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TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
Scientific Study of Life
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Biology, Science, and Society
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Figure 1.CI2
Mandatory childhood vaccines?
•Whooping cough
•Polio
•Measles
•MMR & Autism?
•Wakefield falsified 1998 study
•2010 - Lancet retracts study
•Are you for or against mandatory
childhood vaccines?
•If you had children, will you vaccinate
them?
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Figure 1.1
Jane Goodall has dedicated her life to studyingthe needs and behaviors of chimpanzees.The DNA of humans and chimps is almost thesame, yet important physical and behavioraldifferences are obvious. Evolution examines howthese differences arose.
Studying unusual speciessuch as this deep seaglass squid allows biologiststo understand the processesby which a speciessuccessfully survives. Manydifferent environments exist inthe world, but the samephysical and chemical lawsgovern them all.
The natural worldcomprises all matter andenergy. An erupting volcanospewing liquid rock and heatis the result of energy thatstill remains from thecreation of Earth nearly 4.6billion years ago.
Photo taken from the Hubble Space Telescopeshowing a tiny portion of the universe. Studies byastronomers have shown that all matter on Earthoriginated inside stars or with the Big Bang.
What is Science?
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What is Biology?
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Branches of Biology
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Human Biology
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What is Life?
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
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Atom
Figure 1.7-1
Order
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Atom
Molecule
Figure 1.7-2
Order
4 classes of biological molecules• Carbohydrates (sugars)• Proteins• Nucleic acids• Lipids
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Atom
Molecule
Cell
Figure 1.7-3
Order
Cellular Basis of Life
• Basic unit of life
• Come from other cells
• Composed of one or more cells
• Transforms energy
• Contains genes (DNA)
• Enclosed by a membrane
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Atom
Molecule
Tissue Cell
Figure 1.7-4
Order
Cellular Basis of Life
• Basic unit of life
• Come from other cells
• Composed of one or more cells
• Transforms energy
• Contains genes (DNA)
• Enclosed by a membrane
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Organ
Atom
Molecule
Tissue Cell
Figure 1.7-5
Order
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Endothelial
cell
Sheet of
Endothelial
cells
Red blood
cell
Endothelial
cell
Capillary
Figure 1.3
Cells
Tissues
Organ
ORDER
Emergent Properties
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Organ system
Organ
Atom
Molecule
Tissue Cell
Figure 1.7-6
Order
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Organ system
Organism
Organ
Atom
Molecule
Tissue Cell
Figure 1.7-7
Order
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Figure 1.15
Atom Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Multicellular
organism
Too small to see with the
unaided eye
Visible with the
unaided eye
Multicellular
organism
Organ systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Atoms
ORDER
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Organ system
OrganismPopulation
Organ
Atom
Molecule
Tissue Cell
Order
Biological Order above the organism
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Organ system
OrganismPopulation
Organ
Atom
Molecule
Community
Tissue Cell
Order
Biological Order above the organism
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Organ system
OrganismPopulation
Organ
Atom
Molecule
Community
Tissue Cell
Ecosystem
Figure 1.7-10
Order
Biological
Order above
the organism
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Organ system
OrganismPopulation
Organ
Atom
Molecule
Community
Biosphere
Tissue Cell
Ecosystem
Order
Biological
Order above
the organism
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ATOM
The smallest chemical
unit of a type of pure
substance (element).
Example: Carbon atom
POPULATION
A group of the same species of organism
living in the same place and time.
Example: Multiple acacia trees
COMMUNITY
All populations that occupy
the same region.
Example: All populations in
a savanna
ECOSYSTEM
The living and nonliving
components of an area.
Example: The savanna
BIOSPHERE
The global ecosystem;
the parts of the planet
and its atmosphere
where life is possible.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Organs connected
physically or chemically
that function together.
(Multicellular life only.)
Example: Aboveground
part of a plant
ORGANISM
A single living individual.
Example: One acacia tree
ORGAN
A structure consisting
of tissues organized to
interact and carry
out specific functions.
(Multicellular life only.)
Example: Leaf
TISSUE
A collection of specialized cells
that function in a coordinated
fashion. (Multicellular life only.)
Example: Epidermis of leaf MOLECULE
A group of joined atoms.
Example: DNA
ORGANELLE
A membrane-bounded
structure that has a specific
function within a cell.
Example: Chloroplast
CELL
The fundamental
unit of life. Multicellular
organisms consist of many
cells; unicellular organisms
consist of one cell.
Example: Leaf cell
Figure 1.2
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Life’s Hierarchy of Organization
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
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Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embryo’s cells with
copies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
Heritable Information continuity of life
• From pre-existing cells
Asexual reproduction or Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
or Meiosis
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Figure 1.6
a. b.
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
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Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(b) Single strand of DNA
A
C
T
T
A
A
T
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
(a) DNA double helix
A
Cellular reproduction
• DNA DNA (copying)
• Mitosis (clones)
• Meiosis (variation)
Protein Synthesis
• DNARNA Protein
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Universal Genetic Code
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Universal Genetic Code Examples
Naturally produced
Gene inserted to produce
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth &
Development
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth &
Development
4. Energy Processing
& Utilization
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Heat
Producers absorb lightenergy and transform it intochemical energy.
Chemicalenergy
Chemical energy infood is transferredfrom plants toconsumers.
(b) Using energy to do work(a) Energy flow from sunlight toproducers to consumers
Sunlight
An animal’s musclecells convertchemical energyfrom food to kineticenergy, the energyof motion.
When energy is usedto do work, someenergy is converted tothermal energy, whichis lost as heat.
A plant’s cells usechemical energy to dowork such as growingnew leaves.
Energy Transfer and Transformation• Potential & kinetic energy
• Producers & consumers
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth &
Development
4. Energy Processing
& Utilization
Metabolism• Catabolism
breakdown/releases NRG
• Anabolism builds
up/requires NRG
Catabolism
Anabolism
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth &
Development
4. Energy
Processing &
Utilization
5. Respond to
Environment
Stimuli
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth & Development
4. Energy Processing &
Utilization
5. Respond to Environment
Stimuli
6. Regulation
(Homeostasis)
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Regulation
• Negative Feedback • Positive Feedback• More, more, more
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Positive Feedback1. Action potentials –
nerve communication
(Na+)
2. Blood clotting &
platelets
3. Birth
4. Breast feeding
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Figure 1.5
a. b.
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Negative Feedback
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7 Attributes of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth & Development
4. Energy Processing &
Utilization
5. Respond to Environmental
Stimuli
6. Regulation
7. Evolutionary Adaptations
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Cellular Basis of Life
1. Basic unit of Life
2. Composed of one or more cells
3. Arises from pre-existing cells
Asexual (Mitosis)/Sexual (Meiosis)
4. Transform energy
5. Information retention (genes)
6. Surrounded by a membrane
Cell Theory
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a) Several Staphylococcus aureus, the bacterium that causes food poisoning (SEM X 50,000).
b) Some of the many cells that line the inner surface of the human stomach (SEM X 500).
Figure 1.2
Cellular Basis of Life
Prokaryote (1 – 10 um) Eukaryote (10 – 100 um)
Membrane bound organelles
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Figure 1.8
Eukaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
DNA(no nucleus)
Membrane
Nucleus
(membrane-
enclosed)
Membrane
Membrane-
enclosed organelles
DNA (throughout
nucleus) 1 m
Cellular Basis of Life
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Methilcillin resistant Staphylococcus auerus (MRSA)
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Animals eat
leaves and fruit
from the tree.
Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the airand releaseoxygen.
Sunlight
CO2
O2
Cycling
of
chemical
nutrients
Leaves fall tothe ground andare decomposedby organismsthat returnminerals to thesoil.
Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethroughits roots.
Leaves absorblight energy fromthe sun.
Interaction with the Environment (Biotic & Abiotic Factors)
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Monerans (prokaryotic, unicellular)
Fungi(decomposers)
Plants(photosynthesis)
Animals(ingestion)
EUKARYA
Animals
Plants
Protists
ARCHAEAArchaebacteria
BACTERIA
Unknown ancestor
b) Three-domain system.a) Five-kingdom system.
Fungi
Protists(eukaryotic,mostlyunicellular)
Where do we fit into
the natural world?
Whitiker’s classification
Taxonomy
Unity
in
diversity
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From: Woese et al, 1990
Phylogenetic Tree of Life based on ribosomal RNA
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Figure 1.9
DOMAIN
BACTERIA DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
Animals
Fungi
Plants
Protista
Prokaryotes DOMAIN EUKARYA
TEM (false color) 1 μm
DOMAIN BACTERIA
• Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)
• Most are unicellular
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)
• Most are unicellular
SEM (false color)1 μm
DOMAIN EUKARYA
• Cells contain nuclei (eukaryotic)
• Unicellular or multicellular
Protista (multiple kingdoms)
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Kingdom Animalia
• Heterotrophs (by ingestion)
• Multicellular
LM200 μm
Kingdom Fungi
• Most are multicellular
• Heterotrophs (by external
digestion)
Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular
• Autotrophs
Common ancestor of all life
Domains of Life
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Evolutionary adaptation What’s an acceptable definition of evolution?
What’s changing through time?
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Charles Darwin
• Descent with modification
• Natural selection
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Descent with modification
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Population
of organisms
Hereditary
variations
Overproduction of off-
spring and competition
Environmental
factors
Differences in
reproductive success
of individuals
Evolution of adaptations
in the population
Natural Selection
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Figure 1.20
Population with
varied inherited
traits
Elimination of
individuals with
certain traits
Reproduction of
survivors
Increasing frequency oftraits thatenhancesurvival andreproductivesuccess
1 2 3 4
Natural selection
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Figure 1.8
Generation 1 Generation 2 Multiple generations later
Antibiotic present
TimeReproduction
and
Selection
Staphylococcus aureus
before mutation
Mutation
occurs (red)
Hair
Bacterial
cell
SEM (false color)10 μm
Antibiotic absent
a. b.
Natural Selection
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Publish
Peer
reviewMake
observations
Ask a question
Consult prior
knowledge
Formulate
a hypothesis
Make
predictions
Collect and
interpret data
Draw
conclusions
Consult prior
knowledge
Figure 1.10
Scientific Method
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Figure 1.8
Observeand
generalize
Formulatea
hypothesis
Make a testableprediction
Make a testableprediction
Experimentor
observe
Experimentor
observe
Modifyhypothesis
asnecessaryand repeat
steps3 and 4
Modifyhypothesis
asnecessaryand repeat
steps3 and 4
Direction ofIncreasingconfidence
inhypothesis
12 5 5
44
3
3
3
Make a testableprediction
Scientific Method
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Figure 1.11
a.
b.
•Observations
•Questions
Scientific Method
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Scientific Method
•Observations
•Questions
•Hypothesis
•Educated guest – why?
•Background research
•Tentative explanation
•Null hypothesis = no difference
•Alternative hypothesis
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Scientific Method
•Observations
•Questions
•Hypothesis
•Educated guest – why?
•Background research
•Tentative explanation
•Predictions
•For experimental design
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Scientific Method
•Observations
•Questions
•Hypothesis
•Predictions
•For experimental design
•Experimentation
•Qualitative
•Quantitative
•Control grp
•Experimental grp
•Sample size
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Select a large number
of appropriate subjects.
Randomly divide the subjects into two groups.
Group 1 Group 2
Treat the groups equally
in all ways but one.Experimental group:receives treatment
Control group:
receives placebo
Observe or make
measurements.
Are blood pressures lowerin the experimental group?
Compare results. Yes No
Hypothesis received support.
Modify hypothesis to fit the new findings.
Figure 1.9-5
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Scientific Method
•Observations
•Questions
•Hypothesis
•Predictions
•For experimental design
•Experimentation
•Analysis - statistics
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a) A scatter plot b) A line graph c) A bar graph
Fre
sh
man
en
rollm
en
t
Fre
sh
man
en
rollm
en
t
Fre
sh
man
en
rollm
en
t
10,000 10,00020,000 20,000
Standard
error bar
0–10,000 10,000–20,000 20,000–30,00030,000 30,000
1000 1000 1000
2000 2000 2000
0 0 0
3000 3000 3000
4000 4000 4000
Total student enrollment Total student enrollment Total student enrollment
0 0
Types of graphs
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Any rotavirus illness
Severe rotavirus illness25.86
14.46
2.15 2.15
6.19 6.86
Placebo
(control)
0 0
Low Medium High
Incid
en
ce
of ill
ne
ss
(# c
ase
s/1
00
ch
ild-y
ea
rs)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Figure 1.12
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Figure 1.A
Male rats Female rats
Saccharin-fed
Controls
% w
ith
tu
mo
rs
Parents Offspring Parents Offspring
% w
ith
tu
mo
rs
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
19
3
27
0 00
4
0
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Scientific Method
•Observations
•Questions
•Hypothesis
•Predictions
•For experimental design
•Experimentation
•Analysis – statistics
•Interpretation/Conclusion
•Presentation
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Figure 1.CI2
Mandatory childhood vaccines?
•Whooping cough
•Polio
•Measles
•MMR & Autism?
•Wakefield falsified 1998 study
•2010 - Lancet retracts study
•Are you for or
against mandatory
childhood vaccines?
•If you had children,
will you vaccinate
them?
Thimerosal
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