chapter 1 parts of speech

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Parts of Speech

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Chapter 1 Parts of Speech12 Grade Grammar


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Overview

In this chapter you will review or learn about:

Adjectives

Adverbs

Conjunctions

Interjections

Nouns Prepositions

Pronouns

Verbs


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Overview

In this chapter, youll review parts of speech sothat you have a standard way to describe howwords are put together to create meaning.

The parts of speech are arranged in alphabeticalorder for easy reference.

In later chapters, you will learn how to correcterrors caused by misusing these parts of speech.


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Getting Started

English is a very flexible language. A wordsmeaning is derived not only from how it isspelled and pronounced but also from how it isused in a sentence. As you review the parts ofspeech, remember that the way a word is used

in a sentence determines which part of speech itis. For example:

Noun: I ate afish for dinner.

Verb: Wefish in the lake on every Tuesday.


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Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe nouns andpronouns. Adjectives answer the questions:What kind? How much? Which one? Howmany?For example:

What kind? rednose goldring

How much? more sugar littleeffort

Which one? secondchance those chocolates

How many? severalchances sixbooks


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Adjectives

There are four kinds of adjectives: commonadjectives, proper adjectives, compoundadjectives,andindefinite adjectives.

Common adjectives describe nouns orpronouns.

strong man green plant

beautifulview


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Adjectives

Proper adjectives are formed from propernouns.

Californiavegetables.

Mexican food.

Compound adjectives are made up of more

than one word. far-offcountry

teenage person


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Adjectives

Indefinite adjectives dont specify thespecific amount of something.

all another any

both each either

few many more

most neither other several some


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Adjectives Follow these guidelines when you use adjectives:

Use an adjective to describe a noun or a pronoun.

Jesse was unwilling to leave the circus. Use vivid adjectives to make your writing more specific

and descriptive. Take a larger slice of the luscious cake.

Use an adjective after a linking verb. A linking verbconnects a subject with a descriptive word. The mostcommon linking verbs are be, seem, appear, look, feel,smell, sound, taste, become, grow, remain, stay, andturn. Chicken made this waytastes more delicious.


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Quick Tip

Predicate adjectives are adjectives separatedfrom the noun or pronoun by a linking verb.Predicate adjectives describe the subject of thesentence.

The weather was coldall week.


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Articles

Articles are words that combine with a noun toindicate the type of reference being made by thenoun. There are three articles: a, an, the.

Theis called a definite article because it refersto a specific thing.

A and anare called indefinite articles becausethey refer to general things. Use a withconsonant sounds; use an before vowel sounds.


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Adverbs

Adverbs are words that describe verbs,adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs answer thequestions: When? Where? How? or Towhat extent?

When? left yesterday begin now

Where? fell below move up How? happily sang danced badly

To what extent?partly finished eatcompletely


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Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to anadjective. For example:

Adjective Adverb

Quick Quickly

Careful Carefully

Accurate Accurately


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Adverbs Here are some of the most common non-ly adverbs:

afterward almost already also

back even far fast hard here how late long low more near never next now often

quick rather slowsoon still then today

tomorrow too when where yesterday


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Adverbs

Follow these guidelines when you use adverbs:

Use an adverb to describe a verb.

Experiments using dynamite must be donecarefully.

Use an adverb to describe an adjective.

Sam had an unbelievably huge appetite for chips.

Use an adverb to describe another adverb.

They sang soclearly.


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Quick Tip Conjunctive adverbs are used to connect

other words and to link ideas and paragraphs.

accordingly again also besides consequently finally for example furthermore

however

indeed moreoverotherwise

on the other hand neverthelessthen

therefore


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Conjunctions

Conjunctions connect words or groups ofwords and show how the words are related.

There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions

correlative conjunctions

subordinating conjunctions.


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Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions link similar words orword groups. There are seven coordinating

conjunctions: for and nor but or yet so

Use this mnemonic to help you remember the

seven coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).


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Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions also link similarwords or word groups, but they are always used

in pairs. Here are the correlative conjunctions: bothand

eitheror

neithernor not onlybut also

whetheror


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Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions link an independent

clause (complete sentence) to a dependent clause(fragment). Here are the most often used subordinating

conjunctions: after although as as if as long as as soon as as though because before even though if in order that

since so that though till unless until

when whenever where wherever


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Interjections

Interjections show strong emotion. Sinceinterjections are not linked grammatically to

other words in the sentence, they are set off fromthe rest of the sentence with a comma or anexclamation mark. For example:

Oh! What a shock you gave me with that gorillasuit.

Wow!Thats not a gorilla suit!


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Nouns

Anoun is a word that names a person, place, orthing. Nouns come in these varieties: common

nouns, proper nouns, compound nouns,and collective nouns.


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Nouns

Common nouns name any one of a class ofperson, place, or thing.

girl city food

Proper nouns name a specific person, place,or thing. Proper nouns are always capitalized.

Barbara New York City Rice-a-Roni


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Nouns

Compound nouns are two or more nouns thatfunction as a single unit. A compound noun can

be two individual words, words joined by ahyphen, or two words combined.

Individual words: time capsule

Hyphenated words: great-uncle Combined words: basketball


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Nouns

Collective nouns name groups of people orthings.

audience

family

herd

crowd


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Possessive Nouns In grammar,possession shows ownership. Follow

these rules to create possessive nouns. With singular nouns, add an apostrophe and an s.

dogdogs bone singersingers voice

With plurals ending in s, add an apostrophe after thes. dogsdogs bones singerssingers voices

With plurals not ending in s, add an apostrophe andan s. menmens books micemices tails


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Plural Nouns Here are the guidelines for creating plural nouns.

Add s to form the plural of most nouns.

catcats computercomputers Add es if the noun ends in s, sh, ch, or x.

wishwishes inchinches boxboxes

If a noun ends in consonant -y, change the y to iand

add es. citycities ladyladies

If a noun ends in vowel -y, add s. Words ending in -quydont follow this rule (as in soliloquies). essayessays monkeymonkeys


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Prepositions

Prepositions link a noun or a pronounfollowing it to another word in the sentence. Use

this chart to help you recognize some of the mostcommon prepositions:about above across after against along

amid around as at before behind

below beneath beside between beyond but

by despite down during except for

from in inside into like near

on onto of off opposite out

outside over past since through to

toward under underneath

until upon with


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Prepositions A noun or pronoun always follows a preposition. A

prepositional phrase is a preposition and its

object. A prepositional phrase can be two or threewords long. on the wing in the door

However, prepositional phrases also can be muchlonger, depending on the length of the prepositionand the number of words that describe the object ofthe preposition. near the violently swaying oak trees on account ofhis nearly depleted bank account


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Pronouns

Apronoun is a word used in place of a noun oranother pronoun. Pronouns help you avoid

unnecessary repetition in your writing andspeech. A pronoun gets its meaning from thenoun it stands for. The noun is called theantecedent.

AlthoughSeattle is damp, itis my favorite city.

There are different kinds of pronouns. Most ofthem have antecedents, but a few do not.


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Quick Tip

The word antecedentcomes from a Latin wordmeaning to go before. However, the noun does

not have to appear before the pronoun in asentence. It often does, though, to keepsentences clear and avoid misreadings.


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Pronouns Personal pronouns refer to a specific person, place,

object, or thing.

Possessive pronouns show ownership. Thepossessive pronouns are: your, yours, his, hers, its, ours,their, theirs, whose. Is this beautiful plant yours? Yes, its ours.

Person Singular Plural

First I, me, mine, my we, us, our, oursSecond you, yours, yours you, yours, yours

Third he, him, his, she,her, hers, it, its

they, them, their,theirs


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Quick Tip

Dont confuse personal pronouns withcontractions. Personal pronouns never have an

apostrophe, while contractions always have anapostrophe. Use this chart:

Pronoun Contraction

yours youre (you are)

its its (it is)

their theyre (they are)

whose whos (who is)


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Pronouns Reflexive pronouns add information to a

sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun

near the beginning of the sentence. Reflexivepronouns end in -selfor -selves.

Tricia bought herselfa new car.

All her friends enjoyed themselves riding in the

beautiful car. Intensive pronouns also end in -selfor -selves

but just add emphasis to the noun or pronoun.

Tricia herselfpicked out the car.


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Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns direct attention to a

specific person, place, or thing. There are only fourdemonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those. This is my favorite movie. Thatwas a fierce rain storm.

Relative pronouns begin a subordinate clause.There are five relative pronouns: that, which,

who, whom, those. Jasper claimed thathe could run the washingmachine.

Louise was the repair person who fixed the machineafter Jasper washed his sneakers.


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Pronouns Interrogative pronouns ask a question. They

are: what, which, who, whom, whose.

Who would like to cook dinner?

Which side does the fork go on?

Indefinite pronouns refer to people, places,

objects, or things without pointing to a specificone. The most common indefinite pronouns arelisted in the chart on the next slide.


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PronounsSingular Plural Singular or

Plural

another someone both all

anyone anybody few any

each anything many more

everyone either others most

everybody little several none

everything neither some

much no one

nobody one

nothing somebody

other something


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Verbs Verbs name an action or describe a state of

being. Every sentence must have a verb. There

are three basic types of verbs: action verbs,linking verbs, and helping verbs.


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Action Verbs Action verbs tell what the subject does. The action

can be visible (jump, kiss, laugh) or mental(think, learn, study). The cat brokeLouises china. Louise consideredbuying a new china cabinet.

An action verb can be transitive or intransitive.Transitive verbs need a direct object.

The boss droppedthe ball. The workerspickedit up. Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object.

Who called? The temperaturefellover night.


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Quick Tip To determine if a verb is transitive, ask yourself

Who? or What? after the verb. If you can

find an answer in the sentence, the verb istransitive.


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Linking Verbs Linking verbs join the subject and the

predicate. They do not show action. Instead,

they help the words at the end of the sentencename or describe the subject. The manager was happy about the job change. He is a good worker.

Many linking verbs can also be used as actionverbs. Linking: The kids lookedsad. Action: I lookedfor the dog in the pouring rain.


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Quick Tip To determine whether a verb is being used as a

linking verb or an action verb, substitute am,

are, or is for the verb. If it makes sense, theoriginal verb is a linking verb.


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Helping Verbs Helping verbs are added to another verb to

make the meaning clearer. Helping verbs include

any form ofto be, do, does, did, have, has,had, shall, should, will, would, can,could, may, might, must. Verb phrasesare made up of one main verb and one or morehelping verbs.

Theywill run before dawn.

Theystill have not yet founda smooth track.


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Wrapping Up English has eight parts of speech:

Adjectives Nouns

Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Pronouns

Interjections Verbs

The way a word is used in a sentence determineswhat part of speech it is.

chapter 1 parts of speech

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