chapter 1 : the study of body function ___________: study of how body works to maintain life ...

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Chapter 1 :The Study of Body Function ___________ : study of how body works to maintain life _____________________ : how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury

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Page 1: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

Chapter 1 :The Study of Body Function

___________: study of how body works to maintain life

_____________________: how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury

Page 2: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

A. The Scientific Method 1. Form a _________ hypothesis about

observations 2. Conduct & analyze ____________ to test

hypothesis 3. Draw conclusions about whether or not

results support hypothesis 4. Develop a __________

= general statement explaining natural phenomena that is based on proven hypotheses

Testing of Hypotheses Involves:

_____________& _________ groupsQuantitative measurements performed blindlyAnalysis of data using _________

Page 3: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

Scientific Method is used to develop new drugs

When a new drug is suggested by experiments: Its effectiveness & toxicity tested first in

tissue culture, rats, mice

If effective & safe, clinical trials performed ________ Trials: Toxicity & metabolism

tested in healthy human volunteers ________ Trials: Effectiveness & toxicity

tested in target population ________ Trials: Widespread test of drug

in diverse population _________ Trials: Drug is tested for other

uses

Page 4: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

B. _______________ 1. Is maintenance of fairly constant internal

conditions Around physiological set points Maintained by negative feedback loops

Fig 1.3

Page 5: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

2. Controlled by Negative Feedback Loops ________: Detects

deviation from set point

___________: Determines response

___________: Produces response

Fig 1.1

B. Homeostasis (cont.)

Page 6: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

3. Regulatory mechanisms: ________ control is built into organ being

regulated ___________ control comes from outside of

organBy nervous or endocrine systemsE.g. nervous control of ______________

Fig 1.4

B. Homeostasis (cont.)

Page 7: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

4. Example- Negative Feedback Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose

Fig 1.61-13

B. Homeostasis (cont.)

Page 8: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

1. Muscle Tissue

C. Primary Tissues (muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Specialized for contraction3 types: ______________________________

Fig 1.7

Is _________; voluntary Each fiber forms by

fusion of embryonic myoblasts To become large &

multinucleated Individually

controlled Lined-up in parallel

to form bundles

a. __________Muscle

Page 9: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

b. __________Muscle

Is ____________; involuntary _________ to form

continuous fabric ______________ between cells

provide mechanical & electrical interconnections

Fibers not individually controlled

1-18

Fig 1.8

c. __________ Muscle

Is __________; involuntary Found in many organs,

tissues Controlled by ANS

Fig 1.9

Page 10: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

2. Nervous Tissue

Consists of _________ & supporting or _________

Neurons are specialized for conducting electrical signals Parts- cell body __________ _______

Page 11: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

3. Epithelial Tissue Lines & covers ______________ Consists of cells that form ____________________ Regularly replaced Squamous epithelial cells are flattened Cuboidal epithelial cells are cube-shaped Columnar epithelial cells are taller than wide

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Fig 1.11

Page 12: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

Simple membranes are one cell thick Specialized for transport

Stratified has a number of layers Specialized for protection

Keratinized stratified squamous has outer layer of dead cells

Cells contain water-resistant keratin

Fig 1.13

Page 13: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

____________ -Derived from epithelial cells Secrete onto epithelium via ducts Can be simple tubes or clusters called acini

Fig 1.15

Page 14: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

4. ______________ Has lots of extracellular material

deposited in space between its cells Includes connective tissue proper,

cartilage, bone & blood ___________ connective tissue consists of

__________ (fibrous proteins) & tissue fluid E.g. dermis of skin

_________________ connective tissue is packed with fibers of collagen (e.g_________)

Page 15: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

a. _________ Specialized for fat

synthesis, breakdown & storage

Fig 1.18

4. Connective Tissue

b. ________•Specialized for support, protection•Made of chondrocytes & elastic extracellular material•Serves as precursor for bone

Page 16: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

c. Bone Formed as

concentric layers of calcified material

Contains 3 cell types: _________: bone-

forming cells __________:

trapped, inactive osteoblasts

_____________: the bone resorbing cells

Fig 1.19

Page 17: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

D. Organs and organ systems

__________- 2 or more primary tissues ____________ - groups of organs working

together to maintain homeostasis

Page 18: Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are

Skin-The Largest Organ

outer layer - protective _____________ Middle layer - _____________ (contains connective

tissue, glands, blood vessels, nerves) Inner layer - _______________ (contains fat)

Fig 1.21