Chapter 1Our Changing

Environment

IMPORTANT DATESIMPORTANT DATES Chapter 1

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS By next class:

Study for Common Test Read p 4 (2002 World Summit)

By Wednesday 9/7: Read p 7-17 and take notes

Monday 9/12: CH 1 TEST CH 1 HW due

GREEN ARCHETECTUREGREEN ARCHETECTURE Encompasses Encompasses

environmental environmental considerations considerations such as energy such as energy conservation, conservation, improved indoor improved indoor air quality, water air quality, water conservation, conservation, and and recycled/reused recycled/reused building building materialsmaterials..

Examples:Examples:Ardrey Kell High Ardrey Kell High Mallard Creek Mallard Creek

HighHigh

Lewis Center, Oberlin Lewis Center, Oberlin CollegeCollege

Earth-Earth-coupled heat coupled heat pumppump

Motion Motion sensors to sensors to shut off shut off lightslights

Wastewater Wastewater recycled for recycled for toilet usetoilet use

Reused Reused building building materialsmaterials

Lewis Center, Cont.Lewis Center, Cont. Photovoltaic (PV) CellsPhotovoltaic (PV) Cells

Lewis Center, Cont.Lewis Center, Cont. Triple-paned windowsTriple-paned windows

Lewis Center, Cont.Lewis Center, Cont. Landscape mimics the natural ecosystems Landscape mimics the natural ecosystems

that were originally in the areathat were originally in the area

Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary study of study of

humanity’s relationship with other humanity’s relationship with other organisms and the nonliving organisms and the nonliving physical environmentphysical environment..

Pollution Pollution Any alteration of air, water, Any alteration of air, water, or soil that harms the health, or soil that harms the health, survival, or activities of humans survival, or activities of humans and other living organisms.and other living organisms.

PollutionPollution Affects the environment in 3 Affects the environment in 3

ways…ways… Chemical NatureChemical Nature ConcentrationConcentration PersistencePersistence

Pollution Prevention Pollution Prevention vs. Pollution vs. Pollution

Cleanup….Cleanup….Which is Which is cheaper?cheaper?

Goals of Environmental Goals of Environmental ScienceScience

Establish principles about how the Establish principles about how the natural world functions natural world functions

Develop viable solutions to Develop viable solutions to environmental problemsenvironmental problems

Make recommendations to elected Make recommendations to elected officialsofficials

Identify, understand, and solve Identify, understand, and solve environmental problems that we have environmental problems that we have created created

EcologyEcology Discipline of biology that Discipline of biology that

studies the interrelationships studies the interrelationships

between organisms and their between organisms and their

environment environment Use ecology to address human Use ecology to address human

population growth & population growth & consequences of that growthconsequences of that growth

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

Ability to meet Ability to meet humanity’s current humanity’s current needsneeds without compromising the without compromising the ability of ability of future generations to future generations to meet their needs.meet their needs.

Ecological ResourceEcological Resource Economic ResourceEconomic Resource Renewable Resource Renewable Resource

(perpetual resource) (perpetual resource) Potentially Renewable Potentially Renewable

Resource Resource

Environmental Environmental Sustainability Sustainability is based on…is based on…

What are the effects of our What are the effects of our actions on the environment?actions on the environment?

Resources are limited – can we Resources are limited – can we live within those limits?live within those limits?

Do we understand the costs to Do we understand the costs to the environment and society?the environment and society?

Can we all share the Can we all share the responsibility?responsibility?

Solar Capital & Earth Capital…Solar Capital & Earth Capital…

Solar Capital & Earth Solar Capital & Earth CapitalCapital

We are all interdependent & We are all interdependent &

interconnected to natureinterconnected to nature

The sun provides the The sun provides the

energy for life.energy for life. Survival, health, and Survival, health, and

economies depend on economies depend on

naturenature We are depleting Earth’s We are depleting Earth’s

natural capital….what is natural capital….what is that?that?

3 Types of Natural Capital RENEWABLE

Living species, ecosystems, etc. Self-producing and self-maintaining. Uses solar energy & photosynthesis Can yield marketable goods (wood fiber, food, etc) Can provide unaccounted essential services when

left in place (climate regulation, air purification, etc) REPLENISHABLE

Groundwater, ozone layer, etc. Nonliving, but also usually dependent on the solar

“engine” for renewal. NONRENEWABLE

Fossil fuels, minerals, metals, etc. Analogous to inventories: any use implies liquidating

part of the stock.

IBESS!!IBESS!!!!

Why aren’t we Why aren’t we sustainable??sustainable??

Using nonrenewable Using nonrenewable resources as if they are resources as if they are infiniteinfinite

Using renewable resources Using renewable resources faster than they can be faster than they can be replenishedreplenished

Polluting the environment Polluting the environment with toxins as if Earth can with toxins as if Earth can absorb them infinitelyabsorb them infinitely

Population continues to Population continues to grow despite the limited grow despite the limited resources & ability to resources & ability to sustain ussustain us

Why can’t we stop Why can’t we stop living “non-sustainably”?living “non-sustainably”?

Interacting ecological, societal, Interacting ecological, societal, economic factorseconomic factors

Inadequate scientific understanding of Inadequate scientific understanding of the environment and the environment and how we affect it how we affect it

Our Challenge:Our Challenge: Meet our immediate needs ANDMeet our immediate needs AND Protect the environment in the longProtect the environment in the long

termterm

Two Views of Resource Use

From: Our Ecological Footprint, by Mathis Wackernagle & William E. Rees

Sustainability must be a BALANCE of quality of life & carrying capacity.

Discuss this diagram.

Where do we normally exist?

What’s the goal???http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/courses/footprint/Footprint.htm

EVOLUTION of PEOPLEEVOLUTION of PEOPLE

http://www.ezl.com/~fireball/evolution___of___man.htm

Evolution of People… Evolution of People… (1) Hunter Gatherers(1) Hunter Gatherers

Until ~Until ~12,00012,000 years ago years ago NomadicNomadic ““Earth Wisdom”Earth Wisdom” 3 energy sources:3 energy sources:

Sun, Fire, Muscle PowerSun, Fire, Muscle Power More advanced h-g’s had More advanced h-g’s had greatergreater

impact on their environment than impact on their environment than earlier h-g’searlier h-g’s

Attempted sustainability Attempted sustainability low resource use & working with naturelow resource use & working with nature

Evolution of People… Evolution of People… (2) Agricultural Revolution(2) Agricultural Revolution

10,000 – 12,00010,000 – 12,000 years agoyears ago

Gradually settled Gradually settled into communitiesinto communities Urbanization Urbanization Larger familiesLarger families Farming (initially only Farming (initially only

subsistence farming)subsistence farming) Cultivate plants & Cultivate plants &

domesticated animalsdomesticated animals

Evolution of People… Evolution of People… (2) Agricultural Revolution(2) Agricultural Revolution

In what ways was the environment impacted?In what ways was the environment impacted? Use of domesticated animals required _____ Use of domesticated animals required _____

energyenergy Birth Rates ____ due to more reliable food Birth Rates ____ due to more reliable food

sourcessources Large areas were cleared & irrigation systems Large areas were cleared & irrigation systems

builtbuilt People began accumulating material goodsPeople began accumulating material goods Farmers grew more than their families neededFarmers grew more than their families needed Urbanization!Urbanization! Survival of animals/plants once vital to Survival of animals/plants once vital to

humanity became less importanthumanity became less important Focused on taming/managing nature, rather Focused on taming/managing nature, rather

than working than working withwith nature. nature.

Evolution of People… Evolution of People… (3) Industrial Revolution(3) Industrial Revolution

Began ~Began ~18701870ssProduction, commerce, Production, commerce, trade expanded rapidly trade expanded rapidly

Resource dependence shift Resource dependence shift ((renewable to renewable to nonrenewablenonrenewable))

New machines = large-scale New machines = large-scale productionproduction

More food and supplies More food and supplies available…available… What happens to population?What happens to population?

Evolution of People… Evolution of People… (3) Industrial Revolution(3) Industrial Revolution

How do you think this affected the How do you think this affected the environment???environment???

Evolution of People… Evolution of People… (4) Technological (4) Technological

RevolutionRevolution

Our current cultural Our current cultural shiftshift

New technology allows New technology allows people to deal with people to deal with more more informationinformation more rapidlymore rapidly

Environmental impact Environmental impact of this revolution is of this revolution is not yet clear…not yet clear…

Evolution of People… Evolution of People… (4) Technological (4) Technological

RevolutionRevolution

From an Environmental From an Environmental Perspective…Perspective…

How is the Techno-How is the Techno-Revolution POSITIVE?Revolution POSITIVE?

How is the Techno-How is the Techno-Revolution NEGATIVE?Revolution NEGATIVE?

MEETING THE CHALLENGE2002 World Summit

Background: 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (Brazil) Focused on…

Pollution Deterioration of atmosphere and oceans Species diversity decline Deforestation

Came up with Agenda 21 –

The Sustainable Development Plan

MEETING THE CHALLENGE2002 World Summit

Agenda 21 – The Sustainable Development Plan Sustainable Development Recommended >2500 actions

to deal with our most urgent environmental, health, and social problems

2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (South Africa) Assessed progress/failures of Agenda 21, finding…

2002 World Summit

Not much changed between 1992 and 2002 – most countries are focused on other issues (terrorism, foreign policy, etc) rather than the environment

Why didn’t Agenda 21 make more of a difference? Agreements don’t help unless the world’s

nations enforce them!! Few international changes, but many local

changes! More stringent air pollution policy >100 countries enacted sustainable

development plans

What is the importance What is the importance of this diagram?of this diagram?

Our Impact on the Our Impact on the EnvironmentEnvironment

Biggest human impact on the Biggest human impact on the environment is due to………environment is due to………

POPULATION INCREASE!!POPULATION INCREASE!!

Growing quickly!!Growing quickly!! 1960 – 3 Billion1960 – 3 Billion 1975 – 4 Billion1975 – 4 Billion 1987 – 5 Billion1987 – 5 Billion 1999 – 6 Billion1999 – 6 Billion

Won’t slow down quickly – education is Won’t slow down quickly – education is slow!slow!

PovertyPoverty EXTREME POVERTYEXTREME POVERTY

unable to meet basic needs (adequate unable to meet basic needs (adequate food, clothing, shelter, education, and food, clothing, shelter, education, and health)health)

World Bank estimate: World Bank estimate: 2.8 Million people2.8 Million people POVERTYPOVERTY

<$<$11/day per capita/day per capita Low life expectancy, illiteracy, Low life expectancy, illiteracy,

inadequate access to healthcare, safe inadequate access to healthcare, safe water, balanced nutritionwater, balanced nutrition

World Bank estimate: World Bank estimate: 1.2 Billion people1.2 Billion people 828 828 Million people get <Million people get <8080% daily % daily

recommended calories (UN recommended calories (UN Estimate)Estimate)

Population Stabilization??Population Stabilization?? World population World population maymay stabilize by stabilize by

21002100 Why?Why?

Drop in Fertility Rate (family planning) Drop in Fertility Rate (family planning) (~3 children/family)(~3 children/family)

Will continue to dropWill continue to drop World population should be ~7.9B – 10.9B World population should be ~7.9B – 10.9B

by 2100by 2100

Think….Think….

- Can Earth support us indefinitely?- Can Earth support us indefinitely?

- Population is just as important as - Population is just as important as Consumption!!Consumption!!

Developed vs. DevelopingDeveloped vs. Developing

Population, Consumption, Population, Consumption, and Environmental Impactand Environmental Impact

Everything comes from somewhere, Everything comes from somewhere, and must be returned in some form.and must be returned in some form.

Environmental Impact Environmental Impact I=PAT I=PAT I = I = environmental impactenvironmental impact P = P = # people# people A = A = affluence per personaffluence per person

(measure of (measure of consumption or amt of resources usedconsumption or amt of resources used))

T = T = environmental effects of technologies environmental effects of technologies used to obtain & consume resourcesused to obtain & consume resources (resources needed and wastes produced)(resources needed and wastes produced)

Example: Question 9, Page 21 (R&B)Example: Question 9, Page 21 (R&B)

IPAT Example (page 21 IPAT Example (page 21 R&B)R&B) Use the IPAT equation to calculate the

environmental impact in terms of CO2 emissions per year at the beginning of the

21st century, when there were 6 billion people, an average of 0.1 motor vehicles per person, and 5.4 tons of CO2 emitted by each

car per year. Then make a similar calculation for the year

2050, based on these projections: a population of 10 billion people, 0.4 cars per

person, and CO2 emissions per vehicle similar to what we have today (that is, no

technological improvements). ANSWERS ON NEXT SLIDE

How might we hold global CO2 emissions from motor vehicles to 2000 levels in the year

2050?

Answers:

2000:I = P x A x TI = (6 billion people)(0.1 cars/person)(5.4 tons

CO2/car/year)

I = 3.24 billion tons CO2/year

2050:I = P x A x TI = (10 billion people)(0.4 cars/person)(5.4 tons

CO2/car/year)

I = 21.6 billion tons CO2/year

IPAT EquationIPAT Equation Must use it with care – we don’t always Must use it with care – we don’t always

fully understand the environmental fully understand the environmental effects of our technologies… it’s tough to effects of our technologies… it’s tough to measure.measure.

Why is the IPAT equation so volatile?Why is the IPAT equation so volatile? Each variable changesEach variable changes

Why is the IPAT equation so useful?Why is the IPAT equation so useful? Helps us identify what we don’t know about Helps us identify what we don’t know about

our environmental impactour environmental impact

““As human numbers and consumption As human numbers and consumption increase worldwide, so does humanity’s increase worldwide, so does humanity’s impact on Earth, posing new challenges impact on Earth, posing new challenges

to us all.”to us all.”

What does this cartoon depict in terms of I=PAT?

What’s Your EQ?(…your Environmental Quotient)

Answer the quiz questions as honestly as possible. We’ll do it again at the end of the course to see if/how your

values have changed!

PUT YOUR EQ IN YOUR PORTFOLIO AT THE END OF

CLASS.

Calculate YOUR FootprintGo to www.myfootprint.org/ and take the

online quiz to calculate your footprint.Then recalculate, experimenting with the

settings to see how the footprint changes… different country, different

diet, etc.Write down your settings & results.

Discussion:1. How are we different? Why?2. What settings did you change? How did it impact your footprint?3. What changes can we realistically make to minimize our

footprints?4. What do our results mean for Earth in the long run?

HOMEWORKRead pages 7- 17 in your text

and fill in the notes on the Endocrine DisruptersEndocrine DisruptersDeclining Commercial FisheriesDeclining Commercial FisheriesDeclining Bird PopulationsDeclining Bird PopulationsRe-introduction of Native SpeciesRe-introduction of Native SpeciesInvasive SpeciesInvasive SpeciesStratospheric Ozone DepletionStratospheric Ozone DepletionGlobal WarmingGlobal WarmingDeforestationDeforestation

BE PREPARED FOR A QUIZ NEXT CLASS ON THESE

CASE STUDIES.

QUIZ TIME!Chapter 1 Case Studies

Pages 7-17

NPR Clip Shade-grown coffee

and bird populations

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?

storyId=129800164 (~6minutes)

Case Study Extensions Get in eight teams. Each team reads one of eight case studies

related to those in Chapter 1. Become experts! When done, each team must teach the class

about your topic. After each presentation, the class will discuss

how this topic relates to the case study in Chapter 1. Use these questions to guide your discussion:

Why did Mrs. Toth choose this topic to supplement your book’s reading?

How does this relate to environmental science? How does this relate to the case study in the book?

HOMEWORK Write at least two quiz-type questions

that review today’s case studies (from the book and the articles).

Format: open-ended, not multiple-choice You’ll play “popcorn” next class with

these questions. Someone asks a question, then throws the ball to another student for the answer. The person who correctly answers the question asks the next one.

EVERYONE participates!

Ethics, Values, and Ethics, Values, and Worldviews: Addressing Worldviews: Addressing Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems

ETHICSETHICS branch of philosophy that is derived through branch of philosophy that is derived through

the logical application of human values.the logical application of human values. VALUESVALUES

Principles that an individual or society Principles that an individual or society considers important or worthwhile.considers important or worthwhile.

Can change as society changesCan change as society changes ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICSENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

Applied ethics considering the moral basis of Applied ethics considering the moral basis of environmental responsibility and how far this environmental responsibility and how far this responsibility extends.responsibility extends.

How should we relate to nature?How should we relate to nature? How do we balance short-term goals with long-term How do we balance short-term goals with long-term

goals?goals?

Ethics, Values, & Ethics, Values, & Worldviews Cont.Worldviews Cont.

2 Environmental 2 Environmental Worldviews…Worldviews… Western Worldview Western Worldview

““Expansionist Expansionist Worldview”, Worldview”, “Frontier “Frontier Ethic/Attitude” or Ethic/Attitude” or “Atomistic”“Atomistic”

Deep Ecology Deep Ecology WorldviewWorldview ““Sustainable Sustainable

Development Ethic” Development Ethic” or “Holistic”or “Holistic”

Western WorldviewWestern Worldview Conquer & exploit nature as Conquer & exploit nature as

quickly as possible quickly as possible Humans are superior to natureHumans are superior to nature Our success depends on how well we Our success depends on how well we

can understand, control, andcan understand, control, and manage manage the earth’s life-support systems for the earth’s life-support systems for our benefitour benefit

All economic growth is good! All economic growth is good! (mo’ (mo’ money!!)money!!)

Unrestricted resource use, increased Unrestricted resource use, increased economic growth, expanding economic growth, expanding industry, accumulation of wealth, industry, accumulation of wealth, unlimited consumption of goodsunlimited consumption of goods

APES!!!APES!!!

Deep Ecology WorldviewDeep Ecology Worldview

Leaders of Leaders of thethe

movement:movement: John MuirJohn Muir Theodore Theodore

RooseveltRoosevelt Aldo LeopoldAldo Leopold Rachel CarsonRachel Carson

APES!!!APES!!!

Deep Ecology WorldviewDeep Ecology Worldview Principles:Principles:

Life is intrinsically valuable (human and non-Life is intrinsically valuable (human and non-human) human) ANDAND nature exists for all of Earth’s nature exists for all of Earth’s species, not just species, not just usus..

Biodiversity is valuable & humans have no right Biodiversity is valuable & humans have no right to decrease biodiversity. to decrease biodiversity.

Some economic growth is environmentally Some economic growth is environmentally beneficial and some are environmentally beneficial and some are environmentally harmful. harmful.

Present human interference with the natural Present human interference with the natural world is excessive and worsening.world is excessive and worsening.

Flourishing of human culture & economics requires a Flourishing of human culture & economics requires a decrease in the human population.decrease in the human population.

Significant positive change of life conditions Significant positive change of life conditions requires policy change. requires policy change.

Economics, technology, and ideological structures will Economics, technology, and ideological structures will change.change.

APES!!!APES!!!

WorldviewsWorldviewsDeep Ecology : Humans are not Deep Ecology : Humans are not

separate from nature – we must separate from nature – we must follow the rules of nature instead of follow the rules of nature instead of making it conform to our desires.making it conform to our desires.

Keep in mind….Keep in mind…. Most people subscribe to Most people subscribe to

neither worldview… neither worldview… Western = Western = anthropocentricanthropocentric Deep Ecology = Deep Ecology = biocentricbiocentric

In order to be In order to be sustainablesustainable, we need to , we need to develop and incorporate a longlasting, develop and incorporate a longlasting, environmentally sensitive worldview environmentally sensitive worldview into our culture.into our culture.

Environmental Value Systems

What is it? A worldview that shapes the way an individual or

group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues.

Influenced by cultural (including religious), economic, and socio-political context.

How is it considered to be a SYSTEM ?? Has Inputs… like what?

Education, cultural influences, religious doctrine, media

Has Outputs (determined by processing the inputs)… like what?

Decisions, perspectives, courses of action

IBESS!IBESS!!!

Environmental Value SystemsFrom the IB standpoint, there’s a whole spectrum!

IBESS!!IBESS!!!!

ENVIRONMENTALANTHROPOCENT

RIC(people-centered)

People as environmental managers of sustainable global systems.

Population control given equal weight to resource use.

Strong regulation by independent authorities required.

ECOCENTRIC(nature-centered)

Holistic world view. Minimum disturbance of

natural processes. Integration of spiritual,

social and environmental dimensions.

Sustainability for the whole Earth.

Self-reliant communities within a framework of global citizenship.

Self-imposed restraint on resource use.

TECHNOCENTRIC(technology-centered)

Technology can keep pace with and provide solutions to environmental problems.

Resource replacement solves resource depletion.

Need to understand natural processes in order to control them.

Strong emphasis on scientific analysis and prediction prior to policy-making.

Importance of market and economic growth.

Environmental Value Systems Spectrum

ENVIRONMENTAL

IBESS!IBESS!!!

Deep Ecologists

Self-reliance

soft ecologists

Environment

al managers

Cornucopians

GROUP ACTIVITY!! Split into 8 groups. Choose 1 of the above regions

of the Value System Spectrum (each region should be represented twice). In your group, study/discuss the characteristics of your assigned philosophy, and brainstorm other characteristics that fit in.

Draw a mural of your philosophy. Be visual… use words sparingly. Draw people, actions, and anything else illustrating your philosophy.

When we’re done, we’ll explain our murals to the class so we can learn about the entire Environmental Philosophy Spectrum!

Cane Toads Video

A Catch-22 of introducing a

predator

THE END!

ANOTHER WAY TO DIE ANOTHER WAY TO DIE by: Disturbedby: Disturbed(click the picture for the video) (click the picture for the video)

Affluence & Social Disparity

Click on Africa for World on Fire

Video

Video: Video: Human FootprintHuman FootprintWatch the video, Watch the video,

thinking of how resources are used. thinking of how resources are used.

Discussion to follow.Discussion to follow.

Captain Planet – he’s our hero!

Random Fact: Captain Planet has a PhD in Sustainable Yield

Sustainable Yield Sustainable Yield (SY) may be calculated as

the rate of increase in natural capital. “That which can be exploited without depleting

the original stock or its potential for replenishment.”

Ex: the annual sustainable yield for a given crop may be estimated simply as the annual gain in biomass or energy through growth and recruitment.

IB IB ESS!!ESS!!

Sustainable Yield

Practice Problems!

IBESS!!IBESS!!!!

OLD IPAT ACTIVITY

IPAT Group DiscussionIPAT Group Discussion

Groups of 3-4Groups of 3-4 Choose a Less or Least Developed Country Choose a Less or Least Developed Country

from the list. from the list. Estimate your country’s affluence (# Estimate your country’s affluence (#

cars/person), keeping in mind that most cars/person), keeping in mind that most developed countries have 0.2 cars/person.developed countries have 0.2 cars/person. Use the 2002 World Population Data Sheets for Use the 2002 World Population Data Sheets for

reference.reference. Calculate the Environmental Impact of your Calculate the Environmental Impact of your

country based on this affluence.country based on this affluence. Calculate again, assuming all of its Calculate again, assuming all of its

population achieves an affluence of 0.2 population achieves an affluence of 0.2 cars/person.cars/person.

IPAT Group DiscussionIPAT Group Discussion

CLASS DISCUSSIONCLASS DISCUSSION

Now, think about IPAT from an Now, think about IPAT from an American perspective. American perspective. What is our impact? What is our impact? How does it compare to your How does it compare to your

developing country?developing country?

Identify reasons why these Identify reasons why these estimations are misleading.estimations are misleading.

HOT ISSUES IN HOT ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCESCIENCEYou’ll be making a WANTED POSTER You’ll be making a WANTED POSTER

for one of the following topics:for one of the following topics: Endocrine DisruptersEndocrine Disrupters Declining Commercial FisheriesDeclining Commercial Fisheries Declining Bird PopulationsDeclining Bird Populations Re-introduction of Native SpeciesRe-introduction of Native Species Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species Stratospheric Ozone DepletionStratospheric Ozone Depletion Global WarmingGlobal Warming DeforestationDeforestation …Begins …Begins

on page 7on page 7

HOT ISSUES HOT ISSUES Wanted Poster InstructionsWanted Poster Instructions

What is it? (details, please! What is it? (details, please! ))

Describe what they’re wanted for.Describe what they’re wanted for.

Also explain their negative Also explain their negative

environmental impact.environmental impact.

What are the benefits for their What are the benefits for their

“incarceration”?“incarceration”?

Give an example or case-study.Give an example or case-study.

Give a visual of some sortGive a visual of some sort