

– Intra-abdominal

– Palpate

– Tachycardia


Word Anatomy

Learning Objective

13. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.


Word Anatomy (cont.)

Word Part Meaning Example


dis- apart, away from To dissect is to cut apart.

-logy study of Radiology is the study and use of radioactive substances.

path/o disease Pathology is the study of disease.

physi/o nature, physical Physiology is the study of how the body functions.

-tomy cutting, incision of Anatomy


Word Anatomy (cont.)

Word Part Meaning Example

Metabolism

ana- upward, again, back Anabolism is the building up of simple compounds into more complex substances.

cata- down Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances.

extra- outside of, beyond Extracellular fluid is outside the cells.

home/o- same Homeostasis is the steady state (sameness) within an organism.

intra- within Intracellular fluid is within a cell.

stat, -stasis stand, stoppage, constancy

In homeostasis, “-stasis” refers to constancy.

chapter 1: organization of the human body€¦ · case study learning objective ... •body fluid...

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