chapter 1: planning maintenance for complex networks

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© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Course v6 Chapter # 1 Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks CCNP TSHOOT: Maintaining and Troubleshooting IP Networks

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Chapter 1 Objectives Evaluate commonly-practiced models and methodologies for network maintenance Identify the processes and procedures that are a fundamental part of any network maintenance methodology Identify, evaluate and select tools, applications and resources to support network maintenance processes High-level assessment claims: Describe Maintenance Models and Methodologies Describe the network maintenance plan Describe the disaster recovery process Describe common network maintenance tools, applications and resources Describe the importance of network monitoring and performance measurement Explain how to work with backup and restore services

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Page 1: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicCourse v6 Chapter #

1

Chapter 1:Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

CCNP TSHOOT: Maintaining and Troubleshooting IP Networks

Page 2: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #2© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Chapter 1 Objectives Evaluate commonly-practiced models and

methodologies for network maintenance Identify the processes and procedures that are a

fundamental part of any network maintenance methodology

Identify, evaluate and select tools, applications and resources to support network maintenance processes

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Chapter #3© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Maintenance Models and MethodologiesA network engineer’s job description can include tasks related to:

Device installation and maintenance-installing devices and software, as well as creating and backing up configurations and software.

Failure response-supporting users that experience network problems, troubleshooting device or link failures, replacing equipment, and restoring backups.

Network performance-capacity planning, performance tuning, and usage monitoring.

Business procedures-documenting, compliance auditing, and service level agreement (SLA) management.

Security-implementing security procedures and security auditing

Page 4: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #4© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Maintenance Models and Organizations IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL)-This is a framework of best

practices for IT Service Management. ITIL describes best practices that help in providing high quality IT services that are aligned with business needs and processes. Developed by the UK Office of Government Commerce (OGC).

ISO – FCAPS• Fault management• Configuration management• Accounting management• Performance Management• Security Management

ITU-T - Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) Cisco Lifecycle Services Phases – PPDIOO

(Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, and Optimize)

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Chapter #5© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Configuration Management element of the FCAPS model

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Chapter #6© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Network Maintenance Tools, Applications, and Resources

ConsoleSSHTelnet

HTTPHTTPSTelnetSSH

NTP

Syslog

TFTPFTPSCPHTTP(S)

Time Logging

BackupsCLI mgmt

GUI mgmt

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Chapter #7© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

NTP Example

service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime show-timezoneservice timestamps log datetime localtime show-timezone!clock timezone PST -8clock summer-time PDT recurring 2 Sun Mar 2:00 1 Sun Nov 2:00!ntp server 10.1.220.3

(Selected output from the running config)

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Chapter #8© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Logging Services

Logging severity levels on Cisco devices: (0) Emergencies (1) Alerts (2) Critical (3) Errors (4) Warnings (5) Notifications (6) Informational (7) Debugging

Enabling logging for a lower level (from importance point of view) will enable logging for all the above levels.

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Chapter #9© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Logging to a Server

Messages are logged to a circular log buffer in RAMthat is limited to 16384 Bytes.

Logging messages on the console arelimited to level 4 and lower. By defaultall messages from level 0 (emergencies) to level 7 (debugging) are logged.

Messages are logged to a syslog server at IP Address 10.1.152.1. By default all messagesExcept level 7 are sent.

!logging buffered 16348!logging console warnings!logging 10.1.152.1!

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Chapter #10© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Implementing Backup and Restore Services using FTP

Copy using FTP with specified username and password

Copy using FTP with stored username and password

R1(config)# ip ftp username backupR1(config)# ip ftp password san-franR1(config)# exitR1# copy startup-config ftp://10.1.152.1/R1-test.cfgAddress or name of remote host [10.1.152.1]?

Destination filename [R1-test.cfg]?

Writing R1-test.cfg !

2323 bytes copied in 0.304 secs (7641 bytes/sec)

R1# copy startup-config ftp://backup:[email protected]/R1-test.cfgAddress or name of remote host [10.1.152.1]? Destination filename [R1-test.cfg]? Writing R1-test.cfg !2323 bytes copied in 0.268 secs (8668 bytes/sec)

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Chapter #11© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Implementing Backup and Restore Services using Archive

Setting up the configuration archive

show archive command output

R1(config)# archiveR1(config-archive)# path flash:/config-archive/$h-configR1(config-archive)# write-memoryR1(config-archive)# time-period 10080

R1# show archive There are currently 3 archive configurations saved.

The next archive file will be named flash:/config-archive/R1-config-4

Archive # Name

0

1 flash:/config-archive/R1-config-1

2 flash:/config-archive/R1-config-2

5 flash:/config-archive/R1-config-3 <- Most Recent

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Chapter #12© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Implementing Backup and Restore Services using configure replace

R1# configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R1(config)# hostname TESTTEST(config)# ^Z TEST# configure replace flash:config-archive/R1-config-3 listThis will apply all necessary additions and deletionsto replace the current running configuration with thecontents of the specified configuration file, which isassumed to be a complete configuration, not a partialconfiguration. Enter Y if you are sure you want to proceed. ? [no]: yes!Pass 1!List of Commands:no hostname TESThostname RO1endTotal number of passes: 1Rollback Done

Page 13: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #13© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Disaster Recovery Tools Successful disaster recovery is dependent on the existence of the following: Up to date configuration backups Up to date software backups Up to date hardware inventories Configuration and software provisioning tools

Page 14: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #14© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Chapter 2 Objectives

Identify troubleshooting principles and evaluate troubleshooting methodologies.

Plan and implement troubleshooting procedures as part of a structured troubleshooting methodology.

Plan and implement troubleshooting and network maintenance procedures to effectively support each other.

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Chapter #15© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Troubleshooting MethodologiesFlow chart of a structured troubleshooting approach

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Chapter #16© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Troubleshooting MethodologiesShoot from the hip vs. structured troubleshooting method

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Chapter #17© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Troubleshooting Approaches

Top-down Bottom-up Divide and conquer Follow-the-path Spot the differences Move the problem

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Chapter #18© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Troubleshooting Approaches - Move the Problem Example

Laptop B is having network problems. Cable or port swapping can help isolate the problem.

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Chapter #19© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Implementing Troubleshooting Procedures

Defining the problem Gathering information Analyzing the information Eliminating possible problem causes Formulating a hypothesis about the likely cause of the

problem Testing that hypothesis Solving the problem

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Chapter #20© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting Process – Verify and Define the Problem

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Chapter #21© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting Process – Gather Information

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Chapter #22© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting Process – Analyze

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Chapter #23© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting Process – Eliminate

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Chapter #24© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting Process – Propose Hypothesis

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Chapter #25© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting Process – Test Hypothesis

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Chapter #26© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting Process – Solve Problem

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Chapter #27© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting and Network Maintenance

Page 28: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #28© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

The Troubleshooting and Network Maintenance

Accurate documentation is critical to effective troubleshooting.

A network baseline is essential and can include:• Interface load for critical network links (IOS)• CPU load and memory usage of routers and switches (SNMP)• Accounting of network traffic (NBAR, NetFlow)• Measurement of network performance characteristics (IP SLA)

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Chapter #29© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Communication and Change Control Change control is a fundamental process in network maintenance. Controls when changes are made, authorization required and what

actions are taken. Can reduce unplanned outages and increase network uptime. The change control process:

• Implement the change• Verify that it achieved the desired results• Roll back if necessary • Back up the changed configurations or software• Document/communicate your changes

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Chapter #30© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Troubleshooting Spanning Tree

Page 31: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #31© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Spanning Tree Failures

STP is a reliable but not an absolutely failproof protocol. If STP fails there are usually major negative consequences. With Spanning Tree, there are two different types of failures.

• Type 1 - STP may erroneously block certain ports that should have gone to the forwarding state. You may lose connectivity to certain parts of the network, but the rest of the network is unaffected.

• Type 2 - STP erroneously moves one or more ports to the Forwarding state. The failure is more disruptive as bridging loops and broadcast storms can occur.

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Chapter #32© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Rapid PVST+, PortFast, BPDU Guardхувьд анхаарах зүйлс Root Bridge-г тохируулах мөн PVST+ Convergence шалгах Root Bridge гэдэг нь сайн замыг агуулж байгаа сүлжээний гол

зангилаа хэсэг. Иймээс сүлжээгээр дамжих бүх өгөдөл нь root bridge-р дамжина.

Хамгийн бага BID-тэй свитч нь Root Bridge-р сонгогдоно.  Primary болон Secondary свитчийг тодорхойлох /S1,S2/ Зөвхөн access порт буюу PC холбогдох порт дээр тохируулна.

Ингэснээр Listening, Learning төлвийг алгасаад шууд Forwarding төлөврүү шилжүүлж ажиллагааг хурдасгана.

PortFast тохируулсан портон дээр BPDU хүлээж авдаггүй учир switch залгавал loop үүсэх эрсдэлтэй.

BPDU guard-г идэвхижүүлсэнээр PortFast тохируулсан access интерфейс дээр свитч залгаад BPDU дамжуулбал интерфейс error-disabled горимд шилжин унтран loop үүсэхээс сэргийлнэ.

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Chapter #33© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Spanning Tree Failures – Cont.

DSW2# show etherchannel 1 detailGroup state = L2

Ports: 2 Maxports = 8

Port-channels: 1 Max Port-channels = 1

Protocol: -

Minimum Links: 0

Ports in the group:

-------------------

Port: Fa0/5

------------

 

Port state = Up Cnt-bndl Suspend Not-in-Bndl

Channel group = 1 Mode = On Gcchange = -

Port-channel = null GC = - Pseudo port-channel = Po1

Port index = 0 Load = 0x00 Protocol = -

 

Age of the port in the current state: 0d:00h:25m:13s

 

Probable reason: vlan mask is different

<output omitted>

Using the show etherchannel 1 detail command

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Chapter #34© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

EtherChannel Problems

Three common EtherChannel problems:1. Inconsistencies between the physical ports that are

members of the channel2. Inconsistencies between the ports on the opposite sides of

the EtherChannel link3. Uneven distribution of traffic between EtherChannel

bundle members

Page 35: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #35© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

EtherChannel Diagnostic Commands

DSW2# show etherchannel summaryFlags: D - down P - bundled in port-channel

I - stand-alone s - suspended

H - Hot-standby (LACP only)

R - Layer3 S - Layer2

U - in use f - failed to allocate aggregator

 

M - not in use, minimum links not met

u - unsuitable for bundling

w - waiting to be aggregated

d - default port

 

Number of channel-groups in use: 2

Number of aggregators: 2

 

Group Port-channel Protocol Ports

------+-------------+-----------+-------------------------

1 Po1(SD) - Fa0/5(s) Fa0/6(s)

2 Po2(SU) - Fa0/3(P) Fa0/4(P)

Using the show etherchannel summary command

Page 36: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #36© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

EtherChannel Diagnostics

ASW1# show spanning-tree vlan 17 

MST0

Spanning tree enabled protocol mstp

Root ID Priority 32768

Address 001e.79a9.b580

This bridge is the root

Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec

 

Bridge ID Priority 32768 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 0)

Address 001e.79a9.b580

Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec

 

Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type

------------------- ---- --- --------- -------- ------------------------------

Fa0/7 Desg FWD 200000 128.9 P2p Edge

Po1 Desg BLK 100000 128.56 P2p

Po2 Desg BKN*100000 128.64 P2p Bound(PVST) *PVST_Inc

Using the show spanning-tree command to examine STP

Page 37: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #37© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

DHCP/NAT хувьд гарах алдааг шалгах DHCP тохиргоог зөв дэс дараалалтай хийх. Үүнээс гадна show ip dhcp binding

командаар PC-нүүд хаягаа автоматаар авч байгааг шалгана Өгөгдсөн PC болон ISP-д дотоод болон гадаад хаягуудыг зөв өгч show ip nat

translations командаар NAT хөрвүүлэгдэж байгааг шалгана Дотоод серверээс IPS-руу ping явуулснаар заасан топологи дээрх статик NAT

хөрвүүлгийг show ip nat translations эсвэл debug ip nat командаар шалгана

Show ip dhcp conflict -- Давхардсан хаягын мэдээллийг харах

Бусад динамик замчлалын протоколын тохиргоог зөв хийснийг замчлалын мэдээллээс харах хэрэгтэй

ip nat pool NAT_POOL 209.165.201.9 209.165.201.14 netmask 255.255.255.248 ip nat inside source list NAT_ACL pool NATPOOL overload (pool нэрийг буруу бичсэн) ip nat inside source list NAT_ACL pool NAT_POOL overload (NAT_POOL гэж бичих

байсан) Дотоод хаягнаас гадаад хаяг руу хөрвүүлэх нат үүсгээгүй Ip helper-address-г өөр сүлжээнд байгаа dhcp server ашиглаж байгаа үед бичиж

өгдөг

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Troubleshooting NAT/PAT Issues – Cont.

The following commands can help determine if NAT is functioning correctly:

clear ip nat translation: • Removes NAT entries from the NAT table.• Specific entries can cleared with additional parameters.• Clearing all translations can cause disruption until new translations are

re-created. show ip nat translations:

• Displays all the translations (static and dynamic) that are currently installed and active on the router.

show ip nat statistics:• Displays NAT statistics such as number of translations (static, dynamic,

extended), number of expired translations, number of hits (match), number of misses (no match).

Page 39: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

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Troubleshooting NAT/PAT Issues – Cont.Helpful NAT-related debug commands: debug ip nat:

• Displays information about each packet that the router translates. debug ip nat detailed:

• Generates a description of each packet considered for translation.• Also displays information about certain errors or exception conditions, such as the failure

to allocate a global address. debug ip packet [access-list]:

• Displays general IP debugging information and IP security option (IPSO) security transactions.

• If a communication session is closing when it should not be, an end-to-end connection problem can be the cause.

• Useful for analyzing messages traveling between the local and remote hosts.• Captures packets that are process switched including received, generated, and

forwarded packets.• IP packets that are switched in the fast path are not captured.• The access-list option allows you to narrow down the scope of debugging.

Page 40: Chapter 1: Planning Maintenance for Complex Networks

Chapter #40© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

Troubleshooting NAT/PAT Issues – Cont.

Limiting debug output with the debug condition command: debug condition interface interface:

• Called conditionally triggered debugging.• Generates debugging messages for packets entering or leaving on the

specified interface.• Will not generate debugging output for packets for a different interface.• First define the condition with the debug condition command. For

example, define a condition of interface serial 0/0.• This definition means that all debug output will be limited to that particular

interface.• The condition remains defined and applied until it is removed.• Check the active debug conditions using the show debug condition

command.

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Chapter #41© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

DHCP Troubleshooting Commands show ip dhcp server statistics: Displays counts for server statistics and

messages sent and received for an IOS-based DHCP server. show ip dhcp binding: Displays DHCP binding information for IP address

assignment and subnet allocation. show ip dhcp conflict: Displays address conflicts found by a Cisco IOS DHCP

server when addresses are offered to the client. show ip dhcp pool name: Displays the subnets allocated and the current utilization

level for the pool or all the pools if the name argument is not used. show ip dhcp database: Displays server database agent information:

• URL: Specifies the remote file used to store automatic DHCP bindings

• Read/written: The last date and time bindings were read/written from the file

• server

• Status: Indication of whether the last read or write of host bindings was successful

• Delay: The amount of time (in seconds) to wait before updating the database

• Timeout: The amount of time (in seconds) before the file transfer is aborted

• Failures/Successes: The number of failed/successful file transfers

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DHCP Troubleshooting Commands – Cont. debug ip udp:

• Displays UDP packets sent and received.• Can use considerable CPU cycles on the device.

debug ip dhcp server [packets | events]: • Enables DHCP server debugging.• The events option reports server events such as address assignments and database

updates.• The packets option decodes DHCP receptions and transmissions.

clear ip dhcp binding {* | address}: • Deletes an address binding from the DHCP server database.• The address denotes the IP address of the client.• If the asterisk (*) character is used as the address parameter, DHCP clears all

automatic bindings. clear ip dhcp conflict {* | address}:

• Clears an address conflict for a specific entry with the address option.• Clears all address conflicts with the asterisk (*) option.

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OSPF хувьд гарах алдааг шалгах show run interface командаар IP хаягийн мэдээллийг

хаягчлалын хүснэгттэй харьцуулах . Мөн subnet mask болон IPv4, IPv6-ийн link-local хаягуудыг шалгах. интерфэйсүүд дээр single area,multi-area OSPF, OSPF stub area, totally-stub area, not-so-stub area болон authentication-ы тохиргоог тус тус шалгах

Замчлалын хүснэгтийг шалгах Хөрш болох нөхцөлүүдийг шалгах Нэг area- д байгаа эсэхийг шалгах Ямар протокол тохируулсаныг шалгах show ip interface brief командаар портын төлвийг шалгах. ping командыг ашиглан, хөрш рүүтэр болгоны хувьд сериал

интерфейсүүдийн холболт, PC хостууд болон default gateway хоорондын холболтыг шалгах.

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OSPF хувьд гарах алдааг шалгах

Нэмэлт OSPF шаардлага: Рутер бүр дээр router ID тохируулсан байх шаардлагатай. - R1 Router ID: 1.1.1.1

- R2 Router ID: 2.2.2.2- R3 Router ID: 3.3.3.3

Бүх сериал интерфейс дээр clocking rate-г 128 Kb/s-р тохируулаж өгөх ба OSPF-н cost метрикын тооцоололтой зөв таарч байхаар зурвасын өргөнийг тохируулаж өгөх шаардлагатай.

1941 рутер нь гигабитийн интерфейстэй тиймээс дефаултаараа OSPF нь бүх интерфэйсүүдэд метрикийн үнэлгээг тарааж өгөхөөр тохируулагдсан байдаг.

Бүх интерфейсүүд дээрх OSPF замчлалыг зарлан мэдээнүүд дээр MD5 authentication тохируулаж өгөх мөн MD5LINKS гэсэн түлхүүр ашиглах шаардлагатай.

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EIGRP хувьд гарах алдааг шалгах Рөүтерүүдийн хаяг тохирохгүй байх. Show ip interface brief коммандаар

рөүтерийн интерфейсүүдэд өгсөн хаягууд харагдана. 2 рөүтерийн хоорондох холболтонд нэг интерфейсийн хаяг нь нөгөө рөүтертэй холбогдсон интерфейсийн IP хаягтай тохирохгүй байвал холболт тогтохгүй. Зөв хаягийг өгөхөд холболт тогтоно.

Хөршийн мэдээлэл харагдахгүй байх. show ip eigrp neighbors коммандаар хөршийн мэдээлэл харж болно. Та EIGRP тохируулахдаа autonomous-system дугаараа рөүтерүүд дээрээ өөр тохируулвал холболт тогтохгүй. EIGRP-н нэг үүрэг нь хөршүүдийн AS дугаар нь зэргэлдээ хөршийхтэйгээ таарч байх ёстой.Учир нь EIGRP AS-д бүх рөүтерийн мэдээлэл багтдаг. Хэрэв өөр өөр өгсөн бол ижилхэн болгох хэрэгтэй.

Loopback хаягаа буруу тохируулсан байх. Рөүтер дээр EIGRP тохируулахдаа loopback хаягаа андуурч ямар нэгэн байдлаар алдаатай тохируулж өгсөн байвал холболт тогтохгүй. EIGRP дээрх сүлжээний мэдээллээ зөв бүртгэвэл асуудал шийдэгдэнэ.

Рөүтерүүд дээр автоматаар нэгтгэх үйлдлийг зогсоох хэрэгтэй. EIGRP тохируулж өгөхдөө no auto-summary бичиж өгөөгүй үед бүх хаягийг автоматаар нэгтгэдэг.

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ACL хувьд гарах алдааг шалгах

ACL-ийг тохируулах үед сүлжээний урсгалд нөлөөлөх тохирохгүй арга хэрэглэсэн буруу интерфейс дээр буруу тохиргоо хийсэн эсвэл буруу чиглэлд хийсэн байж болно.

Алхам1: Show running-config комманд ашиглан ACL-ыг хаана бичсэнийг хар. Буруу бичсэн бол интерфейсийн тохиргооны горимд ороод ACL-ыг устга.

Алхам2: ACL-ын гаралтын урсгал оролтын урсгалаас илүү байна. ACL-ыг хэрэгжүүлэхдээ out гэсэн түлхүүр ашиглахыг санаарай.

Гаралтын чиглэлээс ACL-ыг устгаад оролтын чиглэлд дахин хэрэгжүүл.

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Troubleshooting Common ACL Errors Remember that ACL statements are processed in

sequence from the top down. Make sure that the sequence of the ACL statements is correct.

Make sure that you permit/deny the proper protocol. Make the correct use of the TCP, UDP and IP keywords.

Always double check the use of the any keyword. Make sure that you have applied the ACL to the correct

interface and for the correct direction.

• There are specific examples of the above in the text and the curriculum.

J.IN321 Мэргэжлийн дадлага

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FRAME RELAY хувьд гарах алдааг шалгах

DLCI дугаарыг буруу өгөх hub – and – spoke топологи дээр frame relay болон

EIGRP замчлалын протокол ашиглан тохиргоо хийх үед frame relay свичийн горимоор ажиллана.

WEST болон EAST рөүтэр хоорондоо холбогдохдоо HQ рөүтэрээр дамжин холбогдоно. Энэ үед split horizon үүсэн ба үүнийг идэвхгүй болгож өгөх хэрэгтэй. Split horizon нь тухайн интерфейсээр орж ирсэн мэдээллийг дахин тэр интерфейсээр гаргадаггүй.

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FRAME RELAY хувьд гарах алдааг шалгах

Frame Relay switch-с интерфэйсийн холболтонд Frame Relay encapsulation болон Inverse ARP-н тохиргоог идэвхигүй болгож тохируулна.

Дотоод Frame Relay тохиргоог хийснээр рөүтерийн интерфэйс лүү холболт тогтож байгааг frame relay map – ашиглан мэдэж болно.

Мөн Loopback интерфайс тохируулж өгнө.OSPF сүлжээний төрөл болох NBMA тохируулах Frame Relay бол Non-broadcast multi-access сүлжээ юм.

Энэ үе шатанд hub and spoke дээр OSPF сүлжээний төрөл болох NBMA-г Frame Relay дээр хэрэглэх, Frame Relay-н физик интерфайс болон multipoint төрлийн subinterface-үүдийн аль нэгийг өгөгдсөний дагуу тохируулна.

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Ipv6 6to4 туннелийн хувьд анхаарах зүйлс

Туннел нь 2 төгсгөлийн цэгийн хоорондын холболт болох логик интерфейс юм. Энэ нь loopback интерфейстэй ижил боловч харьцах физик интерфейс оршдоггүй боловч олон тооны router оролцож байгаа үед энэ нь ялгаатай болдог юм. 6to4 туннел нь тусгай IPv6 хаягийг 2002::/16 хаягийн зайд ашигладаг.

Энэхүү шатанд нэмэлт 6to4 IPv6 loopback интерфейсийг LAN-г орлохоор тохируулах бөгөөд үүний дараа 6to4 туннелийг loopback интерфейсүүдийн хооронд IPv6 холболтоор тохируулна

6to4 туннелийг интерфейсийн туннелийн дугаарын тусламжтайгаар туннелийн интерфейсийн тохиргооны горимд шилжүүлэн тохируулна. Хялбар байлгахын тулд 0 дугаарын интерфейсийг ашиглана.

Туннелийн горимыг tunnel mode ipv6 6to4 коммандын тусламжтайгаар тохируулна. Үүний дараа ipv6 address address/mask коммандын тусламжтайгаар IPv6 хаягийг

тохируулна. IPv6 хаягийг тохируулсны дараа туннелийн эхний интерфейсийг tunnel source

type/number коммандын тусламжтайгаа тохируулна. Бүхий л туннелийн тохиргоо хийгдсэний дараа IPv6 замчлалыг ipv6 unicast-routing

коммандын тусламжтай идэвхижүүлэх бөгөөд 2002::/16 сүлжээний IPv6 статик замчлалыг бүхэлд нь ipv6 route address/mask interface коммандын тусламжтай тохируулна. Тухайн интерфейс нь үүсгэсэн туннел дотор байрлана.

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