chapter 1 presentation 140
TRANSCRIPT
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Ebbinghaus: Psychology has
a short history, but a long
past.
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Three fields that influenced psychology:
Philosophy-writings about sleep,
dreams, senses and memory.
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Physiology-study of anatomy and brain
function.
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Medicine-relationship between disease
and mental processes.
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Two major schools of psychology by
early 20th century:
1) Psychodynamic, based on the work
of Sigmund Freud.
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Psychodynamic theory (continued)
Human behavior motivated by
unconscious conflicts
The past is critical to development
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Second major school of psych:
Behaviorism-the study of behavior that
can be measured and verified.
Rejected the study of mental processes
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Modern definition of psychology:
The science of behavior and mental
processes.
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Other major perspectives in psychology:
1) Biological: the physical origins of
human and animal behavior, the
study of the nervous system, the brain.
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2)Humanistic: how people grow
psychologically
the influence of interpersonal
relationships,
the importance of self-direction in
trying to reach one’s potential
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3) Positive psychology: focus on positive
emotions and psychological
states, instead of the traditional focus
on problems and disorders.
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4) Cognitive: how people develop
language, solve problems, and think
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5) Cross-cultural: the influence of culture
on behavior and mental processes.
Some of your “personal” traits might be
cultural traits instead!
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6) Evolutionary: based on the principle
of natural selection (survival of the
fittest).
Behavior is subject to natural selection.
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Dr. Bishop’s definition of critical thinking:
Be open to the possibility that what you
believe or what someone else believes
is CRAP.
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Be aware of what you bring to the table,
we all have biases and “weak spots”
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What conclusions can reasonably be
drawn from the evidence?
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Is there another explanation that makes
more sense for a research finding or
some other phenomena?
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Steps in the scientific method:
1) Start with a testable hypothesis, a
tentative statement that describes the
relationship between two or more
variables.
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2) Design the study and collect the data
Two basic categories of research
methods:
a) Descriptive methods-observing and
describing
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Common descriptive methods:
Surveys
Naturalistic observation
Correlational studies
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b) Experimental method: changing one
variable causes change in a second
variable.
Much harder to do, but can prove
cause and effect!
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3) Analyze the data and draw
conclusions
Findings have to be statistically
significant
Significant isn’t necessarily meaningful!
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4) Report the findings:
Other scientists need to be able to
replicate the findings
Findings are reported at conferences
and professional journals
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Experimental Method
Why is it needed to prove cause and
effect?
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Hypothesis: Drug X causes memory loss
in some people.
Independent variable (IV): what gets
manipulated
Dependent variable (DV): what gets
measured
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Control group: Subjects who go
through the experiment but are not
exposed to the actual variable of
interest.
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Random assignment: you can’t control
for everything!
All subjects have an equal chance of
being in the experimental group or the
control group.
Helps to even out “outliers”
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Without random assignment and a
control group, it’s not an experiment!
Can’t use the word cause!
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Hypothesis: Cigarette smoking causes
cancer in humans.
Can you do an experiment?
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No experiment, can only look at pre-
existing smokers
No random assignment!
Surveys, hospital records, gov’t records,
etc.
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Correlational study: very common in
psychology
We have to study pre-existing groups
How strongly two variables are related
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Positive correlation: two factors
increase or decrease together
Ex: Anger and heart rate, loneliness
and depression
Negative correlation: two factors move
in opposite directions
Ex: alcohol use and grade point avg.