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Development Research Methods (DVS 512)
By
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant Professor
Development Studies
Postgraduate ProgramDepartment of Management
College of Business and Economics
Mekelle University
October 2013Mekelle
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor, Department
of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 1
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Introduction
Growth and Development
Basic Concepts
Growth Versus Development Comparative Versus Competitive
Localization Versus Globalization
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2013 2
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Growth GDP
GNP/GNI
PCI
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of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 3
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DevelopmentCore values
Sustenance
Self-esteem and freedom
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2013 4
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Sustenance
the ability to meet basic needs
Life-sustaining basic human needs include food,shelter, health and protection
When any of these is absent or in critically shortsupply, a condition of “absolute underdevelopment”exists.
A basic function of all economic activity is overcomingthe helplessness and misery arising from a lack offood, shelter, health and protection
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2013 5
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Objectives of Development
Increasing the availability and widening of thedistribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food,shelter, health and protection.
Raising the levels of living, including higher incomes,provision of more jobs, better education, greaterattention to culture and humanistic values.
Expanding the range of economic and social choicesavailable to individuals and nations by freeing them
from servitude and dependence.
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2013 10
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Sustainable development
Sustainability should favor conditions that benefit: the economy,
the society and
the environment without compromising the welfare offuture generations.
The concept of sustainability should address:
Social Equity
Economic efficiency Environmental responsibility
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2013 9
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Social equity .
favoring a distribution of resources among thecurrent generation based upon comparative levelsof productivity.
individuals or institutions are free to pursue the ventures of their choice and acquire the rewards
for the risk they take. Economic efficiency .
permitting higher levels of economic efficiency in termsof resource and labor usage.
focus on competitiveness, flexibility in production and
producing goods and services that supply a marketdemand.
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2013 10
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Environmental responsibility . Involves a "footprint" which is lesser than the capacity of
the environment to provide.
includes the supply of resources (food, water, energy,etc.), but with acceptable forms of wastes.
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2013 11
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What is Research?
What is Social Research?
What is Development Research?
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of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 12
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Man has been in search of knowledge since the beginning as acreature
The God ordered Adam ‘ you may eat from every tree in thegarden(Eden), but not from the tree of knowledge of good and
evil, for on the day that you eat from it you will certainly die.” After God created the woman(Eve), the serpent came across and
told the woman that God has forbidden them that he knows assoon as they eat it, their eyes will be opened and they will beknowing both good and evil. Finally, with her initiative they ateit and they knew good and evil.
Therefore the search knowledge has been human throughout allgenerations
The Quest of Human beings for
Knowledge and Reality
14
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant Professor, MU, Training
on Research Designs, Aug. 2013
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What is resear ch?
Information is power, the basis for decision making.
Organizations (pvt & gvt) use research for furnishinginformation continuously to improve their decisionsand performances
Research is derived from the word search preceded bythe prefix r e (re-search).
But avoid “reinventing the wheel".
Different scholars may define research differently.
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2013 13
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Continued
However, research may be defined as the
systematic and objective process of (planning),gathering, recording, analyzing and interpretingdata to prove or disprove a hypothesis (Zikmund,2000).
Im por t an t Po in t s in t h is def in i t ion
Research is a process
Research is systematic
Research is objective
Research is purposeful
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2013 14
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continued
Research is knowledge/Knowing the gap between what is happening and what we think to happen
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2013 15
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Activity 1.1:
Can research be used by all types oforganizations? Why or why not?
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2013 16
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……Objectives of ResearchTo determine the frequency with which something
occurs or with which it is associated with something
else (studies with this object in view are known asdiagnostic research studies);
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known ashypothesis-testing research studies)
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2013 18
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1.3. Research Strategies and Designs :
1.3.1. Research Strategies: Quantitative Vs Qualitative
useful way of classifying methods of social research
two distinctive clusters of research strategies:quantitative and qualitative
these strategies differ in terms of their:
general orientation to social research
epistemological foundations
ontological basis
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Quantitative Research
measurement of social variables
common research designs: surveys and experiments
numerical and statistical data
deductive theory testing
positivist epistemology
objectivist view of reality as external to social actors
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Quantitative Research
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University, October 2013 24
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Qualitative Research
understanding the subjective meanings held by actors(interpretivist epistemology)
common methods: interviews, ethnography
data are words, texts and stories
inductive approach: theory emerges from data
social constructionist ontology
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Influences on the conduct of social research( Bryman, 2004)
Values personal beliefs or the feelings of researcher
all ‘preconceptions must be eradicated’ (Durkheim 1858)
affect every stage of research process
some advocate value-laden research: Becker (1967) sympathy with ‘underdog’
groups
feminist research encourages reciprocity
(Oakley 1981) and‘conscious partiality’ (Mies 1993)
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Influences on the conduct of social research
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University, October 2013 27
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Influences on the conduct of research
Practical considerations time
cost/funding available
how much prior literature exists (theory testing ortheory building?)
topic (deviant activities/sensitive issues may be moresuited to qualitative research)
all social research is a compromise between the idealand the feasible
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1.4. Purposes & Classif ications of Research
On the basis of the purpose of research and the
methodology employed; the following are thecommon types of research
On the basis of the purpose of research and themethodology employed; the following are thecommon types of research
Basic or Pure Versus Applied Resear ch
Descript ive versus explanatory r esear ch
Exploratory or fo rmu la t i ve resear ch versus
Formal r esear chQua l i ta t i ve Versus Quan t i t a t i ve Resear ch
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1.5. Development Research Defined
1.5.1. What is Development Research?
Development research is the systematic andobjective process of gathering , recording,and analyzing data
for aid in making rational decisions in
policy formulation, implementation, andevaluation; and tackling developmentproblems.
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…..Development Research
research information is neither intuitive
nor haphazardly gathereddata to be collected and analyzed need to
be accurate, and the developmentresearch must be objective
The objective is to facilitate the rationaldecision-making
Research should be an aid to judgment,
not a substitute for it.
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Development Research Continued
Social research, particularly development researchdeals with difficult topics such as human behavior,attitude, performance appraisal, ethics, etc thatdecision makers and policy makers often thinkthey already know a lot about, and
do not accept research findings that differ fromtheir opinions and suggestions.
Research minimizes the risk of making wrongdecisions, by providing information.
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1.5.2. Managerial Values of Social or
Development Research
"The secret of success is to know somethingnobody else knows.“ Aristotle Onassis
The Importance of research can be explained in the
four interrelated stages of decision making: Identifying problems or opportunities.
Diagnosis and assessment
Selecting and implementing a course of action.
Evaluating the course of action.
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Identifying Problems and/or Opportunities
Before any strategy can be developed, it is importantto determine where it wants to go and how to getthere.
Used to conduct Situation analysis/SWOT
Diagnosis and Assessment
needed to gain insight about the underlyingfactors causing the situation
needed to explore, clarify, and refine the nature of theopportunity or problem.
May involve quantitative or qualitative investigations
Provides general information
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Selecting & Implementing a Course of Action
Research provides specific information about eachalternative
Opportunities may be evaluated usingperformance criteria established through research
Facilitates implementation of a decision
Evaluating the Course of Action Used to evaluate a course of action implemented
deciosion makers use evaluation researchEvaluation research – formal and objective
Performance monitoring research – Regular and routineTotal Quality management – Customer driven Quality
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When Research Should be Conducted
Factors for Consideration
Availability of tme Availability of data
Nature of the Decision
Benefits Vs Costs
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Activity 1.4.
Identify any five topics or areas on which research canbe conducted in your respective organizations orlocalities
1._________________________________________
2._________________________________________
3._________________________________________
4._________________________________________
5._________________________________________
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Data, Information, Research and Knowledge Management
Data – Raw facts, unprocessed facts, input
Information – Processed, ready for use indecision making, out put
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Relevance Timeliness
Quality Completeness
Research helps to provider information
Knowledge management is a process to create an
inclusive, comprehensive, easily accessible organizational
memory, which is often called the organization's
intellectual capital.
The purpose of knowledge management is to organizethe 'intellectual capital' of an organization in a formally
structured way for easy use
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1.6. Characteristics of a Good Research
(kothari 2004)
The purpose of the research, or the problem involved, should be clearly defined and sharplydelineated in terms as unambiguous as possible
The research procedures used should bedescribed in sufficient detail to permit anotherresearcher to repeat the research.
The procedural design of the research should becarefully planned to yield results that are as
objective as possible.
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor,
Department of Management, Mekelle
University, October 2013 40
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…..Characteristics of a Good Research
The researcher should report, withcomplete frankness , flaws in proceduraldesign and estimate their effect upon the findings.
Analysis of the data should be sufficiently
adequate to reveal its significance, and themethods of analysis used should beappropriate.
Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research andlimited to those for which the data providean adequate basis.
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor,
Department of Management, Mekelle
University, October 2013 41
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Hallmarks of Scientific Research
(Sakaran 2004)
Purposiveness
Increase employee commitment Less turnoover
Less absenteeism
Increased performance
Rigor Good theoretical base
Sound methodological design
Carefulness
Scrupulousness
Eg Only12 employees, bias
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor, Department
of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 42
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Testability
Ways of enhancing employee commitment
should be testable using statistical tests T-test
Chi-square test
Z-test
Replicability
Influence of the independent variables shouldbe replicable
Findings are reflections of true state of affairs,not random chances
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor, Department
of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 43
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Generalizability
Scope of applicability of the research findinngsin one organizational setting to otherorganizational settings
Adequate sample size
Clear and accurate sampling procedures
Applicability of findings across organizations Parsimony
Simplicity in explaining the phenomena orproblems that occur
E.g Use of one independent variable rather thanmany variables
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of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 45
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Observation
Identification ofproblem area
Theoretical framework ornetwork hypothesis
Hypothesis
Constructs concepts
Operational definitions
Research designData collection
Data analysis
Datainterpretation
Refinement of theory
(pure research) orImplementation
(Applied research
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of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 46
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Observation-
Determine whether there is a real problem
Problem identification –
preliminary data collection
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual model
Identifying all factors contributing to the problem
Hypothesis
Tentative proposition based on the data
Operational definition
Put in measurable terms
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor, Department
of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 47
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Research design shows HOW to
collect further data,
Analyze and interpret them Provide an answer to the problem
Deduction – testing or
Induction – theory building
Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor, Department
of Management, Mekelle University, October
2013 48